Piercing the Veil

Na presente pesquisa, busco mostrar como pessoas com inscrições corporais contranormativas são atravessadas pelas colonialidades do ser, do poder e do saber, de maneira que sofram, conforme seus respectivos marcadores sociais, os impactos de uma colonialidade corporal, isto é, de violências sociais, institucionais, políticas e de diferentes segmentos que se voltem à imagem corporal no que concerne às inscrições realizadas por sob sua superfície. Há uma série de inscrições corporais realizadas na contemporaneidade e em diferentes territorialidades, tais como: tatuagens, escarificações, cirurgias plásticas, piercings, liftings faciais, aplicação de botox, cirurgias de reconstrução, eyeball tattoo, dentre outras. Enquanto algumas destas inscrições são categorizadas como procedimentos ‘normais’, como prolongamentos da natureza, outras são interpretadas como mutilações, como resultado de adoecimento psíquico, de insanidade, e outras são associadas à delinquência e à criminalidade. Por referenciais teóricos contra-coloniais, libertários e freaks, almejo contestar a segmentação da diversidade de inscrições culturais a categorias reducionistas e estigmatizantes, indicando que tal segmentação se origina de imaginários racistas, LGBTQIfóbicos e capacitistas. O que faz com que certas inscrições corporais sejam consideradas normais, naturais e socialmente aceitas e incentivadas e outras sejam consideradas anti-naturais, extremas e bizarras? O que faz com que um lifting facial seja aceito enquanto uma bifurcação de língua seja uma prática associada à criminalidade e à doença mental? Inicialmente, para responder a estas questões, faço uma revisão histórica da construção do corpo ocidental moderno, isto é, do modelo ideal de corpo preconizado pela modernidade e de seus impactos na concepção corporal compartilhada pelos imaginários ocidentais contemporâneos. Em seguida, identifico três ramificações de estigmatização contra inscrições corporais: a associação de tais inscrições à criminalidade, por meio do Estado; à doença, por meio de instituições médicas; e ao diabo, por meio da Igreja cristã e de seu entranhamento na cultura ocidental moderna. Assim, o que procuro compreender é a incongruência de tais associações estigmatizantes, revisando os significados discrepantes atribuídos a tais inscrições corporais em períodos históricos distintos e a construção moderna de um modelo ideal de corpo, e também, por consequência, de humanidade.

The emancipation of equity in law has significantly addressed injustices and sought remedies where strict legal rules may fall short. Equity has improved its application by continuously seeking fairness beyond the traditional legal framework. One important implication is the constructive trust, which rectifies situations where one party abuses the confidence placed in them to hold property for their own benefit. A constructive trust does not usually reflect the intentions of the parties involved but arises as a response to specific circumstances. This article explores the unique application of constructive trusts in modern law, evolving the circumstances for their imposition.

Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd  is a landmark case that confirmed the principle of separate legal personality (SLP) for companies, shielding shareholders from personal liability beyond their capital contributions. While this precedent has been mostly upheld in subsequent cases, it raises several legal and corporate issues, including the scope of corporate personality and limited liability, as well as potential abuses of corporate structures for fraudulent purposes and a diminished protection for creditors in insolvency situations.  This analysis will critically examine the facts, legal issues, ratio and a decision made by the House of Lords (HL), as well as the ruling’s impact on the evolution of modern company law and its effect on economic, social, and ethical dimensions.

El presente artículo analiza los efectos de la huelga sobre el contrato de trabajo, determinando que conceptos retributivos se pueden descontar y en qué proporción, así como las consecuencias sobre el devengo de prestaciones. Por otra parte, el ejercicio del derecho de huelga lleva aparejado unas garantías de indemnidad y, al mismo, tiempo, los trabajadores tienen derecho a celebrar reuniones para informar y expresar sus reivindicaciones, recabar la solidaridad de terceros o superar su oposición, solicitando pací? camente la adhesión a la misma y a la participación en acciones colectivas legales. Lo que lleva a estudiar las posibilidades de sancionar a los trabajadores durante la huelga, así como los lí mites de los piquetes informativos. Finalment e se prohíbe el esquirolaje durante el periodo de huelga, de tal modo que se indagará sobre las posibilidades de contratación o externalización de la actividad durante la huelga, sí como el uso de las facultades ordinarias de dirección de la empresa y el empleo de nuevas tecnologías.

