Natural Resource Economics

This study examines the SWOT analysis of Afghanistan's coal trade in the international market. The analysis highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Afghanistan has huge amount of coal reserves about 73 million tons that can be exploited for exports to international market. Also, this paper identifies the ways to growth of Afghan coal trade in the international market. There are several issues in the Afghan coal trade in the international market for addressing. Afghanistan has several opportunities for growth of coal trade that should be capitalized, such as coal demand increasing and development of infrastructure. There are several threats that should be mitigated, such as environmental concerns. Also, this paper identifies Afghanistan position in the international market of coal trade. Afghanistan has moderate position in the international market of coal trade. Currently, Afghanistan has exports of coal to Pakistan. The amount of coal trade to Pakistan was 2.7 million tons in 2022 with 12 billion and 143 million AFG revenue.

The 21"' century continues a trend of rapid growth in both international trade of forest products and a concern for forests. These two trends are connected. Forces causing trade growth are linked to the loss of native forest resources in some countries and the accumulation of nonnative forest resources in other countries. Factors increasing trade include relaxation of trade barriers, income growth, and improvements in wood growing, harvest, and manufacturing technologies. But environmental concerns are increasing as consumer preferences change, and as native forests recede and plantation forests become more prominent. Efforts to address environmental concerns often involve changes in trade policies. The effects of these changes can be evaluated with trade models. In this chapter, we describe the context of forest products trade and major policy issues, explain three approaches to policy modeling, and present three applications of partial equilibrium modeling of trade policies.

This paper reviewed causes of climate change in Nigeria as it affects human health and identified some adaptations and mitigation strategies that can be put in place to tackle the consequences of climate change. Climate change is a global threat to various socioeconomic and environmental progresses negatively affecting human health, livelihood and a challenge to achieving food security. This paper identified emission of greenhouse gasses from human activities (anthropogenic) as one of the leading causes of the present-day climate change phenomenon. The paper has critically analyzed direct impacts of climate change to human health which include physical injuries, death and mental health challenges that can be as a result of extreme weather conditions such as rise in temperature resulting in excessive heat. Indirect impacts such as displacement of people from their communities as a result of flooding, disruption of road and other infrastructures as a result of heavy precipitation and wind storm were also identified and socially mediated impacts leading to migration, conflict and struggle for natural resources were also discussed. Adaptation and mitigations discussed in this paper includes organized response for disaster, vulnerability mapping/assessment, partnership with non-governmental organization that campaigns against climate change, proper city planning and landscaping, ending gas flaring and other emissions, funding climate change awareness campaigns, massive public campaigns and advocacy. It is concluded that the fight against the impact of climate change should involve all stakeholders including policy makers and individuals.

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between interest and noninterest income at Azer Turk Bank using quarterly data from 2016Q1-2024Q3. Unit root tests including Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS), and Fourier-KPSS indicate that both variables are non-stationary in levels but become stationary after first differencing. The Hylleberg-Engle-Granger-Yoo (HEGY) test further shows that both series contain a unit root at the non-seasonal (0) frequency, while no unit roots are detected at the seasonal frequencies (π/2 and 3π/2). Johansen cointegration and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Fourier-ADL) framework confirm the existence of a stable long-run equilibrium. As a key methodological contribution, the study derives explicit Fourier-based Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) equations, enabling the modeling of cyclical deviations around nonlinear trends. Fourier Toda-Yamamoto and Breitung-Candelon frequency-domain causality tests reveal asymmetry: interest income consistently drives noninterest income in the short and medium run, whereas the reverse effect is weak. The results also confirm mean reversion, with deviations from equilibrium corrected within 5.9; 2.5 quarters. Overall, the findings highlight the limited diversification potential of noninterest income and the decisive role of lending in bank revenues, offering both methodological advances and practical guidance for macroprudential policy.

This study measures the damages that surface ozone pollution causes within the Chinese agricultural sector under 2014 conditions. It also analyzes the agricultural benefits of ozone reductions. The analysis is done using a partial equilibrium model of China's agricultural sector. Results indicate that there are substantial, spatially differentiated damages that are greatest in ozone-sensitive crop growing areas with higher ozone concentrations. The estimated damage to China's agricultural sector range is between CNY 1.6 trillion and 2.2 trillion, which for comparison is about one fifth of 2014 agricultural revenue. When considering concentration reduction we find a 30% ozone reduction yields CNY 678 billion in sectoral benefits. These benefits largely fall to consumers with producers losing as the production gains lead to lower prices.

