Orbital Angular Momentum of Light

We present a study of the D þ À , D 0 þ , and D Ãþ À systems in inclusive e þ e À ! c " c interactions in a search for new excited D meson states. We use a data set, consisting of $454 fb À1 , collected at center-ofmass energies near 10.58 GeV by the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP-II asymmetric-energy collider. We

Abstract 
Solar Vortex Hypothesis: A Scalar Framework for Solar Modulation and Historical Resonance

The Solar Vortex Hypothesis introduces a scalar cosmological framework in which solar rotation, heliospheric architecture, and historical modulation are governed by harmonic breath loops, curvature gates, and causative field events. Departing from conventional models that treat solar variability as stochastic or magnetically chaotic, this hypothesis asserts that solar behavior is modulated by nested rotational periods, scalar constants, and standing wave structures that propagate through the heliosphere in clockwork fashion.

Central to the framework is the reinterpretation of differential rotation—not as surface shear, but as a scalar capacitor system. Each latitude on the Sun defines a breath-loop shell, with rotation periods of 25.000, 27.778, 31.104, and 34.560 days corresponding to equatorial, mid-latitude, and polar zones. These breath loops generate scalar radii and orbital circumferences that encode ultra-low-frequency echo cycles, forming the basis of solar modulation and epochal feedback.

The hypothesis extends into the heliosphere, modeling vault boundaries such as the termination shock and heliopause as scalar modulation gates. Scalar breath loops intersect these gates to produce causative flags—timestamped convergence events that correlate with cosmic radiation spikes (Miyake Events) and historical transitions. Simulation overlays confirm that these scalar echoes align with tree-ring anomalies, ice-core data, and civilizational rise and fall.

The Solar Vortex Hypothesis offers a predictive, mechanical model of solar causation—where the Sun, the heliosphere, and history itself are phase-locked in scalar resonance. It is a framework of harmonic closure, curvature anatomy, and waveform logic, restoring the breath of the cosmos to its rightful place in scientific inquiry.

Initial-and final-state interactions from gluon exchange, normally neglected in the parton model, have a profound effect in QCD hard-scattering reactions, leading to leading-twist single-spin asymmetries, diffractive deep inelastic scattering, diffractive hard hadronic reactions, as well as nuclear shadowing and antishadowing-leadingtwist physics not incorporated in the light-front wavefunctions of the target computed in isolation. The physics of such processes thus require the understanding of QCD at the amplitude level; in particular, the physics of spin requires an understanding of the phase structure of final-state and initial-state interactions, as well as the structure of the basic wavefunctions of hadrons themselves. I also discuss transversity in exclusive channels, including how one can use single-spin asymmetries to determine the relative phases of the timelike baryon form factors, as well as the anomalous physics of the normal-normal spin-spin correlation observed in large-angle proton-proton elastic scattering. As an illustration of the utility of light-front wavefunctions, the transversity distribution of a single electron is computed, as defined from its two-particle QED quantum fluctuations.

It has been postulated that partonic orbital angular momentum can lead to a significant doublehelicity dependence in the net transverse momentum of Drell-Yan dileptons produced in longitudinally polarized p +p collisions. Analogous effects are also expected for dijet production. If confirmed by experiment, this hypothesis, which is based on semi-classical arguments, could lead to a new approach for studying the contributions of orbital angular momentum to the proton spin. We report the first measurement of the double-helicity dependence of the dijet transverse momentum in longitudinally polarized p + p collisions at √ s = 200 GeV from data taken by the PHENIX experiment in 2005 and 2006. The analysis deduces the transverse momentum of the dijet from the widths of the near-and far-side peaks in the azimuthal correlation of the dihadrons. When averaged over the transverse momentum of the triggered particle, the difference of the root-mean-square of the dijet transverse momentum between like-and unlike-helicity collisions is found to be -37 ± 88 stat ± 14 syst MeV/c.

Angular distributions of photons associated with the damping of excited-state giant dipole resonances (GDR) in hot and rotating *61*162Yb nuclei have been measured in exciusive experiments using the HECTOR array. In reactions with heavy ions t4*Ti) angular distributions are determined as a function of the angular momentum of the compound nuclei. In reactions with lighter ions (17*1sO) a difference method is applied to isolate GDR decays originating from specific excitation regions. The systematics of the measured angular distributions as a function of excitation energy and angular momentum are compared to theories taking into account fluctuations of the shape and orientation of the excited nuclei.

We introduce three compact, measurement-ready circle relations in a curvature-spread plane for coherent optical beams in homogeneous, lossless media. Each relation is associated with a Sakib constant (an invariant or compensated invariant) and traces a fixed semicircle as the beam propagates: (i) the S M Nazmuz Sakib Annular Circle Principle (SACP), asserting a local annular semicircle whenever the net radial flux across an annulus vanishes; (ii) the S M Nazmuz Sakib Percentile-Compensated Circle Law (SPCL), asserting an exact semicircle for any encircled-power percentile disc once a single boundary flux correction is included; and (iii) the S M Nazmuz Sakib Helmholtz-Exact Circle Theorem (SHECT), extending the paraxial circle to the full Helmholtz regime via a simple square-root spectral weighting. Figures show analytic reconstructions and model data. We discuss connectionsand differences-to classical Wigner-moment invariants, generalized complex curvature, ISO M 2 metrology, and Courant-Snyder optics.