El presente artículo analiza los efectos de la huelga sobre el contrato de trabajo, determinando que conceptos retributivos se pueden descontar y en qué proporción, así como las consecuencias sobre el devengo de prestaciones. Por otra parte, el ejercicio del derecho de huelga lleva aparejado unas garantías de indemnidad y, al mismo, tiempo, los trabajadores tienen derecho a celebrar reuniones para informar y expresar sus reivindicaciones, recabar la solidaridad de terceros o superar su oposición, solicitando pací? camente la adhesión a la misma y a la participación en acciones colectivas legales. Lo que lleva a estudiar las posibilidades de sancionar a los trabajadores durante la huelga, así como los lí mites de los piquetes informativos. Finalment e se prohíbe el esquirolaje durante el periodo de huelga, de tal modo que se indagará sobre las posibilidades de contratación o externalización de la actividad durante la huelga, sí como el uso de las facultades ordinarias de dirección de la empresa y el empleo de nuevas tecnologías.

Autori istražuju kaznenopravnu odgovornost sportskih klubova i sportasa te drugih osoba za utaju poreza i drugih davanja u sportu. Najprije se izlaže posebnost poreznog sustava u sportu uz navođenje poreznih obveza dok se u drugom dijelu iscrpno pojasnjavaju modusi pocinjenja kaznenih djela utaje poreza i drugih davanja u sportu, obilježja pocinitelja i uvjeti kaznenopravne odgovornosti, uz isticanje izmjena koje je donio novi Kazneni zakon. U poredbenom dijelu se daje prikaz pravnog uređenja ove materije u Njemackoj, Austriji i Svicarskoj.

Oklahoma corporate and other business entity statutes have changed markedly in the past few years. In 1986, the Oklahoma General Corporation Act (OGCA),' a Delaware-based act, replaced the Oklahoma Business Corporation Act. 2 In 1992, the Oklahoma legislature passed the Oklahoma Limited Liability Company Act (LLC Act) 3 that introduced a new type of business entity to Oklahoma. Limited liability companies (LLCs) account for more than half of the new business entity filings with the Secretary of State. 4

Nakon donošenja novele Zakona o upravnim sporovima 2014. kojom je čl. 21. dodan stavak 2. sukladno s kojim se u upravnom sporu upućuje na odgovarajuću primjenu odredaba Zakona o parničnom postupku, hrvatski su upravni sudovi zauzeli restriktivan pristup u tumačenju te odredbe kojom su određene kategorije isključene od mogućnosti zastupanja tužitelja i zainteresirane osobe. U radu se problematizira pojam opunomoćenika te se ističu stručnost i kvaliteta kao važne značajke zastupnika općenito, pa tako i opunomoćenika u upravnom sporu. Analiziraju se i poredbena uređenja europskih sustava u predmetnoj materiji. Zauzima se stajalište da je pri tumačenju odredaba o zastupanju nužno voditi računa o posebnostima upravnog spora, ali i o formulaciji odredbe kojom se nedvojbeno ostavlja mogućnost tumačenja jer se upućuje na "odgovarajuću" primjenu odredbe kojom je uređeno zastupanje u parničnom postupku.

Nakon donošenja novele Zakona o upravnim sporovima 2014. kojom je čl. 21. dodan stavak 2. sukladno s kojim se u upravnom sporu upućuje na odgovarajuću primjenu odredaba Zakona o parničnom postupku, hrvatski su upravni sudovi zauzeli restriktivan pristup u tumačenju te odredbe kojom su određene kategorije isključene od mogućnosti zastupanja tužitelja i zainteresirane osobe. U radu se problematizira pojam opunomoćenika te se ističu stručnost i kvaliteta kao važne značajke zastupnika općenito, pa tako i opunomoćenika u upravnom sporu. Analiziraju se i poredbena uređenja europskih sustava u predmetnoj materiji. Zauzima se stajalište da je pri tumačenju odredaba o zastupanju nužno voditi računa o posebnostima upravnog spora, ali i o formulaciji odredbe kojom se nedvojbeno ostavlja mogućnost tumačenja jer se upućuje na "odgovarajuću" primjenu odredbe kojom je uređeno zastupanje u parničnom postupku.

Nakon donošenja novele Zakona o upravnim sporovima 2014. kojom je čl. 21. dodan stavak 2. sukladno s kojim se u upravnom sporu upućuje na odgovarajuću primjenu odredaba Zakona o parničnom postupku, hrvatski su upravni sudovi zauzeli restriktivan pristup u tumačenju te odredbe kojom su određene kategorije isključene od mogućnosti zastupanja tužitelja i zainteresirane osobe. U radu se problematizira pojam opunomoćenika te se ističu stručnost i kvaliteta kao važne značajke zastupnika općenito, pa tako i opunomoćenika u upravnom sporu. Analiziraju se i poredbena uređenja europskih sustava u predmetnoj materiji. Zauzima se stajalište da je pri tumačenju odredaba o zastupanju nužno voditi računa o posebnostima upravnog spora, ali i o formulaciji odredbe kojom se nedvojbeno ostavlja mogućnost tumačenja jer se upućuje na "odgovarajuću" primjenu odredbe kojom je uređeno zastupanje u parničnom postupku.

