Panoramic radiograph

Introduction: Identification of an individual is crucial from womb
to tomb. It has always been a challenging task. Estimation of age
after death from the adult skeleton is one of the most important
objectives in medico-legal cases. Among the various parameters
available, skeletal age determination is considered the best. This
study attempts to assess the Reliability of antegonial depth or notch
as an indicator of chronological age. Material & Methods: A total
of 400 patients (200 males and 200 females), panoramic
radiograph taken for various purposes were included in the study.
The patients were categorized according to age, gender. Panoramic
radiographs were traced and antegonial depths were measured.
Results: A trend of same antegonial depth with age was observed
in both males and females. Furthermore, there were differences
between males and females uniformly in antegonial depth.
Conclusions: The antegonial depth remained almost same with
the advancing age and in between sexes.

Background: Identification of sex from skeletal remains is an important tool in forensic science. Mandibular ramus can be used for sex determination either on dry mandible or through orthopantomogram (OPG). Aim: To determine the sex from mandibular ramus using digital OPG. Materials and Methods: The morphometric analysis was conducted on mandibular ramus of 1000 digital OPG using Kodak Master View version 4.3 software. Statistical analysis was performed, and independent t-test and discriminant function were applied. Results: The participants' age ranged from 21–60 years with an equal number of males and females. The mean dimensions of all parameters for ramus were higher in males and highly significant (P < 0.001). The total mean length of minimum and maximum ramus breadth was 27.44 ± 3.41 mm and 32.27 ± 3.40 mm, respectively. The maximum and projective ramus height was 71.78 ± 5.98 mm and 65.62 ± 6.19 mm, respectively. The coronoid height was 59.23 ± 6.08 mm. The correlation...

Many developmental anomalies of the jaw are accidentally diagnosed during radiographic investigations for other symptoms. Complex odontomas are odontogenic tumours, relatively rare in the anterior maxilla and generally asymptomatic. Frequently the odontoma may interfere with the eruption of teeth. This paper describes a case of complex odontoma in an 8-year-old girl, which resulted in the palatal displacement of the lateral incisor and an erupting permanent canine. A calcified mass was seen on the radiograph and was provisionally diagnosed as an odontoma which was surgically enucleated. Routine follow-up was carried out for more than 1 year and no recurrence was seen.

Ectopic eruption of first permanent molars can lead to complications if left untreated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the ectopic eruption of first permanent molars in a sample of children from North-Western Romania, and to identify the characteristic of this anomaly in the studied population. We included patients aged between 5 and 9 years, and patients who needed a radiological examination for the diagnosis and treatment of dental or dento-maxillary diseases. The following exclusion criteria were applied: unclear or poor-quality radiographs; radiographs that belonged to patients who benefited from an orthodontic treatment before the panoramic radiograph was taken; patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment when the radiograph was taken; and patients with local or general diseases that could influence dento-facial growth and development. Three degrees of severity were selected (moderate, severe, and very severe). The sample consisted of 438 patien...

BackgroundImpaction of third molars is often found in dental practice. Since reported in history on the discovery of the mandible bone 13.000–15.000 BC, research on dental impaction continues to grow. In the modern population, the highest prevalence is found in the impaction of mandibular third molars. There is a limited study regarding the impact pattern of mandibular third molars.ObjectiveTo investigate the impact pattern of mandibular third molars in populations in Surabaya and the surrounding area in East Java, Indonesia.MethodsA retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the impact patterns of mandibular third molars from the medical record data of patients at the Maxillofacial Oral Surgery Clinic of the Dental Hospital of Universitas Airlangga from July 2017-June 2019. Data were processed by age group, sex, angulation type, level position, complaint, indication was performed odontectomy and analyzed using chi-square significance of p-value ≤ 0.05.Results...

Maxillary sinus cysts are quite common, being most frequently detected on the occasion of radiological investigations. On an OPG (orthopantomogram), these cysts appear as round masses, similar to a dome, in contact with one of the walls or the floor of the maxillary sinus. In this study, authors present the case of a patient with a maxillary cyst involving the maxillary sinus. Removal of the maxillary cyst was performed with the extraction of the causative tooth. Complete removal of the sebaceous cyst is mandatory in order to avoid recurrences and potential infectious complications.

Lower third molars (M3M) are the most frequent impacted teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between M3M position and gonial angle. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population included patients with unilateral or bilateral M3M and underwent Cone Beam Computed Tomography. A morphometric analysis of the mandible was performed after three-dimensional reconstruction, recording gonial angle (GA), ramus high, ramus width, ramus divergency, and retromolar space. GA was the primary predictor variable. The primary outcome variable was the position of M3M analyzed in sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple regression statistics were performed (p < 0.05). Study sample included 172 patients (mean age: 26.3 ± 4.6 years); 266 M3Ms were analyzed. The average GA was 122.6° ± 4.8°. A reduced GA value was significantly associated with a deeply impacted M3M in the ramus. With a progressive decrease of GA, M3M as...