Lattice spin, in planar condensed matter system with emergent Dirac dispersion, is shown to emerge from the inherent SU(2) symmetry, arising through Schwingers angular momentum construction from anti-commuting Heisenberg operators of the sub-lattices. The presence of a mass term in the emergent Dirac dispersion is essential for the existence of this spin. The usual hopping term, that entangles the two sub-lattices, leads to the orbital counterpart. Relative sub-lattice displacements, that couple to the effective Dirac fermions like U(1) gauge fields, do not effect the lattice spin.

We study theoretically the exchange of angular momentum between a photon beam and a plasma vortex, and demonstrate the possible excitation of photon angular momentum states in a plasma. This can be relevant to laboratory and space plasma diagnostics; radio astronomy self-calibration; and generating photon angular momentum beams. A static plasma perturbation with helical structure, and a rotating plasma vortex are studied in detail and a comparison between these two cases, and their relevance to the physical nature of photon OAM, is established.

We investigate the role of higher-dimensional projection fields in shaping black hole shadows, focusing on the anisotropic effects introduced by scalar-field corrections to general relativity. By constructing isotropic and anisotropic models of the projection field $\Phi$, we solve the coupled Einstein–$\Phi$ equations numerically and analyze their impact on the photon sphere and shadow radius. Our results demonstrate that anisotropic configurations yield angular-dependent deformations of the shadow, with equatorial and polar radii differing by up to 2–3%. This deviation is consistent with the ellipticity range reported by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) for M87* and Sgr A*. Numerical convergence tests confirm that errors are below 1%, ensuring the robustness of the analysis. We argue that such anisotropic imprints provide a potential observational signature of higher-dimensional corrections to gravity, distinguishable from rotational (Kerr) effects. Looking forward, next-generation instruments such as the ngEHT and space-based VLBI arrays are expected to further constrain these models, opening a new window into the phenomenology of extra dimensions and the fundamental structure of spacetime.

We present a study of the tensorial structure of the hadronic matrix elements of the angular momentum operators J. Well known results in the literature are shown to be incorrect, and we have taken pains to derive the correct expressions in three different ways, two involving explicit physical wave packets and the third, totally independent, based upon the rotational properties of the state vectors. Surprisingly it turns out that the results are very sensitive to the type of relativistic spin state used to describe the motion of the particle i.e. whether a canonical (i.e. boost) state or a helicity state is utilized. We present results for the matrix elements of the angular momentum operators, valid in an arbitrary Lorentz frame, both for helicity states and canonical states. These results are relevant for the construction of angular momentum sum rules, relating the angular momentum of a nucleon to the spin and orbital angular momentum of its constituents. It turns out that it is necessary to distinguish carefully whether the motion of the partons is characterized via canonical or helicity spin states. Fortunately, for the simple parton model interpretation, when the proton moves along OZ, our results for the sum rule based upon the matrix elements of J z agree with the often used sum rule found in the literature. But for the components J x , J y the results are different and lead to a new and very intuitive sum rule for transverse polarization.

We present new results on the angular momentum evolution of dark matter halos. Halos, from N-body simulations, are classified according to their mass growth histories into two categories: the accretion category contains halos whose mass has varied continuously and smoothly, while the merger category contains halos which have undergone sudden and significant mass variations (greater than 1/3 of their initial mass per event). We find that the angular momentum grows in both cases, well into the nonlinear regime. For individual halos we observe strong correlation between the angular momentum variation and the mass variation. The rate of growth of both mass and angular momentum has a characteristic transition time at around z ∼ 1.5 -1.8, with an early fast phase followed by a late slow phase. Halos of the merger catalog acquire more angular momentum even when the scaling with mass is taken into account. The spin parameter has a different behavior for the two classes: there is a decrease with time for halos in the accretion catalog whereas a small increase is observed for the merger catalog. When the two catalogs are considered together, no significant variation of the spin parameter distribution with the redshift is obtained. We have also found that the spin parameter neither depends on the halo mass nor on the cosmological model. From our simple model developed for the formation of a disk galaxy similar to the Milky Way, we conclude that our own halo must have captured satellites in order to acquire the required angular momentum and to achieve most of the disk around z ∼ 1.6. The distribution of the angular momentum indicates that at z ∼ 1.6 only 22% of the halos have angular momentum of magnitude comparable to that of disk galaxies in the mass range 10 10 -5 × 10 11 M ⊙ , clearly insufficient to explain the present observed abundance of these objects.

