New Particles and Forces

Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe. Life 2012, 2 2

The Standard Model Architecture and Interactions

©  2011 Claude Michael Cassano

    Based on my 1984 linearization of the Klein-Gordon equations, potential functions generalizations of the electric and magnetic field strengths form a basis from which a compound model simply constructs the leptons; the simple differences between the quarks and leptons; how the quarks arose from the leptons; why there are these two types of fermions; and why there are precisely three generations for each of these types. The most elementary particle interactions classify the interactions between strong and weak, and further still between the W and Z type of weak interactions. Two simple conservation requirements give rise to all the fundamental particle interactions, and describe the structure of the weak intermediate envelopes. Further, a simple charge function determines the charge of every object. Further still, the only free assignable parameters for the entire model are four mass constants for each fermion generation.
        This presentation is essentially a summary of my book: "a Mathematical Preon Foundation for the Standard Model"; but starting from the different standpoint of my Helmholtzian operator matrix product, rather than my constructive algebras (developed primarily in "Reality is a Mathematical Model" and "The Weighted Matrix Product").
    Through some ingenious mathematical manipulations, it can be shown that in free space, the thus defined  E  and  B  (generalizations of the electric and magnetic field strengths) also satisfy the Klein-Gordon equations, so have a particle-nature.
    Identifying a particle-nature member R  as either an  E  or a  B  ; each of these members satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation, but only really do so as three-vectors with three components or triplets. And, each bag of triplets must be triplets or triplets of triplets or triplets of triplets of triplets, and so on (i.e.: 3 to the n of triplets).
    The simplest , and thus, most fundamental members are triplets. The next most fundamental is triplets of triplets.
    These will be considered, here.
    Denoting a triplet of triplets by:  S sub R ≡ (R sub1,R sub2,R sub3)
  is a 3 matrix.

    Then we can write: 
                  S sub E ≡ (E sub1,E sub2,E sub3)  , and  S sub B ≡ (B sub1,B sub2,B sub3).
    The leptons and all the colors and flavors of quarks correspond to these
        L's  ,  Λ's  , and  Q's  ; by the associations given, here. 

    The table shown,  may be considered a replica of the one found everywhere, including Wikipedia (except that the quark colors  are explicitly delineated).

    Shown, are examples of hadrons (second order compositions): mesons: and baryons.

    The charge function acts as a linear function on any linear combination of  S sub R  matrix objects, independant of column/generation,.
    The function for mass is a little more complicated, but for the first and second order objects is shown, here.
        As mentioned earlier, this has been a summary of my book, "a Mathematical Preon Foundation for the Standard Model", available on Kindle through amazon.com. Find links to all my books at:

https://sites.google.com/site/themathematicalnatureofreality/config/pagetemplates/books .

Keeping in view the suggestion of Barr and Marciano [7] that the cut of procedure involves a good deal of uncertainity in the prediction of E.D.M. of W - boson, we have re-examined the earlier calculation by Marciano and Queijeiro [2] by replacing the Cut-off regularization process by BPHZ regularization[8]. This works in a clean and unambiguous manner without involving any approximation. We also examine apparently inapplicable approximations like using m(f) = m(f')in [2]. The bounds on lambda(w) and d(w) are significantly changed in all cases as compared with those reported in [2]. The necessary caution that is to be excercised while using approximations is explicitly pointed out. PACS number (s): 13.40. Em

We study the role of the Gauss-Bonnet corrections and two loop higher genus contribution to the gravity action on the Kaluza-Klien modes and their interactions for different bulk fields which enable one to study various phenomenological implications of string loop corrected Gauss-Bonnet modified warped geometry model in one canvas. We have explicitly derived a phenomenological bound on the Gauss-Bonnet parameter so that the required Planck to TeV scale hierarchy can be achieved through the warp factor in the light of recently discovered Higgs like boson at 125 GeV. Moreover due to the presence of small perturbative Gauss-Bonnet as well as string loop corrections we have shown that the warping solution can be obtained for both de-Sitter and anti-de-Sitter bulk which is quite distinct from Randall-Sundrum scenario. Finally we have evaluated various interactions among these bulk fields and determined the coupling parameters and the Kaluza- Klien mode masses which is crucial to understand the phenomenology of a string two loop corrected Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet warp geometry.

