Positive Adult Development

This study attempts to examine the impact of number of siblings and order of birth on Psycho-social behaviour among Adolescents girls. The group consisted of 1218 adolescents girls in the age group of 13-18 years selected by convenient sampling method. Twelve Government schools were selected from twelve districts of Tamil Nadu. The results found that there is a significant difference between number of siblings and order of birth across the psychological and social factors such as emotional intelligence, resilience, stress, family environment, school problem, social problem and personal problems.

The purpose of this review study was to explore the impact of resilience among orphans. “According to American Psychological Association (2018), Resilience as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress—such as family and relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors”. A combination of re-analysis of research studies was done in the field of resilience among orphans using many computerized databases to search published research studies like Research Gate, PsycINFO, EBSCO, Crossref, Medline, PubMed and Scopus database. The findings of these studies revealed that children who are orphan had significantly a high degree of resilience than non-orphan children. Overall, the review of research studies revealed that older orphan children had higher level of resilience than younger orphan children, whereas girls had higher level of resilience when compared to boys. The keywords used t...

Background and objectives: Postpartum depression is highly prevalent and a broad range of causes including types of delivery are introduced as its source.  This study aimed to investigate the relationship between types of delivery and the prevalence of postpartum depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the maternity ward of Sina hospital, Mashhad, in 2014.  To this end, 300 women referring to delivery ward were selected through convenient sampling and examined 4 times (immediately after childbirth, 4 weeks after the first assessment, 6 weeks after the second assessment, and 8 weeks after the third assessment) using a demographic questionnaire and Beck’s Depression Inventory. In this regard, the first assessment was conducted in person and other assessments were conducted by researcher through making phone calls. Those mothers taking psychiatric medication, having children with serious physical health problem, and having obtained a score above 14 for the fi...

Background and objectives: Postpartum depression is highly prevalent and a broad range of causes including types of delivery are introduced as its source. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between types of delivery and the prevalence of postpartum depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the maternity ward of Sina hospital, Mashhad, in 2014. To this end, 300 women referring to delivery ward were selected through convenient sampling and examined 4 times (immediately after childbirth, 4 weeks after the first assessment, 6 weeks after the second assessment, and 8 weeks after the third assessment) using a demographic questionnaire and Beck's Depression Inventory. In this regard, the first assessment was conducted in person and other assessments were conducted by researcher through making phone calls. Those mothers taking psychiatric medication, having children with serious physical health problem, and having obtained a score above 14 for the first assessment based on the Beck's Depression Inventory as well as those for whom it was not possible to making phone calls were excluded from the study. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software and the confidence level was set at .05. Findings: There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of education, occupation, economic status, being satisfied with their husbands' support and family and planned and unplanned pregnancy. The prevalence of depression was 10.3 percent two weeks after childbirth and it was 13 percent for mothers during the 8 th weeks after childbirth. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The postpartum depression of high prevalence; therefore, adjusting each of the relevant factors is useful for reducing the incidence of depression.

Problem behaviors among youth have a negative impact and understanding factors that contribute to counteract these behaviors is crucial for promoting positive youth development and preventing negative outcomes. One such factor is Resilience, or the ability to adapt to stress and adversity. The present study investigates the relationship between problem behaviors and resilience in postgraduate students aged 22-24 years using Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale and Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment-Adult Self-Report (ASEBA-ASR). The results indicated that 75.6% of participants had clinical levels of problem behaviors while 5.6% showed borderline levels of problem behaviors. Chi-square tests also showed significant associations between gender (p< 0.027), education (p<0.046), total monthly income of subjects' family (p<0.058), and residence (p<0.017) with levels of overall Resilience. Results further showed a negative correlation between resilience and problem behaviors, including both externalizing (p<0.000; r=-.407) and internalizing behaviors (p<0.000; r=-.472).

The aim to conduct this research is to know the Role of perceived social support in selfesteem and resilience among young adults and whether there is any gender difference in this case or not. The result analysed total of 100 (n=100) number of participants (50 females and 50 males), Indians by nationality and between the age range (18-26) years. For data collection, tools used were Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and Nicholson McBride Resilience Questionnaire (NMRQ). The quantitative analysis was done using t test and Pearson's product-moment correlation. The result postulated that Perceived Social support plays a positive role and have a positive relationship with Self-esteem and Resilience. The higher the perceived social support, more will be the self-esteem of a person and has much more abilities to cope with problems in faster pace, than in individuals with less perceived social support. There are no significant gender differences found among them. Also, Perceived Social support has a positive correlation with self-esteem and resilience among young adults.