Year/section: BSMT 2-ALPHA Name of instructor: Cezzar Baranta EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE Marine pollution stems primarily from human activities like plastic waste, agricultural runoff, industrial chemicals, and oil spills. This pollution negatively affects marine life through entanglement and ingestion, and by introducing harmful chemicals into the food chain, which ultimately poses risks to human health as well. A reflection paper should cover these sources and their devastating consequences on marine ecosystems. Sources of marine pollution Plastic pollution: This is a major problem, with both land-based sources (e.g., waste from cities, tourism) and sea-based sources contributing to the accumulation of plastic debris in marine environments. Agricultural runoff: Excess nutrients from fertilizers and pesticides enter waterways, eventually reaching the ocean and causing problems like algal blooms. Industrial and chemical waste: Discharges of heavy metals, acids, and other industrial byproducts from land-based activities can contaminate marine waters. Oil spills: Accidental releases of oil from vessels can cause significant, widespread damage to marine habitats. Sewage and wastewater: Untreated or inadequately treated wastewater from urban areas is a major source of pollution for many rivers and coastal waters. Air pollution: Gaseous emissions from sources like shipping, industrial processes, and vehicles eventually deposit pollutants into the ocean.

While Tropical Storm Harold struck off the coast of Corpus Cristi, the Texas State Legislature ratified a bill effectively making their state a fossil fuel sanctuary. Scientists agree that the Deep South is one of the most vulnerable regions in the United States to climate change and the subsequent rise in climate-caused disasters. Why is it that despite being the most vulnerable region, the Deep South continues to push back against climate mitigation strategies including environmental regulations? This research project attempts to understand the psychological and political components that induce policy preferences. In the past, researchers have primarily focused on the economic lobbying power of Big Oil and Coal industries within jurisdictions. Utilizing rational choice theory, this project evaluates this puzzle from the perspective of voter preferences in
response to economic reliance on the fossil fuel industry. The fossil fuel industry proves vitally important to local communities, providing jobs and resources. Using ordinary least squares regression, I examine how support for environmental regulations is affected by economic dependence on the fossil fuel industry within 797 counties across the Deep South and other states. I weigh these results against possible other factors including partisanship and climate change skepticism to observe if economic reliance accurately characterizes the misalignment observed within the Deep South. Based on previous literature and rational choice theory, I hypothesize that counties economically dependent on the fossil
fuel industry will demonstrate less support for environmental regulations. My findings support one of my indicators for economic reliance in counties with a higher percentage of Republicans. While drawing conclusions, this research highlights the consequences of politicizing critical issues such as climate change.

A long‐standing goal of invasion biology is to identify factors driving highly variable impacts of non‐native species. Although hypotheses exist that emphasize the role of evolutionary history (e.g., enemy release hypothesis & defense‐free space hypothesis), predicting the impact of non‐native herbivorous insects has eluded scientists for over a century. Using a census of all 58 non‐native conifer‐specialist insects in North America, we quantified the contribution of over 25 factors that could affect the impact they have on their novel hosts, including insect traits (fecundity, voltinism, native range, etc.), host traits (shade tolerance, growth rate, wood density, etc.), and evolutionary relationships (between native and novel hosts and insects). We discovered that divergence times between native and novel hosts, the shade and drought tolerance of the novel host, and the presence of a coevolved congener on a shared host, were more predictive of impact than the traits of the invadin...

Previous research demonstrates that low-income countries face higher risks than high-income countries from toxic pollution and climate change. However, the relationship between these two risks is little explored or tested, and efforts to address the risks are often independent and uncoordinated. We argue that the global risks from toxic pollution and climate change are highly correlated and should be jointly analyzed in order to inform and better target efforts to reduce or mitigate both risks. We provide such analysis for 176 countries and found a strong (rs = -0.798;95%CI -0.852, -0.727) and significant (p<0.0001) relationship between the distribution of climate risk and toxic pollution. We also found that inequities in pollution production, economic status, and institutional readiness are interconnected and exacerbate risk for countries already in the highest risk categories for both toxic and non-toxic (greenhouse gas) pollution. The findings have policy implications, includi...