Aim: Vertical malocclusion is an important and commonly seen anomaly of the craniofacial complex. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the orthopantomogram (OPG) over the lateral cephalogram. Materials and methods: A total of 60 radiographs were collected from patients. Independent reference planes were set up in the maxilla and the mandible. The inclusion criteria of the study involved subjects in the age group of 20-25 years, class I skeletal and dental relationship with an overjet, and overbite in the range of 2-4 mm with an orthognathic profile. Exclusion criteria involved crowding, asymmetry, or spacing along with no history of prior orthodontic or surgical treatment. Mean values were evaluated using the z test. The statistical analysis was performed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Significant values were obtained for effective length of ramus, effective length of corpus, effective height of corpus, interocclusal distance, panoramic alternative of gonial angle (PGOA), panoramic alternative condylar inclination (PCOI), panoramic alternative of mandibular plane angle (PMPA), and maxillary occlusal angle. On completion of our study, we can conclude that the OPG can be used in the assessment of vertical malocclusion quantitatively. Clinical significance: Less radiation exposure and easy availability of OPGs will be useful clinically.

Horizontally impacted mandibular molars are not uncommon. However, we report a rare case of a horizontally impacted stacked second and third mandibular molar. This paper presents adaption of the principles of surgical exodontia to account for rare variations in abnormal anatomy and a review of the literature, weighing up the balance between orthodontic intervention and surgical removal. Successful removal depends on careful surgical planning and respect for the surrounding anatomical structures whilst following the principles of surgical exodontia. Clinical relevance: • This paper highlights the surgical considerations that should be taken into account for treatment planning of anatomically abnormal exodontia cases. • We revisit the principles in removing horizontally impacted wisdom teeth in general practice and/or secondary care. • We outline the potential complications encountered when removing such teeth. Objectives The reader should understand the principles of surgical exodontia of horizontally impacted lower molar teeth.

Many studies have shown that the greatest risk of fracture of the mandibular angle is related to the presence of an unerupted lower third molar, based on the hypothesis that there is a decrease in the area of bone and absorption of the impact in this area, leading some surgeons to indicate its prophylactic removal in patients most exposed to the risk factors of facial trauma. On the other hand, other authors have observed a greater frequency of condylar fractures in patients without an impacted lower third molar. The aim of this study was to relate the condylar and angle fracture with an unerupted lower third molar, taking into account the position of the tooth. Panoramic radiographs were used to determine if the presence or absence of the third molar is related to the occurrence of mandibular fractures, such as angle and condylar fractures. In a total of 43 patients with angle fractures, the greatest percentage had erupted teeth, and 41.9% had impacted teeth; however there was no s...

As is well known, early treatment for dental caries can prevent many subsequent issues. This study applies advanced computational intelligence techniques to address the critical task of dental caries detection and localization. In the initial step, the YOLOv7 model is used to detect and segment the full-tooth dental periapical images into single-tooth dental periapical images. Subsequently, the crown region in each single-tooth dental periapical image is segmented to ***Corresponding author.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the mandible is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition which can lead to massive hemorrhage. The following is a description where a large mandibular AVM presented with torrential bleeding following tooth extraction for caries. An orthopantomogram (OPG) was performed which was suggestive of aneurysmal bone cyst or ameloblastoma. A computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a large mandibular AVM with submandibular extension. It is important for both clinicians and radiologist to be aware of this type of lesion that can have life-threatening complications. It is important to defi ne the anatomical location and the feeder vessels of the entity in detail preoperatively. This communication highlights the common differential and use of multidetector CT (MDCT) angiography along with other imaging modalities to prevent a fatal hemorrhage and arrive at a correct diagnosis.

Aim of the study was to evaluate mandibular indices on a panoramic radiograph. A number of mandibular cortical indices, including the mandibular cortical index (MCI), mandibular cortical width (MCW) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI), AI (Antegonial index)was evaluated on Panoramic radiograph. Correlation between the indices were also done in our study and we found that PMI with MI and MI with AI were highly significant and showed similar results whereas MCI was non significamt with the other indices.