Once a company is incorporated, it enjoys a legal personality that is distinct from that of its members. This invariably implies that those running the affairs of the company do not incur personal liability while doing so. The cloak of corporate personality bestowed on companies upon incorporation is one of the antecedents of registration. The doctrine of lifting the veil is an exception to the general rule of corporate personality. It is a creation of the English courts and came to fore in the old case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd where the House of lords held the corporate legal personality of a company to be sacrosanct and the corporate veil not easily pierced. Prior to the case of Adams v. Cape Industries Plc, the English courts will readily lift the veil of incorporation at the slightest prompt. However, from Adams v. Cape Industries Plc, the English courts started devising well thought out rules that allow for the lifting of the corporate veil. In the case of Prest v. Petrodel Resources Ltd it became settled that the veil of incorporation will not be lifted for flimsy reasons, even if it is in the interest of justice, but for impropriety and evasion of legal obligation. The principle of corporate legal personality is well entrenched in the Nigerian legal system as same is provided for in section 42 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020. Also, the doctrine of lifting the veil is well recognised in Nigeria as the courts will lift the veil in instances stated by the Legislature. However, the Nigerian courts’ approach in lifting the veil is not streamlined, unlike its English counterparts. This paper examines the doctrine of lifting the veil by the English and Nigerian courts. It traces the movement in the English courts to the present position and reveals the inconsistencies of the Nigerian courts in exercising the equitable power of the court to lift the veil by considering few cases particularly the case of Mariner Nominee Ltd v. Federal Board of Inland Revenue and Mezu v. Cooperative & Commerce Bank (Nig.) Ltd. This paper argues that the Nigerian courts, in most cases, fail to avert their minds to the trend in the English courts and the position in the locus classicus case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd, and suggests that the clear rule in Prest v. Petrodel Resources Ltd or better still the earlier position by the Nigerian court in Mariner Nominee Ltd v. Federal Board of Inland Revenue be adopted in lifting the veil of incorporation in Nigeria.

Keywords: Companies and Allied matters Act 2020, Corporate Personality, English and Nigerian Courts, Lifting the Veil.

Stručni članak institut zastare pridonosi pravnoj sigurnosti sudionika pravnih odnosa, a primjenjuje se u područjima privatnog i javnog prava. Načelno se smatra da je zastara institut građanskog prava pa ne čudi što porezni propisi upućuju na supsidijarnu primjenu propisa građanskog prava o zastari. No, razlike između instituta zastare u građanskom pravu i zastare u poreznom pravu su velike i značajne te potvrđene kroz praksu. uočene razlike dovode do zaključka da se u poreznom postupanju i sudovanju samo iznimno mogu primijeniti pravila o građansko-pravnoj zastari. u protivnom, dolazi do narušavanja pravne sigurnosti.

This essay offers a critical reading of National Geographic's 2002 documentary The Search for the Afghan Girl as a means to suggest how, and in what ways, communication scholars can retheorize the relationship between media representations and policy. Reading critically National Geographic's strategic redeployment of the Afghan Girl, I argue that the text functions rhetorically to refigure the public understanding of, and attitudes towards, current biometric and identification-based policy. Put differently, I suggest that the 2002 representation of the Afghan Girl helped to render acceptable and intelligible what the American public had once vehemently opposed: biometric national identification technologies. In turn, the media spectacle of the 2002 Afghan Girl helped to rhetorically constitute a new kind of post-9/11 US citizen subject. Understanding the ways in which feminist postcolonial theory can lend credence to issues of cultural and public policy can help bridge the gap between the theoretical production of communication scholarship and the material realities of government action.

This paper contributes to literature on the protection of creditors in light of limited liability and within corporate governance. It also makes recommendations to change the law thereby contributing to policy makers to include creditors when governing the firm. The article uses the doctrinal approach to analyze the law on the protection of creditors by a critical examination of the section 172(1) and section 830 of the Companies Act.

Resumo: No presente trabalho, os autores refletem sobre a influência da cultura atual nos processos de desenvolvimento da latência e da adolescência. Sugerem a presença, nos pais, de componentes narcísicos não elaborados, o que interfere na elaboração edípica dos filhos e dificulta, nestes últimos, sua inserção em um mundo triangular. Assim, é perturbada também a passagem dos filhos pela latência, período do desenvolvimento em que deve se consolidar o processo repressivo e que culmina com a estruturação do superego. Tais aspectos, somados às características da cultura contemporânea, em que as diferenças entre os sexos e as gerações estão esmaecidas e em que há uma descrença na autoridade, reforçam uma fantasia de controle onipotente do mundo. Em função desses aspectos, a clínica atual denota que os adolescentes encontram dificuldades ainda maiores para lidar com a complexidade de sua conflitiva, cuja elaboração permitirá um ingresso adequado no mundo adulto. Palavras-chave: adolescência; latência; contemporaneidade; desenvolvimento. A vida, tal como a encontramos, nos é demasiado árdua; nos proporciona muitos sofrimentos, decepções e tarefas impossíveis.