An E-space Inter-Domain Interaction Potential (EIDIP) based Nuclear Charge Radius (NCR) model has a baseline Semi-Empirical Formula (BSEF): Rq*A^1/2 where the A is the mass number, the Rq=8/((32*pi)^4*C), and the C is the value of speed of light in meter/second. The BSEF indicates that nucleons have a shell distribution pattern rather than the uniform density employed by the liquid drop model. The underlying EIDIP nucleus model can also address the macroscopic aspect of nuclear matter like Nuclear Binding Energy (NBE). To meet the Lower Bound Inter-nucleon Distance (LBID) requirement revealed by the EIDIP based NBE model, the nucleon shell expands Rq/8 for mass number higher than ~98 nuclei. An EIDIP NCR Semi-Empirical Formula (ESEF) is composed of the BSEF plus a nucleon valence adjustment and the LBID adjustment. Reference to the recommended experimental NCR of mass number > 4  (826) nuclei listed in the Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 2013 (ADND13), the ESEF produced NCR has a 0.02954 St. Dev. compares to the 0.05155 St. Dev. produced by the SEF with Fine structure adjustment (SEFF) [Angeli*, I., 2004]. For the nuclei in the valley of stability, excluding light nuclei (A<27), the ESEF produced NCR has St. Dev. of 0.01718 compares to the 0.02437 St. Dev. of SEFF. Among the ESEF produced NCR, 40.3% of them are within the ADND13 NCR uncertainty range and 88.01% are within the ADND13 NCR uncertainty plus 0.02 fm range; in comparison, 15.31% of the SEFF produced NCR are within the ADND13 NCR uncertainty range. The ESEF produces a muonic proton radius 0.842145 fm which compares with the newer muonic proton charge radius measurement of 0.84184(67) fm; the ESEF produces a proton charge radius 0.87705 fm which compares with all these proton charge radius electronic measurement or recommended values: [0.8768±0.0069]_fm of the CODATA 2006, [0.879±0.015]_fm of [1], [0.895±0.018]_fm of [2], and [0.8737±0.0075]_fm of [3].

Keeping in view the suggestion of Barr and Marciano [7] that the cut of procedure involves a good deal of uncertainity in the prediction of E.D.M. of W - boson, we have re-examined the earlier calculation by Marciano and Queijeiro [2] by replacing the Cut-off regularization process by BPHZ regularization[8]. This works in a clean and unambiguous manner without involving any approximation. We also examine apparently inapplicable approximations like using m(f) = m(f')in [2]. The bounds on lambda(w) and d(w) are significantly changed in all cases as compared with those reported in [2]. The necessary caution that is to be excercised while using approximations is explicitly pointed out. PACS number (s): 13.40. Em

Top quark pair production cross-section in pp collisions has been measured at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV using 35.5 pb −1 of data recorded in 2010 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. A cut-based analysis was applied to select events containing exactly one energetic charged lepton, large missing transverse energy (compatible with the presence of an undetected neutrino) and four jets of which at least one tagged as originated from a b quark. The main backgrounds, due to QCD and W+jets processes, have been evaluated directly by data, while other sources of background and the signal are described by a Monte Carlo simulation. The final result is obtained combining the electron and muon channels using a technique based on Bayes' theorem that takes into account both correlated and uncorrelated systematics.

I have deduced the value of the constant α like statistic limit, correspondent with the quantum-hypothesis “E=hν” d a least interaction between electric charges; in I.S. , others fundamental constants of interaction are a consequence: from masses and quark colours to the gravitation.

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and U(1)-prime symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D, D+{\c}along with the study of heavy Z-prime boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs)pertaining to the anomaly free E-{\6}-Eta model of rank 5. The Z-prime is found to the order of TeV or above with allowed small Z-Zprime mixing angle, for which the large singlet VEV is required. This is done by considering the only non-universality of Yukawa couplings at GUT scale because these do not obey the E-{\6}relationship and also satisfies the unitarity constraints both at GUT and weak scale, where rest of the parameters, i.e., gaugino masses, tri-linear couplings, and soft supersymmetric breaking masses are kept universal at GUT scale with the gauge couplings unification. The large value of Yukawa couplings (order of 1) triggered the symmetry breaking radiatively and induces the effective-Mu parameter at the electroweak scale and lead to a viable low energy spectrum at weak scale.