Background: The impaction rate is higher for the third molars than for any other tooth in modern human population. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the validity of linear and angular measurements on the digital panoramic radiograph as a reference for early prediction of mandibular third molar eruption/impaction. Materials and Methods: Digital panoramic radiographs of 200 subjects were selected based on their status of eruption of mandibular third molars; fully erupted (Group A), partially erupted (Group B), fully developed but not erupted (Group C) and partially developed groups (Group D). Each group comprised 50 subjects with 25 males and 25 females. Nine variables (linear measurements, angles, and ratios) were determined and measured bilaterally by two observers and values were compared between the study groups and genders. Results: The data thus obtained were analyzed for comparison among all the study groups. It was found that the difference in the mean values of lower eruption space (LES) measurements, α-angle (angle between long axis of the third molar and gonial-symphyseal plane) and β-angle (angle between long axis of mandibular second and third molars) were significant (P < 0.05). The mean values of mesiodistal width, LES-ramus, LES-Xi point and β-angle were found more in males than in females. No significant difference was observed between the sides. Conclusion: αand β-angle together with LES measurements give the accurate information on early prediction of lower third molar eruption or impaction.

The impaction rate is higher for the third molars than for any other tooth in modern human population. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the validity of linear and angular measurements on the digital panoramic radiograph as a reference for early prediction of mandibular third molar eruption/impaction. Digital panoramic radiographs of 200 subjects were selected based on their status of eruption of mandibular third molars; fully erupted (Group A), partially erupted (Group B), fully developed but not erupted (Group C) and partially developed groups (Group D). Each group comprised 50 subjects with 25 males and 25 females. Nine variables (linear measurements, angles, and ratios) were determined and measured bilaterally by two observers and values were compared between the study groups and genders. The data thus obtained were analyzed for comparison among all the study groups. It was found that the difference in the mean values of lower eruption space (LES) measurements, α...

: a. bahwa penyelenggaraan praktik kedokteran harus antara 16,7% hingga 68,6%, dan diperkirakan sekitar 65% populasi manusia di dunia mempunyai sedikitnya satu gigi molar impaksi (Silvestri dan Singh, 2003; Goyal dkk., 2016). Untuk prevalensi impaksi gigi taring rahang atas berkisar antara 0,8-2,8%, dimana untuk posisi gigi kaninus rahang atas yang impaksi dapat dalam beberapa kondisi posisi, yaitu lebih ke arah palatal, bukal, atau sejajar dengan lengkung gigi. Gigi yang paling sering mengalami impaksi adalah molar ketiga mandibula dan rahang atas, diikuti kaninus rahang atas, dan gigi premolar mandibula. Hal ini dikarenakan gigi molar ketiga merupakan gigi terakhir dalam urutan erupsi, sehingga terjadi kekurangan ruangan untuk erupsi. Kasus gigi impaksi di Indonesia tercatat cukup tinggi, dimana populasi dapat mempengaruhi prevalensi gigi impaksi di setiap negara. Di Indonesia, terdapat berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan terkait dengan prevalensi gigi impaksi. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut (RSGM) Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Periode Juni 2012-Januari 2013 didapatkan 148 foto panoramik pasien di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut (RSGM) Universitas Syiah Kuala Periode Juni 2012-Januari 2013 dan 81 pasien (54,7%) mengalami impaksi molar tiga mandibula. Berdasarkan klasifikasi George Winter, mesioangular adalah kasus yang terbanyak yaitu 54 gigi (43,5%). Berdasarkan klasifikasi Pell dan Gregory, kasus yang terbanyak adalah kelas 2 yaitu 100 gigi (80,6%) dan Posisi A 81 gigi (65,3%). Qutbi (2018) mempublikasikan data sosiodemografi serta prevalensi dan insidensi kasus impaksi gigi di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Dr. Moewardi, Surakarta periode 2013-2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif retrospektif dengan cross sectional study design. Subyek penelitian yaitu data sekunder berupa rekam medis pasien yang terdiagnosis gigi impaksi tahun 2013 sampai dengan 2017. Dari 5548 rekam medis didapatkan prevalensi gigi impaksi tahun 2013-2017 (13,2%) dan insidensi paling banyak pada tahun 2014 (7,5%). Sedangkan untuk data sosiodemografi, dari 200 rekam medis didapatkan hasil impaksi lebih banyak ditemukan pada perempuan (53%), dan paling banyak pada usia 20-29 tahun (33,5%). Gigi impaksi paling sering terjadi pada rahang bawah (54%) sedangkan gigi yang paling banyak terkena impaksi adalah gigi molar ketiga. Prevalensi gigi impaksi paling banyak terjadi pada perempuan dan pada rentang usia 20-29 tahun. jdih.kemkes.go.id Kelas : Vertikal.