According to the principle of weak measurement, when coupling the orbital angular momentum (OAM) state with a well-defined pre-selected and post-selected system of a weak measurement process, there will be an indirect coupling between position and topological charge (TC) of OAM state. Based on this we propose an experiment scheme and experimentally measure the tC of oAM beams from -14 to 14 according to the weak measurement principle. After the experiment the intrinsic OAM of the beams changed very little. Weak measurement, Topological Charge, OAM beams. The beams with an azimuthal phase profile of the form exp(ilϕ) carry an orbital angular momentum (OAM) of lℏ 1,2 , where ϕ is the azimuthal angle and l is the topological charge (TC) which can be any integer value. For the infinite dimensional of l, the OAM beams have offered a good source both in classical and quantum optics with many different applications, such as optical tweezers and micromanipulation , classical optical communications , quantum cryptography , high-dimensional quantum information , spiral phase contrast imaging , holographic ghost imaging 26 and so on. Prior to those applications, one of the crucial issues is the precise determination of the TC of an unknown OAM beam. Various methods have been proposed to detect the TC of OAM beams. Generally, interference is a convenient way to be employed, such as interfering the measured OAM beam with a uniform plane wave or its mirror image . Another choice is utilizing diffraction patterns with a special mask, such as triangular aperture diffraction 29 , multiple-pinhole diffraction 30 , single or double slit(s) diffraction , angular double slits diffraction and so on. Besides, geometric transformation by converting OAM state into transverse momentum states provides an efficient way to convert OAM states into transverse momentum states . However, almost all of those methods can be regarded as a strong coupling measurement which will damage the intrinsic orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the final beam. Alternatively, the experimental technique, weak measurement provides a feasible way to solve this problem. Proposed by Aharonov et al. , as an extension to the standard von Neumann model of quantum measurement, weak measurement is characterized by the pre-and post-selected states of the measured system which weakly interact with the pointer system . When the interaction is weak enough this approach will not cause state collapse. This feature makes weak measurement an ideal tool for examining the fundamentals of quantum physics, such as for the measurement of the profile of the wave function 43 , the realization of signal amplification 44 , the resolution of the Hardy paradox , a direct measurement of density matrix of a quantum system 47 and so on . Recently, a theoretical method is put forward to measure the OAM state by weak measurement process with the positive integral TC of the OAM beams 52 . In this Letter, we utilize the principle ref. proposed to measure the TC of OAM beams and extend the value of TC l to the negative range.

A new experiment has verified-event-by-event and at the single-photon limit-that orbital angular momentum (OAM) is conserved when one photon converts into a correlated pair via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). This result, realized with a cascaded singlephoton pump in free space, operationalizes Noether symmetry at quantum granularity and closes a long-standing loophole in OAM selection rules that previously relied on bright, classical pumps. We synthesize this finding as fresh empirical support for Omniological Resonance Theory (ORT), the Ω-Predictive Model (ΩPM), and the Cooper Disparity Law (CDL). Mathematically, we (i) derive the OAM selection rule from rotational invariance of the χ^(2) interaction and identify its status as an ORT "resonant invariant"; (ii) formalize an ΩPM likelihood functional showing that single-event statistics saturate Ω-consistency under symmetry constraints; and (iii) cast the CDL as a vanishing disparity functional 2 7 E 8 Φ = (Lz(p)-Lz(s)-Lz(i) 2 7 E 9)² with experimental noise bounds. The recent single-photon OAM-conservation result (PRL 134, 203601) confirms that Δℓ ≡ ℓp-(ℓs+ℓi)=0 per event within detection error, and previews native routes to high-dimensional entanglement, validating ORT's cross-scale resonance claims and CDL's disparity-nullification principle (Tampere University, 2025).

We study the formation of early-type galaxies (ETGs) through mergers with a sample of 70 high-resolution (softening length <60 pc and 12 × 10 6 particles) numerical simulations of binary mergers of disc galaxies (with 10 per cent of gas) and 16 simulations of ETG remergers. These simulations, designed to accompany observations and models conducted within the ATLAS 3D project, encompass various mass ratios (from 1:1 to 6:1), initial conditions and orbital parameters. The progenitor disc galaxies are spiral-like with bulge-to-disc ratios typical of Sb and Sc galaxies and high central baryonic angular momentum. We find that binary mergers of disc galaxies with mass ratios of 3:1 and 6:1 are nearly always classified as fast rotators according to the ATLAS 3D criterion (based on the λ R parameter -ATLAS 3D Paper III): they preserve the structure of the input fast rotating spiral progenitors. They have intrinsic ellipticities larger than 0.5, cover intrinsic λ R values between 0.2 and 0.6, within the range of observed fast rotators. The distribution of the observed fastest rotators does in fact coincide with the distribution of our disc progenitors. Major disc mergers (mass ratios of 2:1 and 1:1) lead to both fast and slow rotators. Most of the fast rotators produced in major

High-dimensional entanglement is a valuable resource for quantum communication, and photon pairs entangled in orbital angular momentum are commonly used for encoding high-dimensional quantum states. However, methods for preparation of maximally entangled states of arbitrary dimensionality are still lacking, and currently used approaches essentially rely on filtering and entanglement concentration. Here we experimentally realize a method for generation of high-dimensional maximally entangled OAM states of photon pairs which does not require any of these procedures. Moreover, the prepared state is restricted to the subspace of the specified dimensionality, thus requiring minimal postselection.

We measured the longitudinal double spin asymmetries A LL for single hadron muoproduction off protons and deuterons at photon virtuality Q 2 < 1(GeV/c) 2 for transverse hadron momenta p T in the range 1 GeV/c to 4 GeV/c. They were determined using COMPASS data taken with a polarised muon beam of 160 GeV/c or 200 GeV/c impinging on polarised 6 LiD or NH 3 targets. The experimental asymmetries are compared to next-to-leading order pQCD calculations, and are sensitive to the gluon polarisation ∆G inside the nucleon in the range of the nucleon momentum fraction carried by gluons 0.05 < x g < 0.2.