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. An E-space Inter-Domain Interaction Potential (EIDIP) application models is based on the EIDIP function. Ten EIDIP application models are summarized in this paper with Matlab models simulations and empirical data/figures comparisons. These EIDIP application models cover from elementary particle scale (nuclear binding energy, nuclear charge radius, nucleon-nucleon potential, strong interaction-asymptotic freedom and color confinement, Bohr radius and short range inter-atomic force) to human scale (the Newtonian gravitational interaction and the near earth fly-by anomaly) and astronomical scale (the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 speed anomaly and the Milky Way rotation curve anomaly). A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from these EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDIP model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and U(1)-prime symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D, D+{\c}along with the study of heavy Z-prime boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs)pertaining to the anomaly free E-{\6}-Eta model of rank 5. The Z-prime is found to the order of TeV or above with allowed small Z-Zprime mixing angle, for which the large singlet VEV is required. This is done by considering the only non-universality of Yukawa couplings at GUT scale because these do not obey the E-{\6}relationship and also satisfies the unitarity constraints both at GUT and weak scale, where rest of the parameters, i.e., gaugino masses, tri-linear couplings, and soft supersymmetric breaking masses are kept universal at GUT scale with the gauge couplings unification. The large value of Yukawa couplings (order of 1) triggered the symmetry breaking ra...

In the extra U(1) superstring inspired model, we examine the electroweak and) 1 (′ U symmetry breaking with the singlet and exotic quark D , c D along with the study of heavy Z ′ boson in accordance with the top quark mass region. For this, we have done the analysis of complete renormalization group equations (RGEs) pertaining to the anomaly free 6

Matter engenders a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance with a modified gravitational field constant in distance > 2 NSU region, and a saturated potential for distance < 2 NSU region. In Cartesian coordinates, a reference object (RO) resides at origin and a test object (TO) resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the RO in the X>0 region and the X<0 region with the MNGP of the TO is different; This interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the scalar EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIPd is the source of inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule covalent bonding force; whereas the EIDIPr vector fields engender the strong force in the inter-atomic range and is responsible for the galaxy rotational velocity anomaly at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDIP application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP function, along with the explanatory EIDIP model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

Explicit evaluation of the following parameters has been carried out in the extraU (1) superstring inspired model: (i) As Mz2 varies from 555 GeV to 620 GeV and (m t) CDF = 175.6 ± 5.7 GeV (Table 1): (a) SNew varies from -0.100 ± 0.089 to -0.130 ± 0.090, (b) TNew varies from -0.098 ± 0.097 to -0.129 ± 0.098,

We report a new search for dark matter in a data sample of an integrated luminosity of 7.7  fb-1 of Tevatron pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96  TeV, collected by the CDF II detector. We search for production of a dark-matter candidate, D, in association with a single top quark. We consider the hadronic decay mode of the top quark exclusively, yielding a final state of three jets with missing transverse energy. The data are consistent with the standard model; we thus set 95% confidence level upper limits on the cross section of the process pp̅ →t+D as a function of the mass of the dark-matter candidate. The limits are approximately 0.5 pb for a dark-matter particle with mass in the range of 0–150  GeV/c2.

Keeping in view the suggestion of Barr and Marciano [7] that the cut of procedure involves a good deal of uncertainity in the prediction of E.D.M. of W - boson, we have re-examined the earlier calculation by Marciano and Queijeiro [2] by replacing the Cut-off regularization process by BPHZ regularization[8]. This works in a clean and unambiguous manner without involving any approximation. We also examine apparently inapplicable approximations like using m(f) = m(f&#x27;)in [2]. The bounds on lambda(w) and d(w) are significantly changed in all cases as compared with those reported in [2]. The necessary caution that is to be excercised while using approximations is explicitly pointed out. PACS number (s): 13.40. Em

We present for the first time solutions in the gauged U(1) × U(1) model of Witten describing vortonsspinning flux loops stabilized against contraction by the centrifugal force. Vortons were heuristically described many years ago, however, the corresponding field theory solutions were not obtained and so the stability issue remained open. We construct explicitly a family of stationary vortons characterized by their charge and angular momentum. Most of them are unstable and break in pieces when perturbed. However, thick vortons with small radius preserve their form in the 3 + 1 non-linear dynamical evolution. This gives the first ever evidence of stable vortons and impacts several branches of physics where they could potentially exist. These range from cosmology, since vortons could perhaps contribute to dark matter, to QCD and condensed matter physics.