This article analyses the precedent-setting PREST v. PETRODEL RESOURCES LTD case which shaped the corporate governance and stakeholders' relations paradigm. The article commences with the introduction that lays the groundwork, then gets into the particulars of the case which it breaks down to the essential legal disputes and court rulings. The careful study reveals the groundbreaking deed that is striking in that it defines the business entities responsibilities towards the stakeholders. In addition, it opens up the issues in that organization due to the application of the renowned principle, namely that there is a complex relationship between corporate autonomy and stakeholders’ interests. The research reveals how, in the aftermath of the case, corporate principles started to change and stress the importance of more transparency and ethical behavior. At the center of the argument is the equilibrium that is required amongst business interests and stakeholder benefits. The study focuses on the avoided equilibrium in the interests of stakeholders which then highlights the difficulties in achieving a balance between business and their stakeholders. Lastly, the paper suggests ways of balancing this situation recommending establishment of corporate governance systems and improved stakeholder engagement practices.

The term auditor originates from the expression auditor, which in Latin, it means to listen. Nonetheless, when scrutinising the duties and obligations of auditors, it reveals that they do not merely listen. They also examine and report to the company, on its accounts. Moreover, the scope of these duties and obligations has amplified over recent years. This is due to the changes in the corporate landscape which encompasses the business world. Fundamentally, judgments have been pronounced by the courts across jurisdictions with regards to auditors liability in tort. This can be seen in the historic English decision of Re Kingston Cotton Mill Co (No 2) [1896] 2 Ch 673, whereby Lopes LJ stated that ...auditors are watchdogs but not bloodhound Additionally, it can be observed in the ingenious statement of Cardozo CJ in the American decision of Ultramares Corporation v Touche (1931) 174 NE 441 whereby he stated that to hold auditors liable results to a case of liability of an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to an indeterminate class In the midst of these legal pronouncements, it is pertinent to determine the liability of auditors under tort in Malaysia, which was distilled in 1967. Essentially, the current legal framework governing auditors must be reassessed in the wake of the scandals involving auditors both in the domestic and international forefront. The study then explores the appropriate litmus test in determining a claim for tort against auditors. A comparative study is also carried out as regards to the legal position in United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand to determine the approach taken by the courts. Fundamentally, principles of business law have to play its role effectively to ensure that the interests of all parties who have a stake in the matter are well-balanced with the liability of auditors.

Research dissertation presented for the approval of Senate in fulfillment of part of the requirements for the Master of Laws in approved courses and a minor dissertation/ research paper. The other part of the requirement for this qualification was the completion of a programme of courses. I [by submitting this research dissertation electronically] hereby declare that I have read and understood the regulations governing the submission of Master of Laws dissertations papers, including those relating to length and plagiarism, as contained in the rules of this University, and that this dissertation/ research paper conforms to those regulations.

At the conclusion of the Korean war, American policy focused on the development of a strong, economically sound ally in the Pacific, setting the stage for Japan's spectacular growth of 10% per year from 1956 until the early 1970's. KANJI HAITANI, THE JAPA-NESE ECONOMIC SYSTEM: AN INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW 7 (1976); EDWARD LINCOLN, JAPAN FACING MATURITY 14 (1988). From 1967 onward, the country had a stable balance of payments surplus. TAKAFUSA NAKAMURA, THE POSTWAR JAPANESE ECONOMY, ITS DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE 102-03 (1980). By 1968, its gross national product was third only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union. Id.

At the conclusion of the Korean war, American policy focused on the development of a strong, economically sound ally in the Pacific, setting the stage for Japan's spectacular growth of 10% per year from 1956 until the early 1970's. KANJI HAITANI, THE JAPA-NESE ECONOMIC SYSTEM: AN INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW 7 (1976); EDWARD LINCOLN, JAPAN FACING MATURITY 14 (1988). From 1967 onward, the country had a stable balance of payments surplus. TAKAFUSA NAKAMURA, THE POSTWAR JAPANESE ECONOMY, ITS DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE 102-03 (1980). By 1968, its gross national product was third only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union. Id.