TRANSITION? WHAT TRANSITION? CHANGING ENERGY SYSTEMS IN AN INCREASINGLY CARBON CONSTRAINED WORLD STUDY FOR THE DUTCH MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE & ENVIRONMENT CIEP is affiliated to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. CIEP acts as an independent forum for governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, media, politicians and all others interested in changes and developments in the energy sector. CIEP organizes lectures, seminars, conferences and roundtable discussions. In addition, CIEP members of staff lecture in a variety of courses and training programmes. CIEP's research, training and activities focus on two themes: • European energy market developments and policy-making; • Geopolitics of energy policy-making and energy markets CIEP is endorsed by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign

This paper aims to consolidate a fragmented body of research on the vulnerability of female-headed households (FHH) over the past decade (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023)(2024), providing a coherent evidence base to inform gender-responsive policy and future scholarship. We employed systematic methods guided by PRISMA, conducting a structured search in Scopus and screening relevant studies between January and April 2025. From 140 records retrieved, 94 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. As methods of analysis, we applied the Theory-Method-Context (TMC) framework alongside thematic, synthesis, and trend analysis to examine authorship patterns, geographic distribution, journal ranking, methodological orientation, and theoretical perspectives. Research output increased notably after 2019. Fifteen studies published in 2020 accrued 431 citations, while an equal number in 2019 received 393 citations. By contrast, 18 papers in 2024 had only 16 citations to date. Empirical research was concentrated in Africa and Asia, with South Africa (n = 9) the most studied country. Southern Asia accounted for 26% of regional output, with India (n = 8) featured prominently. Quantitative methods dominated (64%), while mixedmethods (n = 18) and qualitative studies (n = 6) were underrepresented. Theoretical frameworks were often absent; 70.2% of studies did not articulate an explicit framework. When applied, the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and intersectionality were most common. Most studies (76%) were published in Q1 journals and focused on climate resilience, food security, and energy poverty. Findings indicate that FHH face heightened vulnerability due to climate shocks, resource insecurity, and limited access to finance and basic services. We recommend greater use of longitudinal, ethnographic, intersectional, and spatial analyses to strengthen context-specific interventions. By synthesizing dispersed evidence, this review supports more targeted, theory-informed strategies to enhance adaptive capacity and reduce multidimensional poverty among FHH.

The ocean, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface, acts as the world's primary climate regulator, food source, and economic highway. However, this vital ecosystem is under relentless pressure, and the maritime industry-while essential for global trade-contributes significantly to this degradation. As a cadet preparing to assume the responsibilities of a ship's officer, the reading assignment on the MARPOL 2017 Consolidated Edition was not merely an academic exercise, but a profound ethical awakening. The Convention, with its six detailed Annexes, systematically lays bare the spectrum of environmental threats originating from ship operations . This paper explores those six sources of pollution, The health of the global ocean is inextricably linked to the operational footprint of the world's merchant fleet. This reflection paper examines the six primary sources of ship-generated pollution as defined under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL, 2017)-namely, Oil (Annex I), Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk (Annex II), Harmful Substances in Packaged Form (Annex III), Sewage (Annex IV), Garbage (Annex V), and Air Emissions (Annex VI). The paper outlines the devastating environmental impacts of each pollutant, from the physical fouling of coastlines by oil to the insidious effects of microplastics and atmospheric sulfur oxides. Subsequently, a personal reflection is provided on the ethical and professional responsibilities of a future deck officer, recognizing that compliance is the minimum standard, not the goal. Finally, concrete application strategies are proposed, focusing on the proactive implementation of Standard Operating Procedures, rigorous inventory management, and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship onboard to ensure strict adherence to international maritime law and the protection of the marine environment.

In this paper a functional model in the deposits of carbonate rocks is presented. One such model is applied to mineral deposit limestone "Kosmaç" which uses the company Doni Fert. So for a fair assessment of investment in technology to acquire a cubic meter of useful minerals, should question the analysis of costs and benefits (B/C) for these mineral resources in Kosovo.