Background: The impacted maxillary canine can be defined as un-erupted teeth after its root development is complete. It can be detected in early stadium of development as early as 8 years. If there are signs of clinical presence of impaction, radiographic examination should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine occurrence of IMC in both genders and their aged features of appearance; to make classification depending on their localization and depending on their position according to the other anatomic structures in the alveolar bone; to find correlation between localization and both age groups, (10-15 and 15-69 years). Materials and methods: It is a cross-sectional survey carried out on 104 dental patients who attended representative policlinics and dental ordinations located in Skopje, Kumanovo and Kriva Palanka between 1.12.2017 and 28.02.2018. Their dental records were examined followed by panoramic radiographs. Thechi-squared test was us...

Despite the increasing elderly population worldwide, including in Indonesia, various conditions such as osteoporosis prevent the elderly from experiencing an enhanced quality of life. The risk of osteoporosis increases with age and can be detected by taking panoramic radiographs to measure the width of the mandibular cortical bone. This study aims to obtain the average width of the mandibular cortical bone in individuals at risk of osteoporosis. Regions of interest were chosen in the mental foramen regions. The average width of the mandibular cortical bone in individuals at risk of osteoporosis aged 40-80years was 4.80618 mm. The mandibular cortical bone in women aged 40–59 years tends to be wider than in those aged 60–80 years. The average width of the mandibular cortical bone in the 40–80year age group in Indonesia could be classified as normal. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2017; 10(Special Issue): pp. 652-656)

Los terceros molares retenidos pudieran presentar degeneración quística o tumoral, de allí que frecuentemente se indique su extracción. Radiográficamente, se puede evidenciar una imagen radiolúcida asociada, que también es frecuentemente observable en condiciones fisiológicas, que corresponde al capuchón pericoronario hiperplásico. Para obtener un

The aim of this study is to describe a case of dentigerous cysts of a young patient successfully treated as well as clinical and radiographic follow-up. A 10-year-old female patient was referred to the Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Service of the Regional University Hospital of Campos Gerais. The patient's panoramic radiograph revealed a well-defined radiolucent unilocular area associated to the crown of the second permanent right lower molar, which was impacted. In addition, the permanent upper canines were enclosed, suggesting a dentigerous cyst. A conservative treatment was determined, through marsupialization of the lesions. The histopathology examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of dentigerous cysts. Longitudinal clinical and radiographic monitoring was essential to certify the regression of the lesion, as well as bone neoformation, thus promoting the eruption and maintenance of the affected permanent teeth.

The study aimed at, whether the calcification stages of mandibular 1st premolar and 2nd molar can be used to assess skeletal maturity. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalogram and OPG of 72 growing subjects with good health (38 girls and 34 boys; age-group of 8-17 years) were selected for a cross-sectional study, in which the identity of patients was not revealed to the investigator. The dental calcification stage of mandibular 1st premolar and 2nd molar were estimated in accordance with the Demirjian system (DI) and skeletal maturation was estimated according to cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) given by Hassel and Farman and these two indices were compared. Results: Chi-square test and Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient test showed that a significant relationship of mandibular 1st premolar and 2nd molar calcification stages with CVMI exists, for both males and females. In females, CVMI stage 2 showed maximum correlation to DI stage E of lower 2nd molar. In males, CVMI stage 2 showed maximum correlation to DI stage E of lower 1st premolar. The result of this study revealed that each stage developed prior in female subjects compared to male subjects and the calcification stages of lower 1st premolar and 2nd molar can be used to assess the peak of growth.

This study aimed to compare condylar bony pathology in patients with and without temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) using orthopantomography at Ajman University dental clinics between 2017 and 2021. Patient data from the Ajman University archives were collected after obtaining ethical approval. OPG (orthopantomogram) views were evaluated for potential TMJ pathology. Three independent observers underwent calibration and image analysis, with their agreement level calculated using Kappa statistics (score 0.781). Condylar changes were coded from 0 to 6. Statistical tests such as the Mann–Whitney Test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman’s correlation, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The inter-examiner reliability for OPG was 0.903, and intra-examiner reliability was 0.908. The most common condylar bony changes observed in OPG views were flattening and osteophyte. Female participants had a higher prevalence of all bony changes. Temporomandibular Disorder (TM...

Background: Taurodontism is a dental anomaly in which the pulp chamber
is enlarged and the root canals are greatly shortened, usually in molar
teeth. It is important in genetics, forensic odontology, and endodontics,
as the condition alters the root morphology and creates complications
in treatment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of taurodontism
within the permanent first and second molars of the Bangladeshi
population, thereby understanding its significance in genetics, forensics,
and endodontics.
Methods: A total of 2,700 participants aged 18–65 were examined at the
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sapporo Dental
College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Radiographic analysis was
conducted to identify taurodontism in permanent first and second molars,
and data were collected on participants' family history, sex, and age. Cases
were evaluated for root morphology complexity and treatment challenges.
Self-reported family history was recorded to assess potential genetic trends.