U radu se utvrđuje u čemu se sastoji “primjena Ustava” od strane (hrvatskih) redovnih sudova. Na temelju pregleda relevantne literature i predistraživanja hrvatske sudske prakse, za potrebe istraživanja istaknuto je šest paradigmatskih slučajeva primjene Ustava od strane redovnih sudova (činjenice slučaja neposredno uređene ustavnim pravilom, zakonska praznina, izbježiva antinomija in abstracto između ustavne i zakonske norme, izbježiva antinomija in concreto između ustavne i zakonske norme, neustavnost pojedinačne sudske i upravne odluke i neizbježna antinomija in abstracto između ustavne i zakonske norme). Istaknuti slučajevi analizirani su metodom argumentacijske analize sudačkog rasuđivanja u okviru shema unutarnjeg i vanjskog opravdanja sudske odluke u primjerima (uglavnom) osmišljenima na temelju konkretnih slučajeva iz hrvatske sudske prakse.

PREVIEW of United States Supreme Court Cases 267 BANKRUPTCY Does "Defalcation" by a Fiduciary, Rendering a Debt Nondischargeable, Include Unknowing Breaches of the Duty of Loyalty? CASE AT A GLANCE Petitioner Randy Curtis Bullock, trustee of a family trust, loaned trust funds to himself, jointly with his mother, for business purposes. These loans were all repaid. A state court entered judgment against him for breach of fiduciary duty, ordering that profits from the loaned moneys be paid to the trust. The Supreme Court must decide whether Bullock's liability for self-dealing, without conscious misbehavior, is nondischargeable as a "defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity."

Purpose: This paper reflects on the professional liability of auditors from perspective of Common Law and Statute Law in Australia. Design/methodology/approach: The approach applied in this paper is analogous with a narrative investigation of the historical and legal precedence culminating in the ensuing legislative position. Findings: As this is not an empirical study the analysis presented of the key legal developments pertaining to the professional liability of auditors. Originality/value: This analysis provides the background to the development of professional liability and the impact upon the legal transition of professional liability in the context of the auditing profession.

Sažetak: U radu se ističe značaj pripadnosti koncepta socijalne države, načela socijalne pravde i jednakosti te poduzetničke i tržišne slobode hrvatskom ustavnom identitetu za konstituiranje socijalnog tržišnog gospodarstva kao jedinog prihvatljivog oblika odvijanja tržišnih odnosa u Republici Hrvatskoj. Dodatno, iznosi se teza kako je sadržaj ustavnih načela oporezivanja, iako ona još nisu izrijekom potvrđena dijelom ustavnog identiteta, implicitno uveden u red vječnih načela hrvatskog Ustava kroz zahtjeve proizišle iz koncepta socijalne države te načela socijalne pravde i jednakosti. Pritom se ukazuje na potrebu opetovanog potvrđivanja predanosti hrvatskih građana socijalnim vrijednostima Ustava izborom socijalnih (redistributivnih) politika kroz rezultate demokratskog izbornog procesa.

Este artigo pretende rever a concepção de adolescência como crise necessária, universalmente deflagrada pela puberdade, tal como se difundiu na psicanálise a partir da perspectiva desenvolvimentista. Fazendo uso da perspectiva historiográfica e da retomada da obra freudiana, é possível propor a distinção daquilo que diz respeito ao personagem adolescente, cronológica e sociologicamente determinado, da questão adolescente, que diz respeito a cada sujeito, com quem a psicanálise está comprometida.

Este trabalho procura expor alguns resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as expectativas e ideais de adolescentes de classes populares, na região urbana de São Paulo, e a relação desses jovens com a geração a que pertencem. A investigação do imaginário destes, além de favorecer a reflexão sobre questões sociais que ficam depositadas na geração jovem, permite a reflexão sobre o processo constituinte do sujeito (adolescente) como ser social. Foram formados três grupos de jovens que participaram de atividades lúdicas, nas quais puderam expressar expectativas diversas e a partir das quais foi feita a análise de suas falas. Foi possível constatar, por um lado, uma mensagem de ceticismo, decorrente de sua falta de perspectivas; por outro, um esforço no sentido de construir projetos de acordo com as referências que encontram. Tal esforço resulta na restrição de expectativas a metas mais tangíveis, tais como a conquista de uma profissão, a construção de uma família ou o estabelecimento de laços ...

This article discusses the distribution of liability risks of shareholderss and other controlling persons on corporate liabilities. Given the analysis of ex post and ex ante model of control over distribution of risks of civil turnover participants in common law and continental legal traditions. Also, considered problems of shareholders' liability on obligations of corporations in the Republic of Uzbekistan. A shareholder shall be held liable on a subsidiary basis for the obligations of the legal entity in case of insolvency, as a result of the member's wrongful acts. However, some mechanisms of such liability do not allow to resolve the issue fairly.