The longitudinal double spin asymmetry A ρ 1 for exclusive leptoproduction of ρ 0 mesons, µ + N → µ + N + ρ, is studied using the COMPASS 2002 and 2003 data. The measured reaction is incoherent exclusive ρ 0 production on polarised deuterons. The Q 2 and x dependence of A ρ 1 is presented in a wide kinematical range 3 • 10 -3 < Q 2 < 7 (GeV/c) 2 and 5 • 10 -5 < x < 0.05. The presented results are the first measurements of A ρ 1 at small Q 2 (Q 2 < 0.1 (GeV/c) 2 ) and small x (x < 3 • 10 -3 ). The asymmetry is in general compatible with zero in the whole kinematical range.

This paper claims that local space-time curvature can non-trivially contribute to the properties of orbital angular momentum in quantum mechanics. Of key importance is the demonstration that an extended orbital angular momentum operator due to gravitation can identify the existence of orbital states with half-integer projection quantum numbers m along the axis of quantization, while still preserving integer-valued orbital quantum numbers l for a simply connected topology. The consequences of this possibility are explored in depth, noting that the half-integer m states vanish as required when the locally curved space-time reduces to flat spacetime, fully recovering all established properties of orbital angular momentum in this limit. In particular, it is shown that a minimum orbital number of l = 2 is necessary for the gravitational interaction to appear within this context, in perfect correspondence with the spin-2 nature of linearized general relativity.

We present a new approach to path integral quantum mechanics in curved space–time for a scalar particle, expressed in terms of local curvature described by Fermi or Riemann normal coordinates. This approach correctly recovers the curved space–time free-particle Lagrangian, along with new terms that reveal a simultaneous breakdown of time-reversal symmetry and the weak equivalence principle at the particle&#39;s Compton wavelength scale. The formalism reveals a further prediction of a gravitational analogue of the Aharonov–Bohm effect and Berry&#39;s phase.

The mechanisms of absorption, emission, and scattering of photons form the foundations of optical interactions between light and matter. In the vast majority of such interactions there is a significant interplay and energy exchange between the radiation field and the material components. In absorption for example, modes of the field are depopulated by photons whose energy is at resonance with a molecular transition producing excited material states. In all such optical phenomena, the initial state of the radiation field differs in mode occupation to its final state. However, certain optical processes can involve off-resonance laser beams that are unchanged on interaction with the material: the output light, after interaction, is identical to the laser input. Such off-resonance interactions include forward Rayleigh scattering, responsible for the wellknown gradient force in optical trapping, and the laser-induced intermolecular interaction commonly termed optical binding; in both processes, an intense beam delivers its effect without suffering change. It is possible for beams detuned from resonance to provide not only techniques for optomechanical and optical manipulation, but also to passively influence other important and functional interactions such as absorption from a resonant beam, or energy transfer. Such effects can be grouped under the banner of 'optical catalysis', since they can significantly influence resonant processes. Furthermore, off-resonance photonics affords a potential to impact on chemical interactions, as in the passive modification of rotational constants and phase transitions. To date, apart from optical manipulation, the potential applicability of passive photonics, particularly in the realm of chemical physics and materials science, has received little attention. Here we open up this field, highlighting the distinct and novel role that off-resonance laser beams and the ensuing photonics can play.

The physics of optical vortices, also known as twisted light, is now a well-established and a growing branch of optical physics with a number of important applications and significant inter-disciplinary connections. Optical vortex fields of widely varying forms and degrees of complexity can be realised in the laboratory by a host of different means. The interference between such beams with designated orbital angular momenta and optical spins (the latter is associated with wave polarisations) can be structured to conform to various geometrical arrangements. The focus of this review is on how such tailored forms of light can exert a controllable influence on atoms with which they interact. The main physical effects involve atoms in motion due to application of optical forces. The now mature area of atom optics has had notable successes both of fundamental nature and in applications such as atom lasers, atom guides and Bose-Einstein condensates. The concepts in atom optics encompass not only atomic beams interacting with light, but atomic motion in general as influenced by optical and other fields. Our primary concern in this review is on atoms in structured light where, in particular, the twisted nature of the light is made highly complex with additional features due to wave polarisation. These features bring to the fore a variety of physical phenomena not realisable in the context of atomic motion in more conventional forms of laser light. Atoms near resonance with such structured light fields become subject to electromagnetic fields with complex polarisation and phase distributions, as well as intricately structured intensity gradients and radiative forces. From the combined effect of optical spin and orbital angular momenta, atoms may also experience forces and torques involving an interplay between the internal and centre of mass degrees of freedom. Such interactions lead to new forms of processes including scattering, trapping and rotation and, as a result, they exhibit characteristic new features at the micro-scale and below. A number of distinctive properties involving angular momentum exchange between the light and the atoms are highlighted, and prospective applications are discussed. Comparison is made between the theoretical predictions in this area and the corresponding experiments that have been reported to date.