Objective Evaluate the position of mental foramen by measuring the vertical bone height from digital panoramic radiograph and also the variation of resorption pattern by gender and extraction time frame. Materials and methods/study design Digital panoramic radiographs of 500 patients were reviewed. The study population was divided into four age groups aged 30 to 70 years as (30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-70 years of age). Radiographic Position of mental foramen was evaluated in each panoramic radiograph by measuring the distance from the marginal bone to the mental foramen was being measured. Measurements were taken in each radiograph using Cliniview software. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using paired students t-test and chi-square tests. Results and conclusion In our study it was noted that the vertical measurements calculated from the superior margin of mental foramen to the crest of alveolar ridge were greater in edentulous men than in women. This measure...

Introduction. The determination of skeletal maturity stages is very important in orthodontic treatment planning, especially skeletal discrepancies in growing individuals. A hand-wrist radiograph is considered the most accurate approach for skeletal maturity detection. Dental calcification stages have been suggested as an alternative diagnostic method to decrease radiation exposure. The recent study is aimed at detecting the efficacy of dental calcification stages in assessing skeletal maturity during the prepubertal and pubertal growth periods. Methods. Patients' records were collected from the Aleppo Orthodontic Center. Dental maturity stages were assessed from a panoramic radiograph using the Demirjian method, while skeletal maturity stages were determined using the Björk method. Four permanent left mandibular teeth were included (canine, 1st premolar, 2nd premolar, and 2nd molar) for the study. Results. From 517 records, 295 records (145 males and 150 females) were included. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients between skeletal maturation and dental maturation were strong and statistically significant (ranging from 0.789 to 0.835). The highest correlation was between skeletal stages and the second molar (r = 0:829 and 0.88 in males and females, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC ) curve suggested a high validity of the sum of dental stages for the four teeth in identifying MP3= stage (sensitivity was 70%, specificity was 92.77%, and ROC area was 0.81) but not for MP3cap (sensitivity was 50.85%, specificity was 81.36%, and ROC area was 0.66). Conclusions. The correlation between the skeletal maturity stages and the dental calcification stages was high. The orthodontist can use the dental stages as a definite diagnostic tool for prepubertal growth period.

Background: The most common impacted teeth in adults are the mandibular third molars which frequently require surgical extraction. There are many factors contributing to the occurrence of postoperative complications, one of which is surgeon's experience. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of postoperative complications of third molar extractions by different level of surgical experience. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia. A total of 112 cases were collected from the records of surgical extraction of lower third molars performed by dental students, dental officers and specialists, collected data was transferred into special case sheets and analyzed using IBM SPSS 23. Results: From 112 cases, 64(57.1%) had presented with postoperative complications. The highest prevalence of postoperative complications was in dental students' group 38 out of 62 patients (61.3%), followed by specialists' group 20 out of 39 patients (51.3%) and dental officers' group 6 out of 11 patients (51.6%). Meanwhile, the common complications observed were pain (33.9%), swelling (20.5%), trismus (12.5%), paresthesia (6.3%) and bleeding (3.0%). Conclusions: There is no statistically significant correlation between the postoperative complications and the level of surgeons' experience.

Identifying Stafne bone cavities of the ramus mimics early diagnosis of cysts or tumours. In contrast, failure to recognize them can result in incorrect diagnoses and ineffective treatments. Clinical and radiological characteristics using orthopantomogram and cone beam computed tomography to make clinicians aware of such entities and help distinguish between this anatomical variant from benign tumours or cysts. This report attempts to broaden the understanding of this rare entity, as, to the best of our knowledge, only 10 cases of the ramus variant of Stafne bone cavities have been reported in the literature.

Identifying calcification of arteries in the head and neck region may aid in the diagnosis of advanced systemic conditions. In contrast, failure to recognize them can result in incorrect diagnoses and ineffective treatments. Radiographic analyses can be used to detect such calcifications. This report focuses on calcifications discovered in the facial, lingual, and infraorbital arteries following a routine dental care panoramic radiograph. This report is particularly notable because it is the second in the literature to highlight the calcification of all three arteries.

To assess the incidence of dentigerous cystic changes in the follicles of radiographically normal impacted mandibular third molars. One hundred and thirteen follicles obtained after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars with radiolucency of less than 2.5 mm in the radiograph were sent for histopathologic evaluation to evaluate pathologic changes. The incidence of dentigerous cystic changes observed was 15.9%, that is, 18 out of 113 patients (51 males and 62 females), with the maximum incidence of cystic changes seen in the follicular space size of 0.5 mm. The mean age of the patients included was 27.8 ± 8.1. The most common indication for extraction among the patients in this study was recurrent pericoronitis (95%). There were no statistically significant differences in occurrence of cystic changes based on age, gender, angulation, relation to ramus, depth, side of impaction, and follicle size ( &gt; 0.05). Dental follicles obtained from surgically removed impacted ma...