El presente artículo busca establecer en base a principios, criterios doctrinales y jurisprudenciales, los supuestos de hecho que configuran un grupo de empresa a efectos laborales y el tipo de responsabilidad que les corresponde dentro del Derecho laboral peruano.

States are often enriched by the flow to their coffers of wealth accrued to private actors through internationally harmful conduct such as overfishing, acts causing transboundary air or marine pollution, cyber attacks, and international corruption. A portion of the wealth acquired by private actors through such conduct is often passed on to the state through its tax system. This article argues that this form of income to the state triggers the application of the international norm against unjust enrichment. Under the international law of unjust enrichment, such income could give rise to a duty of restitution owed by the enriched state to any state harmed by the conduct of the private actors.
This article argues that the purposes of the norm against unjust enrichment – promoting individual justice between parties and removing incentives for wrongful conduct – require its application in international law to the indirect enrichment of a state as a result of internationally harmful conduct by its taxpayers. Such application of the international norm against unjust enrichment is particularly important because of (a) evidentiary difficulties in the international arena, which significantly erode the efficacy of the remedial regime that is based on the rules concerning the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful conduct; (b) the unavailability in international law of a cause of action against private actors engaging in internationally harmful conduct; and (c) the limited capacity of a state harmed by the conduct to recover from such actors under its domestic legal system.  The article suggests that the purview of the international norm against unjust enrichment extends to situations of an indirect link between the loss of the claimant state and the gain of the enriched state, provided that such link is sufficiently close.

Body and Mark: Tattoo as Form of Subjetivation Cuerpo y Marca: Tatuaje como Forma de Subjetividad Corps et Marque: Tatouaje comme Forme de Subjectivité RESUMO O artigo tem a intenção de discutir as práticas corporais da pós contemporaneidade, iniciando com a ideia de corpo desenvolvida pela psicanálise. Tais práticas, analisadas a partir da ideia de constituição do eu freudiano e da cultura do consumo, representam a problemática fundamental deste ensaio. Para essa empreitada, tomamos como partida a psicanálise e nos fundamentamos, principalmente, nos conceitos de Freud e Lacan, para compreendermos a apropriação do corpo pelo sujeito e as dinâmicas identificatórias envolvidas nesse processo. A sociedade de consumo e a manipulação do sujeito pelo sistema capitalista transformam o corpo em objeto de troca e fetiche, tornando-se, ele mesmo, um sintoma da cultura. Nesse contexto, a tatuagem surge como um ato que reordena socialmente as relações do sujeito com seu corpo e como tentativa de bordejar as angústias que assolam o sujeito pós moderno. Iniciamos com um breve histórico sobre o corpo até chegarmos à contemporaneidade. Percorremos os conceitos de narcisismo e do estádio do espelho, passando pela divisão fundamental do sujeito e pela noção de gozo, balizados nas teorias de Freud e Lacan. A partir do conceito de mal estar, desenvolvido por Freud em 1930, nos propomos a discutir o corpo, à luz da cultura de consumo, como objeto de gozo e fetiche para, finalmente, analisarmos a body art, mais especificamente a tatuagem, como forma de subjetivação.

Una exposición de la doctrina constitucional sobre el acceso al proceso puede verse en: BLAT GIMENO, F. "El acceso al proceso". En: FOLGUERA CRESPO, J. (dir.). El proceso laboral en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional. Madrid: CGPJ, 1996. 67Por todas, véase las SSTC 11/1982 de 29 de marzo (BOE de 21 de abril); 68/1983 de 26 de julio (BOE de 18 de agosto) y 104/1984 de 4 de noviembre (BOE de 28 de noviembre). Un análisis exhaustivo sobre la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional relativa al derecho al proceso laboral, en: GOERLICH PESET, J. Ma. "El derecho al proceso: acceso a la jurisdicción y acceso al recurso en materia laboral". En: Relaciones Laborales, 1999. 69Sobre la aplicación de los principios constitucionales al proceso laboral, véase CRUZ VILLALÓN, J. "Constitución y proceso de trabajo". En: Revista Española de Derecho del Trabajo, 1989, núm. 38. 70Ello será así en todos los procesos en los que rija el principio dispositivo, pero no, en los iniciados de oficio. 7lSTC 99/1985 de 30 de septiembre (BOE de 5 de noviembre).