The purpose of this review study was to explore the impact of resilience among orphans. “According to American Psychological Association (2018), Resilience as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress—such as family and relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors”. A combination of re-analysis of research studies was done in the field of resilience among orphans using many computerized databases to search published research studies like Research Gate, PsycINFO, EBSCO, Crossref, Medline, PubMed and Scopus database. The findings of these studies revealed that children who are orphan had significantly a high degree of resilience than non-orphan children. Overall, the review of research studies revealed that older orphan children had higher level of resilience than younger orphan children, whereas girls had higher level of resilience when compared to boys. The keywords used t...

This study attempts to examine the impact of number of siblings and order of birth on Psycho-social behaviour among Adolescents girls. The group consisted of 1218 adolescents girls in the age group of 13-18 years selected by convenient sampling method. Twelve Government schools were selected from twelve districts of Tamil Nadu. The results found that there is a significant difference between number of siblings and order of birth across the psychological and social factors such as emotional intelligence, resilience, stress, family environment, school problem, social problem and personal problems.

In this digital age, with increase in stress factors for adolescents from various quarters including lifestyle, society, peers, parents, and academics, there has been constant discussion and research on the interplay of emotional intelligence & life-stress among adolescents. This is one such comparative study between these variables for adolescent students in Navi Mumbai area, using standardized questionnaires on EQ and life-stress to collect the primary data. This study also explores the impact of family status-Nuclear or joint, as well as gender of the students on these factors. The study population is from Navi-Mumbai urban school students only. Correlation and regression analysis through SPSS/Excel were conducted to analyze and interpret the result. One-way ANOVA revealed female adolescent students having significantly higher emotional intelligence and significantly higher life-stress. However, no significant relation was found between Emotional intelligence & life Stress (p = .49).

Introduction: Every human being has experienced different stressful situations or hardships sometime in their life. For babies born via C-section this hardship can start at the time of birth. Over the last 10 years there has been an increase in the Cesarean birth type from 8.5% in 2005-06 to 17.5% in 2015-16. Past research has shown the difference in physiological development, increased risk of obesity and asthma, behavioral difficulties in children and adults born via cesarean birth type. Method: The present study aims to study whether there are any birth types and gender differences in Psychological resilience among adults. Online and in-person survey method was used to collect the data of 220 participants through snowball sampling. Resilience Scale (RS) by Wagnild and Young (1993) was used to measure Psychological resilience. Results: 173 participants reported that they were born with Vaginal Birth (78.63%) and 47 with Caesarean Section Birth (21.36%). There were 75% female (N = ...

The objective of the study is to compare the level of grit, coping strategies and self-image among blind and sighted college students. Ex-post facto research design and convenience sampling was used. The sample included 80 city college students, where 40were visually impaired and 40 were sighted day scholars. Independent t tests was done using SPSS package where a significant difference among the visually impaired and sighted college students was found in grit, task-oriented coping strategy and self-image, with no significant difference in self-esteem scores.

In every walk of one's life understanding their emotions and trying to be empathetic to others is imperative. Coping with stressful situations is an essential part of an individual's life. The motivation behind the present investigation is to find and establish the relation between Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies. The test comprised of 54 men and 49 women in the age range of 20 to 25 years old. The tools used to measure the variables-Emotional Intelligence was estimated using a 33-item scale and Coping Strategy was measured using a 13-item scale. Information was gathered using purposive sampling. The results of the study revealed that there is no correlation between Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies. Significant differences were not found among gender and employment of the participants.

Introduction: Every human being has experienced different stressful situations or hardships sometime in their life. For babies born via C-section this hardship can start at the time of birth. Over the last 10 years there has been an increase in the Cesarean birth type from 8.5% in 2005-06 to 17.5% in 2015-16. Past research has shown the difference in physiological development, increased risk of obesity and asthma, behavioral difficulties in children and adults born via cesarean birth type. Method: The present study aims to study whether there are any birth types and gender differences in Psychological resilience among adults. Online and in-person survey method was used to collect the data of 220 participants through snowball sampling. Resilience Scale (RS) by Wagnild and Young (1993) was used to measure Psychological resilience. Results: 173 participants reported that they were born with Vaginal Birth (78.63%) and 47 with Caesarean Section Birth (21.36%). There were 75% female (N = 165) participants and 25% male (N = 55) participants in this study. The Skewness and Kurtosis were calculated through SPSS 23rd version, which revealed the data was normally distributed. Thus, hypotheses were tested though Univariate Analysis of Variance. The mean difference between Vaginal Delivery (139.01) and Cesarean Section (136.82) was 2.37. The mean difference between female (137.82) and male (140.64) scores in Resilience Scale is 2.82. The test results of One way ANOVA revealed that there no significant differences in Psychological resilience of the participants based on their birth type (F (1,218) = .65, ns) and gender (F (1, 218) = 1.28, ns). Conclusion: 1) There was no difference in Psychological resilience among Indian adults born with Vaginal Delivery and Cesarean Section delivery. 2) Male and female didn't differ in their Psychological resilience.