The centrality of the photon concept in modern physics is strongly evident in wide spheres of photonics and nanophotonics. Despite the resilience and persistence of earlier classical representations, there are numerous optical features and phenomena that only truly photon-based descriptions of theory can properly address. It is crucial to cast theory in terms of observables, and in this respect the quantum theory of light engages most directly and pragmatically with experiment. No other theory adequately reconciles the discreteness in energy of optical quanta, with their characteristic quantum mechanical delocalization in space. Examples of the distinctiveness of a photonic representation are to be found in nonclassical optical correlations; intensity fluctuations and phase; polarization, spin, and information content; measures of optical chirality; near-field interactions; and plasmonics. Increasingly, links between these fundamental properties and features are proving significant in the context of nanoscale interactions. Yet, even as new technologies are being built on the framework of modern photonics, a number of difficult questions surrounding the nature of the photon still remain. Both in its flourishing applications and in matters of fundamental entity, the photon is still a subject very much at the heart of current research.

Evidence for a positive longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A ρ 1 = 0.24 ± 0.11 stat ± 0.02 syst in the cross section for exclusive diffractive ρ 0 (770) vector-meson production in polarised lepton-proton scattering was observed by the HERMES experiment. The longitudinally polarised 27.56 GeV HERA positron beam was scattered off a longitudinally polarised pure hydrogen gas target. The average invariant mass of the photon-proton system has a value of W = 4.9 GeV, while the average negative squared four-momentum of the virtual photon is Q 2 = 1.7 GeV 2 . The ratio of the present result to the corresponding spin asymmetry in inclusive deep-inelastic scattering is in agreement with an early theoretical prediction based on the generalised vector-meson dominance model.

We propose an experiment to observe the topological phases associated with cyclic evolutions, generated by local SU(2) operations, on three-qubit entangled states prepared on different degrees of freedom of entangled photon pairs. The topological phases reveal the nontrivial topological structure of the local SU(2) orbits. We describe how to prepare states showing different topological phases, and discuss their relation to entanglement. In particular, the presence of a π/2 phase shift is a signature of genuine tripartite entanglement in the sense that it does not exist for two-qubit systems.

V 3d charge and orbital states in V 2 OPO 4 have been investigated by means of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The electronic structure of V 2 OPO 4 is very unique in that the charge transfer between V 2+ and V 3+ in face sharing VO 6 chains provides negative thermal expansion as reported by Pachoud et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 636 (2018).] The near edge region of O 1s XAS exhibits the three features which can be assigned to transitions to O 2p mixed into the unoccupied V 3d t 2g and e g orbitals of V 2+ and V 3+ . The V 2p XAS line shape can be reproduced by multiplet calculations for a mixed valence state with V 2+ and V 3+ . The polarization dependence of the O 1s and V 2p XAS spectra indicates V 3d orbital order in which xy and yz (or zx) orbitals are occupied at the V 3+ site in the face sharing chains. The occupied xy orbital is essential for the antiferromagnetic coupling between the V 2+ and V 3+ sites along the chains while the occupied yz (or zx) orbital provides the antiferromagnetic coupling between the V 2+ and V 3+ sites between the chains.

A problem of the binary pulsar radio eclipses is considered. Recent theoretical work concerning this problem is discussed and a plasma mechanism of radio eclipses in the PSR B1957+20 binary system is presented. The companion star is assumed to be a degenerate white dwarf with nearly dipolar magnetosphere filled with relativistic particles of the pulsar wind. It is argued that radio waves are strongly damped in the companion's magnetosphere due to the cyclotron resonance with particles of the electron-positron plasma. The large, stable, continuous and frequency-dependent eclipses should occur as a result of this process, which agrees well with observations. Possible mechanisms of generation of the optical and high-energy emission are also suggested in the framework of the presented model.

Abstract. A problem of the binary pulsar radio eclipses is considered. Recent theoretical work concerning this problem is discussed and a plasma mechanism of radio eclipses in the PSR B1957+20 binary system is presented. The companion star is assumed to be a degenerate white dwarf with nearly dipolar magnetosphere filled with relativistic particles of the pulsar wind. It is argued that radio waves are strongly damped in the companion’s magnetosphere due to the cyclotron resonance with particles of the electron-positron plasma. The large, stable, continuous and frequency-dependent eclipses should occur as a result of this process, which agrees well with observations. Possible mechanisms of generation of the optical and high-energy emission are also suggested in the framework of the presented model. Key words: pulsars: PSR B1957+20- binaries: eclipsing

We develop a symmetry classification scheme to find ground states of pseudo spin-1/2, spin-1, and spin-2 spin-orbit coupled spinor Bose-Einstein condensates, and show that as the SO(2) symmetry of simultaneous spin and space rotations is broken into discrete cyclic groups, various types of lattice structures emerge in the absence of a lattice potential, examples include two different kagaome lattices for pseudo spin-1/2 condensates and a nematic vortex lattice in which uniaxial and biaxial spin textures align alternatively for spin-2 condensates. For the pseudo spin-1/2 system, although mean-field states always break time-reversal symmetry, there exists a time-reversal invariant manybody ground state, which is fragmented and expected to be observed in a micro-condensate.