Explicit evaluation of the following parameters has been carried out in the extra U(1) superstring inspired model: (i) As Mz2 varies from 555 GeV to 620 GeV and (rnt)CD~ = 175.6 + 5.7 GeV (Table ): (a) S New varies from -0.100 4-0.089 to -0.130 4-0.090, (b) T New varies from -0.098 4-0.097 to -0.129 4-0.098, (c) U New varies from -0.229 4-0.177 to -0.253 4-0.206, (d) r z varies from 2.487 q-0.027 to 2.486 4-0.027, (e) ALrt varies from 0.0125 4-0.0003 to 0.0126 4-0.0003, (f) AbB remains constant at 0.0080 + 0.0007. Almost identical values are obtained for (mr)Do = 169 GeV (see table ). (ii) Triple gauge boson vertices (TGV) contributions : As Mz2 varies from 555 GeV to 620 GeV and (mt)CDF = 175.6 -I-5.7 GeV. (a) ~ = 500 GeV, asymptotic case : fl zl varies from -0.301 to -0.179; fzl varies from -0.622 to -0.379; fzl varies from +0.0061 to 0.0056; ]glzt varies from -3.691 to -2.186. fz2 varies from +0.270 to +0.118; fz2 varies from +0.552 to 0.238; fz2 varies from +0.0004 to +0.0002; .f~z2 remains constant at -0.110. (b) ~ = 700 GeV, asymptotic case: ]zl varies from -0.297 to -0.176; ]zl varies from -0.609 to -0.370; fz~ varies from -0.0082 to -0.0078; f~lzl varies from -3.680 to -2.171. v/~ = 700 GeV, nonasymptotic case: fz2 varies from -0.173 to -0.299; fz2 varies from -0.343 to -0.591; fz2 varies from -0.005 to -0.011; f~lz2 remains constant at -0.110. The pattern of form factors values for v ~ = 1000, 1200 GeV is almost identical to that of ~ = 700 GeV. Further the values of the form factors for (mr)DO (=169 GeV) follow identical pattern as that of (mt)eDF form factors values (see tables 5, 6, 9, 10). We conclude that the values of all the form factors with the exception of these of fz~, fz2 are comparable or larger than the S, T values and therefore the TGV contributions are important while deciding the use of extra U(1) model for doing physics beyond standard model.

In this paper the requirement of a warp solution in an Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet 5D warped geometry is shown to fix the signature of Gauss-Bonnet coupling ($\alpha_{5}$). Further, imposing the phenomenological constraints, obtained from the recently observed Higgs like scalar mass as well as $\mu$ parameter of the decay channels ${H}_{0}\rightarrow\gamma\gamma,\tau{\bar \tau}$ explored in ATLAS and CMS detectors, we obtain a stringent bound on $\alpha_{5}$ within $(4.8 - 5.1)\times 10^{-7}$.

The scientific ultimate questions on the extinction and generation of the Universe as well as image of the Whole Cosmoses are still perplexing scientists currently. Despite theoretical models set-up to explain the doubts, a satisfactory interpretation has not been obtained. Since the Universe comprises of matters (including various particles) in different dimensions and properties, through understanding the full-properties of matters may reveal the puzzles. Here via assuming relations of matter, temperature, energy and motion, the generation (from a fine fireball) and extinction of the Universe can be readily explained. Due to the repulsion of same-type particles (my ICMAT2015 poster), the particles fly at accelerating speeds towards the Universe edge and cause the Universe expansion. The flying particles and matters gradually decay to the basic particles after continuously losing energy as temperature lowers to 0(K) at the far space, causing the Universe extinction. The collision of two basic-particle-currents in opposite-directions at the highest translation speed results in creation of a new Universe. Due to the diverse angle or energy bumping, a chaotic Entire Universe is formed. The eddy or hurricane currents, formed by the fine dark matters and energy, may also result in another type of black hole in the space.