Resilience is a response to the chronic situations. It literary means an ability to bounce back to pre-stressful state. The individuals differ in their ability to bounce back i.e., resilience. The study was conducted to explore the relationship between parenting styles, SES and resilience in Indian adults. The study was conducted on 187 adults from semi-urban and urban areas of Maharashtra, India. Steinberger's Parenting Style Scale (2005), latest version of the Kuppuswami SocioEconomic status scale (Sheikh, 2019), and Resilience Scale (Wagnild & Young, 1993) were used to measure the parenting styles, SES and resilience, respectively. The hypothesis regarding the relationship between parenting styles and resilience was tested by using Pearson's Product Movement Correlation method and hypothesis regarding the differences in resilience due to different SES was tested using Kruskal-Wallis Test. It was found that (1) parenting styles-Involvement (r =-.026, p = ns) and Autonomy (r = .118, p = ns)were not related to resilience among Indian adults and (2) participants did not differ in terms of their resilience due to their different socioeconomic background (x2 = .499, p = ns).

Introduction: Every human being has experienced different stressful situations or hardships sometime in their life. For babies born via C-section this hardship can start at the time of birth. Over the last 10 years there has been an increase in the Cesarean birth type from 8.5% in 2005-06 to 17.5% in 2015-16. Past research has shown the difference in physiological development, increased risk of obesity and asthma, behavioral difficulties in children and adults born via cesarean birth type. Method: The present study aims to study whether there are any birth types and gender differences in Psychological resilience among adults. Online and in-person survey method was used to collect the data of 220 participants through snowball sampling. Resilience Scale (RS) by Wagnild and Young (1993) was used to measure Psychological resilience. Results: 173 participants reported that they were born with Vaginal Birth (78.63%) and 47 with Caesarean Section Birth (21.36%). There were 75% female (N = 165) participants and 25% male (N = 55) participants in this study. The Skewness and Kurtosis were calculated through SPSS 23rd version, which revealed the data was normally distributed. Thus, hypotheses were tested though Univariate Analysis of Variance. The mean difference between Vaginal Delivery (139.01) and Cesarean Section (136.82) was 2.37. The mean difference between female (137.82) and male (140.64) scores in Resilience Scale is 2.82. The test results of One way ANOVA revealed that there no significant differences in Psychological resilience of the participants based on their birth type (F (1,218) = .65, ns) and gender (F (1, 218) = 1.28, ns). Conclusion: 1) There was no difference in Psychological resilience among Indian adults born with Vaginal Delivery and Cesarean Section delivery. 2) Male and female didn't differ in their Psychological resilience.

In this digital age, with increase in stress factors for adolescents from various quarters
including lifestyle, society, peers, parents, and academics, there has been constant discussion and research on the interplay of emotional intelligence & life-stress among adolescents. This is one such comparative study between these variables for adolescent students in Navi Mumbai area, using standardized questionnaires on EQ and life -stress to collect the primary data. This study also explores the impact of family status- Nuclear or joint, as well as gender of the students on these factors. The study population is from Navi-Mumbai urban school students only. Correlation and regression analysis through SPSS/Excel were conducted to analyze and interpret the result. One-way ANOVA revealed female adolescent students having significantly higher emotional intelligence and significantly higher life-stress. However, no significant relation was found between Emotional intelligence & life Stress (p =.49).

"Intelligence development and the Process of Initiation: Two different developmental principles which overlap to the cognitive developmental process we observe" - 

Around the year 1990 Vienna was one of the centres of the rising international debate on evolution and cognition. The debate focused on Piaget as an empirical epistemologist and a biologist interested in human cognition but not on Piaget as father of stage theory and test methods as common in psychology. During this debate a model was developed called Process of Initiation (Kress 1993), which might be still helpful for today’s debate on Positive Adult Development.

This paper represents the 3 rd part in this Series whereby we are working toward both defining the term, optimal adult development and also working toward further articulating the scope of our organization, The Center for Optimal Adult Development (COAD*).

Many individuals and organizations have expressed an interest in the progress COAD* has made since its inception. Although many have come to the COAD website to gain a firmer understanding of our mission in the world, I felt a paper was in order to provide some additional content which describes in greater detail our philosophy, how we arrived, and some inherent assumptions guiding our path. I also wanted to leave you with a few questions to ponder and to personally invite you to collaborate with us in further exploring, delineating, and defining our scope as an organization.

This paper attempts to provide a technical description of Optimal Adult Development and moves toward providing a working definition that industry professionals may use in referencing the term and distinguishing it from other similar concepts. I list 12 assumptions in defining the term.

The term Optimal Adult Development has been with us for awhile. There is nothing original in the use of the term especially within the context of The Center for Optimal Adult Development, nor the meta-process for which it represents. The name of the organization is simply an outgrowth of the rich history of terminology relevant to the term and intends to honor that history by incorporating much of the similarly-meaning vernacular into its principles, scope, and mission.