We report XRISM's confirmation of quantumgravitational effects in the active galactic nucleus (AGN) NGC 4151, validating the KUTE-DCEOS framework with public Fe Kα spectral data. The framework predicted Fe Kα broadening at 1750 ± 250 km/s, matching XRISM's observed 1820 ± 140 km/s, and identified toroidal, broad, and disk spectral components from Λ-phase transitions within a modified Kerr metric. These findings support the claim that the observable universe is a quantum foam phase inside a black hole, analogous to M87*, whose XRISM data (Observation ID 1030450, 12.0 ± 0.5 eV) remains pending. We request the release of M87* data for further validation. quantum gravity, active galactic nuclei, modified Kerr metric, XRISM spectroscopy, quantum foam

We propose a novel explanation for the ubiquitous presence of spin and orbital motion in cosmic structures by grounding them in a relational spacetime framework. In this model, angular momentum emerges not from initial conditions alone, but as a topological and energetic consequence of coherence gradients in a causal graph of null photon interactions. When perfect coherence cannot be maintained-due to asymmetries, perturbations, or curvature constraints-the network resolves tension through spontaneous symmetry breaking, resulting in global or localized rotational modes. We formalize this through a mathematical model of "relational torque" and show how decoherence anisotropy produces stable rotational equilibria. Simulations reveal that even minimal asymmetries in the relational field result in persistent spin or orbital circulation. Our framework recovers conservation of angular momentum as an emergent property of global relational balance, rather than a fundamental law imposed externally. This reinterpretation offers new insight into why galaxies spin, planets rotate, and orbits persist-and suggests that angular momentum is a self-organizing response of the relational network to broken coherence.

We report the measurement of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa CP-violating angle through a Dalitz plot analysis of neutral D-meson decays to K S Ç , using 468 million B " B pairs collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e þ e À collider at SLAC. We measure ¼ ð68 AE 14 AE 4 AE 3Þ (modulo 180 ), where the first error is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty, and the third reflects the uncertainty in the description of the neutral D decay amplitudes. This result is inconsistent with ¼ 0 (no direct CP violation) with a significance of 3.5 standard deviations.

A search for the Zð3930Þ resonance in production of the D " D system has been performed using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 384 fb À1 recorded by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The D " D invariant mass distribution shows clear evidence of the Zð3930Þ state with a significance of 5:8. We determine mass and width values of ð3926:7 AE 2:7 AE 1:1Þ MeV=c 2 and ð21:3 AE 6:8 AE 3:6Þ MeV, respectively. A decay angular analysis provides evidence that the Zð3930Þ is a tensor state with positive parity and C parity (J PC ¼ 2 þþ ); therefore we identify the Zð3930Þ state as the c2 ð2PÞ meson. The value of the partial width À Â BðZð3930Þ ! D " DÞ is found to be ð0:24 AE 0:05 AE 0:04Þ keV.

This paper reports the design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) which simultaneously allows transmission of 175.3 -191.3 GHz radiation and rejection from 164 -167 GHz with a loss <0.5 dB for TE wave polarization at 45° incidence. The state-of-the art filter consists of three air spaced perforated screens with unit cells that are composed of nested resonant slots. The FSS satisfies the stringent electromagnetic performance requirements for signal demultiplexing in the quasi-optical feed train of the Microwave Sounder (MWS) instrument which is under development for the MetOp-SG mission.

This paper describes the conventional models for precession and nutation, the current procedure for taking them into account in the reduction of highly accurate observations, the recent IAU recommendations on this topic, as well as the current situation for theory and observations. This emphasizes the imperfections in the conventional models and in the current procedure which are not in consistency either with the adoption of the new International Conventional Celestial Reference System (ICRS) or with the high accuracy and resolution of the current observations of Earth rotation. This addresses the question of the adoption of a new formulation and of an improved model combining precession and nutation of the equator with respect to the ICRS as well as the adoption of a revised definition of the Celestial Ephemeris Pole.

The relation for p A in Eq. 39 of shows that the coefficient of fifthorder term for the general precession in longitude, p A , is -3.83 × 10 -8 . However, Table of gives this coefficient as +3.83 × 10 -8 . The sign in Capitaine et al. ( ) is correct. At this epoch, J2020.5, the accumulated error amounts to approximately +2.77 × 10 -11 arcsec and is increasing at about 6.8 × 10 -12 arcsec yr -1 . Acknowledgements The author would like to thank C. Hohenkerk, the chair of the IAU SOFA Board for pointing out this error in the original publication.

We recall the concepts and nomenclature associated with the IAU 2000 definition of UT1 as function of the Earth rotation angle (ERA). We comment on the complications that arise when UT1 is regarded as both an angle and a time scale. We review the IAU 2006 expressions for the position of the celestial intermediate origin (CIO) and the equation of the origins, and the associated CIO and equinox based procedures for the celestial-to-terrestrial transformation.

The IAU Working group on Precession and the Ecliptic was formed at the XXVth General Assembly of the IAU, Sydney 2003, in response to requests for a dynamically consistent precession theory compatible with the IAU 2000A nutation theory. Since that time, the working group has made significant progress towards the adoption of just such a theory. This paper looks at the current state of the process and includes the author's thoughts on the definition of the ecliptic and a recommendation for an adjustment in the nomenclature of precession.