"In the present work monodispersed silica spheres were successfully synthesized using nonsurfactant approach of neutral palm oil derived fatty alcohols based microemulsions. The resulting silica spheres have diameter in two size clusters; ca. 560 nm and ca. 700 nm, respectively. The synthesis was acomplished by using straight chain fatty alcohols in a combined approach of sol-gel and Stober method without extensive washing. Translucent nonsurfactant microemulsions containing straight chain fatty alcohols namely octyl alcohol (C8), decyl alcohol (C10) and dodecyl alcohol (C12) were successfully obtained. Short chain alcohols such as ethanol and methanol were used as co-solvent in the formation of silica spheres. Tetraethylorthosilicate were used as silica source as well as co-structure directing agent. The resulting silica spheres were successfully functionalized with octyl-4-methoxy cinnamate (OMC) as UV-absorbing compounds in a direct nonsurfactant co-condensation during the synthesis process. The technique employed was found to be most viable in producing silica spheres for applications as meta-atom in the fabrication of metamaterials.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0272884212006311/1-s2.0-S0272884212006311-main.pdf?_tid=ba226098-e777-11e2-9bff-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1373251398_01119451b55fcf65b8ba306f911ca1a7

This paper contains nine E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) application models’ summaries, Matlab models simulation results. These EIDI application models cover from elementary particle scale (nuclear binding energy, nucleon-nucleon potential, strong interaction-asymptotic freedom and color confinement, Bohr radius and nuclear charge radius) to human scale (gravitational interaction and the near earth fly-by anomaly) and astronomical scale (the Pioneer spacecraft 10/11 speed anomaly and the Milky Way rotation curve anomaly). This paper also includes a list of null hypothesis testing nodes extracted from the EIDI application model empirical data comparison results indicates that the EIDIP function has 5+ sigma confidence level threshold. The EIDIP angular potential induced GAPIA and the Stationary EIDIP gradient induced GSPGA, along with the GMEGA, they can explain the source of the gravity, unify the strong interaction at the subatomic distance, the gravitational interaction at the inter-planet or interstellar distance, the inter-nucleon potential, and inter-atomic potential. The EIDIP function, along with the supporting EIDI model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.

In classical mechanics as in physics, the field is not real, but merely a model describing the effects of gravity which surround an object with the Newtonian gravitational field g and forms the Newtonian Gravitational Potential (NGP). This paper prescribes a Modified Newtonian Gravitational Potential (MNGP) that surrounds an object; Instead of having singularity at distance zero as in the NGP, the MNGP has a singularity at a two Normalized Spatial Unit (NSU) distance and it has a saturated value for distance shorter than the singularity distance; Instead of having the gravitational field g around an object, the MNGP has a modified gravitational field 2*R0 where R0=1/(32πC) is the unit-less constant and the C is the distance of light traveling in SI unit. In Cartesian coordinates, for a two-body system, a reference object resides at origin and a test object resides on the positive region of the X-axis, the interaction energy between the MNGP of the reference object in the X>0 region and the MNGP of the test object differs from the interaction energy between the MNGP of the reference object in the X<0 region and the MNGP of the test object. The interaction energy imbalance results an E-space Inter-Domain Interaction (EIDI) potential (EIDIP), a scalar potential. Between two irrotational objects, the gradient of the EIDIP produces a vector field, EIDIPd; whereas between two rotational objects, the angular EIDIP produces a different vector field, EIDIPr. The EIDIPd vector fields engender the inter-nucleon nuclear force and inter-molecule forces; whereas the EIDIPr vector fields engender the strong force in the inter-atomic range and is responsible for the galaxy rotational velocity anomaly at the interstellar distance. A list of null hypothesis testing node (NHTN), extracted from the EIDI application model empirical data comparison results, indicates that the EIDIP has 5+ sigma confidence level potential. The EIDIP, along with the supporting EIDI model, could be the missing blocks in completing the Unified theory.