Non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) is not prevelant in the mandible. It appears mostly in the long tubular bones in children and adolescents. We are presenting a case of a four-year-old girl reported to the maxillofacial department with painless swelling over the lower right side of the jaw. On the orthopantomogram (OPG), a well-defined multilocular radiolucency with a sclerotic margin was present. On computed tomography (CT), an expansile lytic lesion with cortical thinning without a breach in cortical continuity was noted. By correlating clinical and radiological features, a diagnosis of odontogenic and/or osteogenic lesion was made. The patient was considered for an excisional biopsy with curettage. On histopathology, NOF was confirmed. On postoperative follow-up, there was no sign of recurrence, and bone regeneration was significant.

Non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) is not prevelant in the mandible. It appears mostly in the long tubular bones in children and adolescents. We are presenting a case of a four-year-old girl reported to the maxillofacial department with painless swelling over the lower right side of the jaw. On the orthopantomogram (OPG), a well-defined multilocular radiolucency with a sclerotic margin was present. On computed tomography (CT), an expansile lytic lesion with cortical thinning without a breach in cortical continuity was noted. By correlating clinical and radiological features, a diagnosis of odontogenic and/or osteogenic lesion was made. The patient was considered for an excisional biopsy with curettage. On histopathology, NOF was confirmed. On postoperative follow-up, there was no sign of recurrence, and bone regeneration was significant.

Background/purpose: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic, hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder. The pathophysiology of SCD is thought to result from polymerization of hemoglobin S in red blood cells under hypoxic conditions, which results in vaso-occlusion. The aim of this study was to determine the periodontal and dental health status of patients with SCD. Materials and methods: Fifty-five SCD patients and 41 healthy individuals were evaluated. Detailed medical and dental histories were taken, and a record made of dental status (missing teeth, restorations, impacted teeth, root canal treatment), periodontal status [plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP)], alveolar bone level (ABL), mandibular cortex index, and bone quality index. Results: Two hundred and six teeth were missing, and a total of 195 teeth had restorations. Between-group differences existed for the PI, GI, and BOP; these variables were higher in patients than in the healthy individuals (P < 0.0001). No between-group differences existed for PD. In patients, there was a positive correlation between PD and BOP (P < 0.0001; r Z 0.657), PD and GI (P Z 0.02; r Z 0.299), PD and PI (P Z 0.01; r Z 0.343); BOP and GI (P < 0.0001; r Z 0.503), BOP and PI (P < 0.0001; r Z 0.496); and GI and PI (P Z 0.003; r Z 0.388). The ABL in patients was found to be similar to that of the general population with an unknown periodontal condition. No clinical periodontal disease or attachment loss was detected in patients. However the PI, GI, and BOP were significantly higher in patients with SCD, which may reflect an as yet undefined variable response to microbes. There were no significant differences, y All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. No external funding, apart from that of authors' institutions, was available for this study.

Introduction: Tooth development is the best method in estimating the chronological age of young adults. Demirjan's method has high value of correlation and observer agreement between chronological age and estimated age. To assess the chronological age based on developmental stages of mandibular third molar using Demirjian's method. A retrospective study of 160 radiographs, among subjects in the age group of 9-25 years who underwent digital panoramic radiographic examination during the last 6 months in the

Background. Panoramic radiograph is the first and most commonly advised radiograph for screening of temporomandibular joints/condyles. Different shapes of the mandible have been discussed by various authors with no consensus for a definite classification for condyle shape. This study was conducted with the objective to observe various shapes of condyles, symmetry of bilateral condyles, and variations of condyle shapes among males and females. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital panoramic radiographs available at a tertiary center of Lalitpur from 25.12.2020 to 20.06.2021 after ethical approval from the institutional review board (reference no. 077/078/27). Panoramic radiographs were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and various shapes of condyles were noted on HP 15 inch flat LED monitor (1280 × 1024). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS (chi-square test: a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant). Intra-and interobserver agreement was observed for condylar shapes. Results. Among the selected 850 panoramic radiographs (1700 condyles), most of them, i.e., 1343 (79%), were round/oval, followed by flattened, i.e., 149 (8.76%), diamond/angled, i.e., 93 (5.47%), crooked finger shaped, i.e., 28 (1.6%), and mixed, i.e., 46 (2.7%), and the least common shape observed was bifid, i.e., 40 (2.3%) (18 (2.1%) left condyle and 22 (2.6%) right condyle). Conclusions. Six different types of condyle shapes were noted: type I, oval; type II, flat; type III, diamond; type IV, mixed; type V, bifid; and type VI, crooked finger among the study population of Lalitpur.