The study aims to consider the impact of economy, trade openness (TRD), political stability (POS), financial development (FD), and urbanization (URB) on the energy demand (ENU) of Bangladesh. Several techniques, including the ARDL bound test for cointegration, DOLS, FMOLS, and CCR, were used to check how changes in independent factors impacted the dependent parameter. The ARDL findings indicate a considerable encouraging correlation among GDP expansion, political stability, trade openness, urbanization, and ENU. A 1% rise in GDP, POS, TRD, and URB causes a long-term rise in energy utilization of 0.327%, 0.817%, 1.166%, and 1.775%, respectively. In contrast, the increase in FD has a substantial favorable correlation with ENU, with energy use anticipated to decrease by 0.192% in the long term for every 1% upsurge in FD. The reliability of the findings is further validated by multiple estimators, including FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR. The Pairwise Granger Causality assessment was adopted to show the causal connection among many components. The analysis advocates for the establishment of regulatory initiatives to encourage energy efficiency, enhance the use of green power, and invest in sustainable trade and urban planning to reduce energy use and attain sustainable cities and environments in Bangladesh.

This study analyzes the impact of sustainable investment on economic indicators by considering five main banks in Indonesia, namely PT Bank BRI (BBRI), Bank UOB Indonesia (UOYB), PT Bank Central Asia Tbk (BBCA), PT Bank Negara Indonesia Tbk (BBNI), and PT Bank BJB Tbk. (BJBR). Statistical data involving economic growth, unemployment rates, greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing added value in local communities are analyzed. The results show that sustainable investment provides a significant positive impact, creating sustainable economic growth, reducing unemployment rates, improving the welfare of local communities, and reducing environmental impacts by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The broader implications emphasize the importance of integrating sustainability in economic policy to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth.

In this reflection paper, the problem of marine pollution and the ongoing effects of human activity on the ocean are discussed. Its purpose is to draw attention to the ways that pollution from ships and other sources, including sewage, chemicals, trash, and oil spills, can endanger marine life and those who depend on the sea for their survival. The significance of regulations such as MARPOL in directing maritime activities and safeguarding the environment is also emphasized. I learned from this reflection that even seemingly insignificant behaviors, such as throwing trash or failing to dispose of waste properly, can have major long-term effects. Ecosystems are weakened and marine habitats are destroyed as a result of plastics, oil spills, chemical leaks, and overfishing. Each of these issues may appear minor on its own, but when combined, they harm the ocean for years to come. This subject made me more aware of my personal responsibilities as a prospective seafarer. I've come to realize that protecting the ocean is integral to my future career.

During the sociological research and in the elaboration of this paper, the authors were challenged by a number of threats to the existence and development of the Romanian mountain village, especially to the pastoral occupations. The major trend and risk are the ...

Scenarios showing future greenhouse gas emissions are 1 needed to estimate climate impacts and the mitigation 2 e orts required for climate stabilization. Recently, the Shared 3 Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) have been introduced to 4 describe alternative social, economic and technical narratives, 5 spanning a wide range of plausible futures in terms of 6 challenges to mitigation and adaptation 1 . Thus far the key 7 drivers of the uncertainty in emissions projections have not 8 been robustly disentangled. Here we assess the sensitivities 9 of future CO 2 emissions to key drivers characterizing the SSPs. 10 We use six state-of-the-art integrated assessment models with 11 di erent structural characteristics, and study the impact of 12 five families of parameters, related to population, income, 13 energy e ciency, fossil fuel availability, and low-carbon energy 14 technology development. A recently developed sensitivity 15 analysis algorithm 2 allows us to parsimoniously compute both 16 the direct and interaction e ects of each of these drivers 17 on cumulative emissions. The study reveals that the SSP 18 assumptions about energy intensity and economic growth are 19 the most important determinants of future CO 2 emissions 20 from energy combustion, both with and without a climate 21 policy. Interaction terms between parameters are shown to be 22 important determinants of the total sensitivities. 23 Counterfactual or baseline scenarios of future greenhouse gas 24 emissions play a crucial role in the scientific analysis of climate 25 change, but they also increasingly matter in the political debate. 26 Long-term projections of socioeconomic and emission scenarios are 27 needed to be able to assess future climate change, and its physical 28 and economic impacts. Emission reduction policies, including 29 several of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), are 30 expressed as reductions relative to emissions projections. Moreover, 31 baseline emissions are one of the most important drivers of 32 mitigation costs 3-5 : the higher the expectations of future emissions 33 in the absence of climate policy, the greater the mitigation effort for 34 a given climate target, which translates into higher policy costs and 35 technological transformation requirements. Q.1 36 Although long-term emissions projections are needed for 37 decision-making, there is large uncertainty in their estimates. 38 Several emission scenarios have been generated by the integrated 39 assessment model (IAM) research community over the years.