Expressions for the Coordinates of the CIP and the CEO using IAU 2000 Precession-Nutation Nicole Capitaine, 1 Jean Chapront, 1 Sébastien Lambert, 1 Patrick Wallace 2 1 Observatoire de Paris, SYRTE/UMR8630-CNRS 2 HM Nautical Almanac Office, CLRC/Rutherford ...

Expressions for the position of the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) and the Celestial Ephemeris Origin (CEO) in the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) have been computed using the IAU 2000A precession-nutation . These expressions are for use in the new transformation between the GCRS and the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) which is recommended by IAU Resolution B1.8. Various comparisons and numerical checks have been performed between the classical and the new transformations based on the IAU 2000A precession-nutation. These comparisons revealed necessary improvements to be applied to the classical form of the transformation in order to achieve the required level of accuracy. Once these improvements are applied, the consistency between the positions of the CIP in the GCRS corresponding to the classical and the new transformations is at a level of a few microarcseconds after one century. This work has demonstrated that the new method, in addition to providing an explicit separation between precession-nutation of the equator from Earth rotation, is more simple, compact and direct than the classical one, achieving accuracies at the level of a few microarcseconds with greatly reduced scope for accidental misuse. The resulting expressions for X, Y and s have been included in the IERS Conventions 2000. References for the numerical expressions are provided in Appendix C.

Context. The 2006 IAU General Assembly has adopted the P03 model of Capitaine et al. (2003a) recommended by the WG on precession and the ecliptic to replace the IAU 2000 model, which comprised the Lieske et al. (1977) model with adjusted rates. Practical implementations of this new "IAU 2006" model are therefore required, involving choices of procedures and algorithms. Aims. The purpose of this paper is to recommend IAU 2006 based precession-nutation computing procedures, suitable for different classes of application and achieving high standards of consistency. Methods. We discuss IAU 2006 based procedures and algorithms for generating the rotation matrices that transform celestial to terrestrial coordinates, taking into account frame bias (B), P03 precession (P), P03-adjusted IAU 2000A nutation (N) and Earth rotation. The NPB portion can refer either to the equinox or to the celestial intermediate origin (CIO), requiring either the Greenwich sidereal time (GST) or the Earth rotation angle (ERA) as the measure of Earth rotation. Where GST is used, it is derived from ERA and the equation of the origins (EO) rather than through an explicit formula as in the past, and the EO itself is derived from the CIO locator. Results. We provide precession-nutation procedures for two different classes of full-accuracy application, namely (i) the construction of algorithm collections such as the Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) library and (ii) IERS Conventions, and in addition some concise procedures for applications where the highest accuracy is not a requirement. The appendix contains a fully worked numerical example, to aid implementors and to illustrate the consistency of the two full-accuracy procedures which, for the test date, agree to better than 1 µas. Conclusions. The paper recommends, for case (i), procedures based on angles to represent the PB and N components and, for case (ii), procedures based on series for the CIP X, Y. The two methods are of similar efficiency, and both support equinox based as well as CIO based applications.

Context. The precession-nutation transformation describes the changing directions on the celestial sphere of the Earth's pole and an adopted origin of right ascension. The coordinate system for the celestial sphere is the geocentric celestial reference system, and the two directions are the celestial intermediate pole (CIP) and the celestial intermediate origin (CIO), the latter having supplanted the equinox for this purpose following IAU resolutions in 2000. The celestial coordinate triad based on the CIP and CIO is called the celestial intermediate reference system; the prediction of topocentric directions additionally requires the Earth rotation angle (ERA), the counterpart of Greenwich sidereal time (GST) in the former equinox based system. Aims. The purpose of this paper is to review the different ways of calculating the CIP and CIO directions to precisions of a few microarcseconds over a time span of several centuries, meeting the requirements of high-accuracy applications. Methods. Various implementations are described, their theoretical bases compared and the relationships between the expressions for the relevant parameters are provided. Semi-analytical and numerical comparisons have been made, based on the P03 precession and the IAU 2000A nutation, with slight modifications to the latter to make it consistent with P03. Results. We have identified which transformations between celestial and terrestrial coordinates involve a minimum number of variables and coefficients for given accuracy objectives. The various methods are consistent at the level of a few microarcseconds over several centuries, and equal accuracy is achievable using both the equinox/GST paradigm and the CIO/ERA paradigm. Given existing nutation models, the most concise expressions for locating the CIP are based on the Fukushima-Williams bias-precession-nutation angles. The CIO can be located to a few microarcseconds using the CIO locator s. The equation of the origins (EO) is sensitive to the precession-nutation, but can locate the CIO to a few microarcseconds as long as consistent models are used for EO and precession-nutation.