The decrease of bone strength on ageing is a globally observed phenomenon among all human beings. The association between oral health and bone health has not been much researched among the Indian population. So, the proposed study was aimed to extract information about mandibular indices from dental panoramic radiographs and to identify its age and gender related changes among the south Indian population. The study involved 279 subjects, which included 103 men (46±11.55 years) and 176 women (47.2±12.49 years). The panoramic radiographs were obtained from a digital orthopantomogram scanner. The subjects were categorised into various decade age sub-groups for both the genders: 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70 and 71-80 years. The subjects were also further classified into three groups as: Normal, mild and severe based on the erosion of the endosteal margin of mandible cortical bone. The measurement of the Mandibular Cortical Thickness (MCT), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) and assessment of the endosteal margin of the mandibular cortical bone was performed on the radiograph. The ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference for the MCT and PMI as (F = 6.98; p<0.001) and (F = 4.49; p<0.01) respectively between subjects of the various decade age sub-groups. The Chi-square tests revealed higher levels of significances (p<0.001) for the variations in the endosteal margin with age. The results of the study conclude that the MCT, PMI and the endosteal margin of mandible are age depended. The decrement of radiomorphometric indices was more prominent in females than males and they exponentially decreased after the sixth decade of age for both the genders. The MCT and PMI decreased by 6.41 and 4.8% respectively for males and by 23.2 and 30.8% respectively for females in the older groups.

The decrease of bone strength on ageing is a globally observed phenomenon among all human beings. The association between oral health and bone health has not been much researched among the Indian population. So, the proposed study was aimed to extract information about mandibular indices from dental panoramic radiographs and to identify its age and gender related changes among the south Indian population. The study involved 279 subjects, which included 103 men (46±11.55 years) and 176 women (47.2±12.49 years). The panoramic radiographs were obtained from a digital orthopantomogram scanner. The subjects were categorised into various decade age sub-groups for both the genders: 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70 and 71-80 years. The subjects were also further classified into three groups as: Normal, mild and severe based on the erosion of the endosteal margin of mandible cortical bone. The measurement of the Mandibular Cortical Thickness (MCT), Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) and assessment of the endosteal margin of the mandibular cortical bone was performed on the radiograph. The ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference for the MCT and PMI as (F = 6.98; p<0.001) and (F = 4.49; p<0.01) respectively between subjects of the various decade age sub-groups. The Chi-square tests revealed higher levels of significances (p<0.001) for the variations in the endosteal margin with age. The results of the study conclude that the MCT, PMI and the endosteal margin of mandible are age depended. The decrement of radiomorphometric indices was more prominent in females than males and they exponentially decreased after the sixth decade of age for both the genders. The MCT and PMI decreased by 6.41 and 4.8% respectively for males and by 23.2 and 30.8% respectively for females in the older groups.

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of impacted teeth in Saudi patients and compare between male and female subjects. Method. This cross-sectional study comprised of Saudi patients who attended dental clinics in major hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Patients’ dental records and panoramic radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. Impacted teeth excluding third molars and spaces occupied by primary, permanent, and transmigrated teeth were recorded from panoramic radiographs. The Pearson chi-squared test was performed to determine gender differences regarding impacted teeth and spaces occupied by other teeth. Results. The study included radiographs of 539 patients with a mean age of 23.3 ± 10.8 years. Seventy-one patients (13.2%) had at least one impacted tooth. The total number of impacted teeth was 115 in the sample, out of which 91 (79.1%) were in the upper arch and 24 (20.8%) in the lower arch. Fifty-eight maxillary canines (50.4%) were impacted making them the most...

Objectives: This study analyzed changes in the antegonial region in relation to age, gender, and dental status. Study design: A total of one thousand patients (five hundred males and five hundred females), who were prescribed panoramic radiograph for various purposes were included in the study. The patients were categorized according to age, gender and dentition status. Panoramic radiographs were traced and antegonial angles and depths were measured. Results: A trend of decrease in the antegonial angle and increase in antegonial depth with age was observed in both males and females. Furthermore there were differences between right and left side antegonial angle and depth, with left side angle more than right and right side depth more than left. There was a significant decrease in the values of antegonial angle and significant increase in the values of antegonial depth as the dentition status changed from completely dentulous to partially dentulous and from partially dentulous to completely edentulous state. Conclusions: The antegonial angle decreases with the advancing age and thereby increases the antegonial depth. Similar trends are seen when teeth are lost. Furthermore there is an inherent asymmetry in the antegonial region in right and left side.