When a company is incorporated it is treated as a separate legal entity distinct from its promoters, directors, members, and employees; and hence the concept of the corporate veil, separating those parties from the corporate body, has arisen. The issue of "lifting the corporate veil" has been considered by courts and commentators for many years. However, the topic has not received the attention in the literature that one would expect. 1 No clear set of principles has emerged 2 and it is difficult to predict when the courts will disregard the separate entity principle. 3 The need for English courts to resort to such metaphorical terms as "mere fraud," "sham," "dummy," "alter ego" in their judgments indicates their difficulties. Nor do the English courts have a monopoly on metaphorical judgments. There is equal confusion and uncertainty in the Australian and United States jurisdictions. 4 Some researchers argue that the courts have become increasingly willing to lift the veil 5 The central purpose of this paper is to investigate the bounds of the principle of limited liability. Part I of this paper will briefly survey the concept of company as a separate entity. Part II deals with law of piercing the veil. Part III analyses the common law grounds of lifting the veil that have been frequently proposed, to determine the underlying reasons for judicial disregard of the separate entity principle. It is suggested in this paper that these common law exceptions, viz. agency, fraud, avoidance of obligations, prevention of injustice, and imputation of members' characteristics to the company, are symptomatic of the courts' attempts to ensure that parties, both shareholders, creditors, and other third parties who may be considered by the court to have a legitimate interest in the affairs of the corporation, are not disadvantaged by actions of company management and shareholders protected by limited liability. Part IV deals with the comparative aspect of the statutory provisions regarding piercing of veil. Part V deals with the comparative analysis of UK, USA, German and Indian veil piercing jurisprudence. Part V reviews some of the more recent cases in which courts have applied their piercing tests. This flexibility extends, in the last resort, to "the view which the judge takes of the justice of the case before him." whilst others reach the opposite conclusion.

Este artigo aborda o papel do ideal de magreza como um operador da subjetivação feminina. A magreza apresenta-se como uma questão para as mulheres, na medida em que discursos sobre a vigilância para a autoconstrução do corpo tornaram-se cada vez mais imperativos. Esse ideal influencia a produção de subjetividade feminina, estando a magreza relacionada com o valor socialmente atribuído às mulheres, tornando-se fundamental o estudo dessa temática. Apesar disso, considerar os imperativos culturais não descarta a importância da singularidade da constituição psíquica e produção de subjetividade, uma vez que os ideais são constituídos no plano individual a partir do coletivo. Assim, pensa-se a psicanálise como ferramenta de compreensão da cultura, contribuindo com essa discussão questionando a rigidez desses ideais. Nessa perspectiva, é de suma importância aprofundar o debate acerca da concepção de corpo ideal, além da desconstrução da noção de corpo magro como o único  possível.

The arbitration agreement is the legal basis for the arbitration forum to examine and adjudicate the dispute which arose from a private relationship where the parties agree to settle the dispute in arbitration forum. As an agreement, the arbitration agreement still applies the principles of contract, including the principle of privity of contract. In the doctrine of privity of contract, an agreement is only binding and have legal effect only to the parties, the agreement in principle, cannot provide profit or loss to a third party. In the arbitration agreement, only the parties are bound by the arbitration agreement that can become parties to the case investigation. However, in the development of arbitration practice also shows that a third party, not a signatory to the arbitration agreement can be held accountable through an examination of the arbitration case. Such a situation is possible if the third party is resident as a holding company or shareholder of a limited liability company, in which the limited liability company is bound by an arbitration agreement, and the holding company or shareholder proven to perform actions through a subsidiary or a limited liability resulting harm the other party.

This article uses an Economic Analysis of Law approach to propose the adoption of the doctrine of corporate veil piercing in Mexico. This study not only recognizes the economic benefits of limited liability for society, but also identifies the incentives it creates for shareholders to abuse of the corporate form by using the corporation to unduly appropriate a corporation’s assets at the expense of the corporation’s creditors. On this basis, the article describes the American equity doctrine of veil piercing that courts apply in order to reach shareholders’ assets in cases of fraud or misconduct against the corporation’s creditors. Finally, the paper describes the current legal framework in Mexico and proposes the adoption of corporate veil piercing in the Mexican legal system.

, infra text accompanying notes 6 and 7. 2. This is probably because the amounts in controversy are generally relatively small or the parties have chosen to settle. 3. Most of the discussion in this article will concern the liability of a candidate as opposed to members of his staff. However, it is suggested that in determining whether personal liability should attach to campaign managers, treasurers, or other staff members, a court should employ similar reasoning. 4. Democratic County Central Committee-Brown Act-Liability for Contractual Obligations, 59 Op. Cal. Att'y. Gen. 162 (1976) [hereinafter Brown Act]. In this regard there is a strong analogy to the state action cases, where "[o]nly by sifting facts and weighing circumstances" can a court determine if state action is present. Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 722 (1961). 5. Again, for purposes of ease, the focus of inquiry is on the "candidate." One could just as easily ask, "Did the campaign manager or treasurer personally agree to pay the bill?"