Context. The IAU 2000/2006 precession-nutation models have precision goals measured in microarcseconds. To reach this level of performance has required series containing terms at over 1300 frequencies and involving several thousand amplitude coefficients. There are many astronomical applications for which such precision is not required and the associated heavy computations are wasteful. This justifies developing smaller models that achieve adequate precision with greatly reduced computing costs. Aims. We discuss strategies for developing simplified IAU 2000/2006 precession-nutation procedures that offer a range of compromises between accuracy and computing costs. Methods. The chain of transformations linking celestial and terrestrial coordinates comprises frame bias, precession-nutation, Earth rotation and polar motion. We address the bias and precession-nutation (NPB) portion of the chain, linking the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) with the Celestial Intermediate Reference System (CIRS), the latter based on the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) and Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO). Starting from direct series that deliver the CIP coordinates X, Y and (via the quantity s + XY/2) the CIO locator s, we look at the opportunities for simplification. Results. The biggest reductions come from truncating the series, but some additional gains can be made in the areas of the matrix formulation, the expressions for the nutation arguments and by subsuming long period effects into the bias quantities. Three example models are demonstrated that approximate the IAU 2000/2006 CIP to accuracies of 1 mas, 16 mas and 0.4 arcsec throughout 1995-2050 but with computation costs reduced by 1, 2 and 3 orders of magnitude compared with the full model.

Single pion transitions of S wave to S wave, P wave to S wave and P wave to P wave heavy baryons are analyzed in the framework of the Heavy Quark Symmetry limit (HQS). We then use a constituent quark model picture for the light diquark system with an underlying SU (2N f ) ⊗ O(3) symmetry to reduce the number of the HQS coupling factors required to describe these transitions. A single constituent quark model p-wave coupling is necessary to describe transitions among the S wave ground states. One s-wave and one d-wave coupling factors are required to determine each of the transitions from the orbitally symmetric K-multiplet and from the orbitally antisymmetric k-multiplet down to the ground state. P wave to P wave single pion transitions are described by altogether eight constituent quark model coupling constants. We also estimate decay rates of some single pion transitions between charm baryon states.

Single pion transitions of S wave to S wave, P wave to S wave and P wave to P wave heavy baryons are analyzed in the framework of the Heavy Quark Symmetry limit (HQS). We then use a constituent quark model picture for the light diquark system with an underlying SU (2N f ) ⊗ O(3) symmetry to reduce the number of the HQS coupling factors required to describe these transitions. A single constituent quark model p-wave coupling is necessary to describe transitions among the S wave ground states. One s-wave and one d-wave coupling factors are required to determine each of the transitions from the orbitally symmetric K-multiplet and from the orbitally antisymmetric k-multiplet down to the ground state. P wave to P wave single pion transitions are described by altogether eight constituent quark model coupling constants. We also estimate decay rates of some single pion transitions between charm baryon states.

The Shivansh Model Phase II introduces a groundbreaking computational paradigm that transcends conventional quantum computing by directly harnessing the inherent non-local causality of entangled quantum systems. This model proposes to define and utilize a high-dimensional state space derived from observable cause-and-effect responses in entangled particles. Its core innovation lies in the iterative recording and analysis of environmental ripple effects, which are then processed to establish robust causal patterns. This approach promises to unlock unprecedented computational capabilities for complex, interconnected systems and the reconstruction of hidden physical parameters. Key findings indicate that the instantaneous correlations of entangled particles, empirically verified through Bell's Theorem, provide a robust foundation for non-classical computational primitives. The utilization of high-dimensional quantum states (qudits) and continuous-variable (CV) quantum information offers enhanced information capacity and noise resilience, naturally accommodating the continuous nature of environmental data. Advanced quantum sensing techniques, including cascaded phase sensing and coherence-stabilized protocols, are crucial for the high-precision, low-disturbance measurement of environmental perturbations. Furthermore, Quantum Non-Demolition (QND) measurements are essential for enabling the iterative observation required by the model. The analytical backbone is provided by quantum causal inference, which can discern true quantum causal links from observations, complemented by inverse problem methodologies for reconstructing environmental factors. Despite its transformative potential, significant challenges persist. These include mitigating decoherence in complex entangled systems, scaling high-dimensional quantum metrology techniques, developing robust quantum software ecosystems for qudits, and achieving high-fidelity single-photon QND interactions. Nevertheless, ongoing advancements in quantum science and engineering offer a promising outlook for the eventual realization of this ambitious computational model.

We present a semi-analytical approach to the interaction of two (originally) Kerr black holes through a head-on collision process. An expression for the rate of emission of gravitational radiation is derived from an exact solution to the Einstein's field equations. The total amount of gravitational radiation emitted in the process is calculated and compared to current numerical investigations. We find that the spin-spin interaction increases the emission of gravitational wave energy up to 0.2% of the total rest mass. We discuss also the possibility of spin-exchange between the holes.

The Numerical INJection Analysis (NINJA) project is a collaborative effort between members of the numerical relativity and gravitational-wave astrophysics communities. The purpose of NINJA is to study the ability to detect gravitational waves emitted from merging binary black holes and recover their parameters with next-generation gravitational-wave observatories. We report here on the results of the second NINJA project, NINJA-2, which employs 60 complete binary black hole hybrid waveforms consisting of a numerical portion modelling the late inspiral, merger, and ringdown stitched to a post-Newtonian portion modelling the early inspiral. In a "blind injection challenge" similar to that conducted in recent LIGO and Virgo science runs, we added 7 hybrid waveforms to two months of data recolored to predictions of