Identification by abnormal dental characteristic dates back to 66 A.D. when the decapitated head of Lollia Paulina, mistress of the Roman Emperor Claudius, was identified by his wife, Agrippina, based on severe malocclusion and discolored anterior teeth. With recent advances in dental investigations and a more streamlined approach to practicing dentistry, dental records such as periapical radiographs, panoramic radiographs, treatment notes, dental charts, dental casts and intraoral photographs are commonly applied methods of personal investigations and post-mortem and ante-mortem comparisons. Gustafson was the first to use orthopantomography in forensic practice for identification. The availability of orthopantomograms (OPGs) has established this dental record as a valuable aid in comparing ante-mortem and post-mortem dental characteristics. Human identification using panoramic radiography proved to be useful not only when the whole complement of teeth

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans. Taurodontism may occur as one of many dentofacial manifestations of KS and can be detected before development of other physical characteristics. Identification of patients with taurodontic teeth may lead to early recognition of the disorder and could substantially improve quality of life. The objective of this report is to review the general characteristics and dentofacial manifestations of KS, specifically taurodontism, and present a patient with the 48,XXXY variant where root-canal therapy was successfully completed in 3 anatomically varied taurodontic teeth.

The objective was to study the epidemiological, clinical and radiological aspects of patients with mandibular fractures in the odontostomatology department at the General hospital Idrissa Pouye in Senegal. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of the records of patients who came for a mandibular fracture during the period from February 2007 to June 2019 to the odontostomatology department of the General hospital Idrissa Pouye in Dakar. The inclusion criterion was any patient file containing complete information and presenting a mandibular fracture received in the odontostomatology department. We used sociodemographic, clinical and radiographic variables. Results: Of 128 patients who came for consultation with a mandibular fracture, 115 were male and 13 were female. The age group most affected was between 21 and 30 years. Workers (25.2%), pupils and students (25.2%) were the most represented. The most frequent cause of mandibular fractures was road traffic accidents (36.71%). In 41% of the road accidents, Jakarta mopeds were involved. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiological examination, which consisted of an orthopantomogram in 83.5% of cases. The mandibular symphysis was the most frequent location with 40.3% of fracture sites. Total continuity of the lines was observed in 21.9% of cases.

A 17-year girl reported with painful right lower posterior teeth. Orthopantomogram showed unilocular radiolucency with scalloped non-sclerotic border at apical area of non-carious right mandibular molars and premolar. A provisional radiological diagnosis of ameloblastoma or odontogenic keratocyst was given. Histopathological examination revealed follicular areas of peripheral palisaded hyperchromatic basaloid cells and central round-polygonal clear cells. A diagnosis of clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC)-ameloblastomatous variant was made after assessing the provisional diagnoses. A nosological dilemma arose as many authors opined that the terms 'clear cell ameloblastoma' and 'clear cell odontogenic tumor' should be invalidated and CCOC should be the preferred diagnosis because of the reported aggressive nature of clear cell odontogenic neoplasms. The scientific literature gave variable biological behavior and prognosis with diverse therapeutic approaches leading to therapeutic dilemma in management of the case. The authors have attempted to resolve the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges by presenting the clinical, radiological and histological aspects of the case and discussing the differential diagnoses of clear cell lesions involving the maxillofacial region along with the therapeutic approaches and prognosis of CCOC.

The mental foramen is used by oral surgeons during procedures such as extractions, implant placements, osteotomies, nerve blocks, and other surgeries that might potentially harm the neurovascular bundle in the area. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of the digitalized volumetric tomography (DVT) in detecting the brain foramen and in assessing its size, shape, and clarity in comparison to the orthopantomogram (OPG) (DVT). Materials and Method: Twenty-five people total took part in the research, with men and women represented equally. Expert three-dimensional (3D) software in DVT and Annotation software in OPG were used to compare and contrast the location, contour, size, and clarity of the cerebral foramen. Results: “The mental foramen was located in the center of the jaw, between the roots of the upper and lower molars and the super inferior cortex of the mandible. The mental foramen was found to be in the same place by both OPG and DVT. Most mental foramen w...

Human identification is a procedure of great importance for the proceedings instituted in the various spheres of law, and is also required by the community for cultural or religious reasons. Among the processes of identification, the technique of forensic dentistry is a comparative methodology in which it is necessary for the person to be identified to have his dental characteristics recorded in some kind of documentation produced during his lifetime. In this context, panoramic radiographs are extra-oral images often requested by dentists due to the broad view structures of the oral-maxillofacial complex, which assist in obtaining the diagnosis and definition of the treatment plan. In this study, a case of human identification was reported using a panoramic x-ray, produced more than seven years earlier to support the planning of dental treatment. The radiographic comparison was made possible because a post-mortem panoramic x-ray was produced, allowing the viewing of anatomical and reconstructive features with a quality and quantity sufficient to safely establish a positive correlation between the skeletonized corpse and the missing person.