Um lugar para chamar de seu: uso de tatuagens por adolescentes em programas socioeducativos Gilberto Lucio da Silva Maria Consuêlo Passos Resumo Na análise crítica da implementação de um programa de remoção de tatuagens em jovens infratores, a partir da articulação do atual estatuto das marcas corporais (Ortega, 2008) e do conceito de luta por reconhecimento, de Axel Honneth, procuramos compreender como, nas sociedades contemporâneas, cada sujeito procura criar para si um lugar no mundo. Essa articulação permitiu entender as marcas corporais como resistência ao desenraizamento das matrizes de sentido na vida do adolescente em conflito com as leis. O presente ensaio revela ser necessário cotejar a proposta jurídica com as características de um contexto em que dificilmente o adolescente se sente herdeiro e tradutor de normas e valores culturais de sua família e do seu meio.

Resumo Na análise crítica da implementação de um programa de remoção de tatuagens em jovens infratores, a partir da articulação do atual estatuto das marcas corporais (Ortega, 2008) e do conceito de luta por reconhecimento, de Axel Honneth, procuramos compreender como, nas sociedades contemporâneas, cada sujeito procura criar para si um lugar no mundo. Essa articulação permitiu entender as marcas corporais como resistência ao desenraizamento das matrizes de sentido na vida do adolescente em conflito com as leis. O presente ensaio revela ser necessário cotejar a proposta jurídica com as características de um contexto em que dificil-mente o adolescente se sente herdeiro e tradutor de normas e valores culturais de sua família e do seu meio.

This article analyzes the "substance versus form" contrast in the context of shareholders' financing, exploring how it simultaneously affects both the corporate creditors' protections and the long-term growth of the company. In particular, the paper describes the role of shareholders' financing in the corporation capitalization and its qualification under the current "substance versus form" debate; then it illustrates the substantial approach commonly taken by the case law and explores the effects of the above mentioned debate on the corporate creditors' protections; finally, the paper examines the impact of this practice on the governance side. This article argues that, in a context where substance should govern over form, the most acceptable standards of review should be those that refuse a mechanical application of the formal factors and privilege a comprehensive approach that can lead to a common sense evaluation of the facts and circumstances surrounding a transaction. In other words, the so-called "substantial factors" should certainly be helpful in reaching such a common sense understanding of the transaction since they may show the objective intent of the parties. In short, judicial tools that legitimate and expand the recharacterization of debt to equity are advisable devices because at the same time (1) they strengthen the (actual) corporate creditors' protections; and (2) they foster a long-term growth of the company which benefiting from a conversion of its financial resources into equity (i.e., perpetual capital), may pursue a business strategy more focused on a sustainable and careful development of the enterprise.

O presente artigo visa apreender os discursos contemporâneos sobre o corpo pensando-o como um espaço de inscrição subjetiva. O trabalho é resultado da interlocução entre pesquisas coordenadas pelas autoras em três programas de pós-graduação, cujo foco recai nos estudos acerca de diferentes modalidades de inscrições corporais. Tomando como crivo de nossas elaborações a psicanálise, enfocamos as tatuagens e as escarificações que, embora distintos, apresentam-se como formas de linguagem.

Recordaba muy recientemente la Sala Social del Tribunal Supremo que «el espíritu de la norma» habilitadora para la modificación sustancial de condiciones de trabajo (art. 41 ET) no solo «persigue la supervivencia de las empresas en dificultades» (económicas u organizativas), sino que, a tal fin, incluso legitima la generación de «perjuicios» al trabajador sin que quepa el ejercicio de la acción rescisoria, salvo que se trate de un «perjuicio relevante» (STS 853/2016, 18 de octubre). Con estas credenciales, no extraña que en la reforma de 2012 la modificación unilateral de condiciones sustanciales de trabajo (MSCT) apareciera como una de las medidas estrella para incrementar la flexibilidad interna de las empresas y, en consecuencia, favorecer su adaptación al incierto mercado vía (menos) «precios» (condiciones de trabajo) en vez de vía (menos) «volumen» de empleo (despidos). Como es bien conocido, esta norma, en contraste con el artículo 82.3 del ET (inaplicación de convenios colect...

Ustavno pravo na pravično suđenje nije povrijeđeno odbacivanjem ovršnog prijedloga budući da se nakon osnivanja Fonda ograničene odgovornosti ne može tražiti pokretanje ovršnog postupka.The applicant\u27s constitutional rights were not violated by a decision rejecting a request for judicial enforcement because, pursuant to the Maritime Code, after the constitution of the limitation fund it shall no longer be possible to seek the institution of regular enforcement proceedings, which, according to the provisions of the Law, are to be settled from the constituted limitation fund