The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement represented a pivotal setback in global climate governance, disrupting established funding streams, undermining emission reduction targets, and eroding multilateral trust. This systematic review synthesizes empirical and policy analyses to evaluate the political, economic, and scientific consequences of U.S. disengagement, with particular attention to disparities between developed and least developed countries (LDCs). Findings reveal three critical trends: (1) a substantial decline in reliable climate finance, disproportionately affecting LDCs; (2) weakened accountability mechanisms for major emitters; and (3) increased fragmentation in diplomatic negotiations. This paper argues that COP30 in Brazil (2025) must prioritize decentralized leadership models and robust, equitable climate finance mechanisms to restore momentum. Future research should explore quantifiable metrics for translating global stocktake outcomes into actionable national policies for high-emission economies and assess the efficacy of nonstate actors in addressing identified governance gaps.

Agricultural price volatility has moved to the forefront of research efforts and political discussion, where much work is already being undertaken with respect to the impact of fluctuations in input prices (e.g. fertilizer, feed and energy). In this paper we also want to take into account the impact of climate change on prices via increased volatility in crop yields. In addition, we analyze the impact of having multiple objectives competing for the land on which crops are grown. In particular, we want to address the concerns that have been voiced about biofuel targets and calls for prioritization of food security.

Climate policy uncertainty significantly hinders investments in low-carbon technologies, and the global community is behind schedule to curb carbon emissions. Strong actions will be necessary to limit the increase in global temperatures, and continued delays create risks of escalating climate change damages and future policy costs. These risks are system-wide, long-term and largescale and thus hard to diversify across firms. Because of its unique scale, cost structure, and nearterm availability, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) has a significant potential to help manage climate policy risks and facilitate the transition to lower greenhouse gas emissions. 'Call' options contracts in the form of the right but not the obligation to buy high-quality emissions reduction credits from jurisdictional REDD+ programs at a predetermined price per ton of CO2 could help unlock this potential despite the current lack of carbon markets that accept REDD+ for compliance. This approach could provide a globally important cost-containment mechanism and insurance for firms against higher future carbon prices, while channeling finance to avoid deforestation until policy uncertainties decline and carbon markets scale up.

Tropical deforestation is one of the major sources of carbon emissions, but the Kyoto Protocol presently excludes avoiding these specific emissions to fulfill stabilization targets. Since the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in 2007, where the need for policy incentives for the reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) was first officially recognized, the focus of this debate has shifted to issues of implementation and methodology. One question is how REDD would be financed, which could be solved by integrating REDD credits into existing carbon markets. However, concern has been voiced regarding the effects that the availability of cheap REDD credits might have on energy investments and the development of clean technology. On the other hand, investors and producers are also worried that emissions trading schemes like the one installed in Europe might deter investment into new technologies and harm profits of existing plants due to fluctuations in the price of emissions permits. This paper seeks to contribute to this discussion by developing a real options model, where there is an option to invest in less carbon-intensive energy technology and an option to purchase credits on REDD, which you will exercise or not depending on the future evolution of CO2 prices. In this way, unresolved questions can still be addressed at a later stage, while producers and investors hold REDD options to maintain flexibility for later decisions. We find that investment in cleaner technology is not significantly affected if REDD options are priced as a derivative of CO2 permits. Indeed, the availability of REDD options helps to smooth out price fluctuations that might arise from permit trading and thus decreases risk for the producer -thereby being a complement to permit trading rather than an obstacle undermining cap-and-trade.

In developing countries, the rapid proliferation of informal firms – low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises – is having significant environmental impacts. Yet environmental management authorities typically ignore such firms. This paper estimates the annual net benefits (benefits minus costs) of controlling particulate emissions from a collection of informal brick kilns in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico and from two of the city's leading formal industrial polluters. We find that the annual net benefits of controlling brick kiln emissions are substantial – in the tens of millions of dollars – and exceed those for the two formal industrial facilities by a significant margin. These results suggest that, in some cases, the conventional allocation of pollution control resources across formal and informal polluters may be suboptimal.

This study applies the theoretical framework of Proximization Theory, a model within Critical Cognitive Pragmatics, to the critical analysis of the translation of Chinese national security discourse. Drawing upon the STA model, the paper adopts a qualitative textual analysis method to examine the specific translation strategies, methods and techniques employed in reconstructing the discourse strategies of the source texts within the target texts, and examines the linguistic, social and cultural factors behind the achieved discursive effect through the use of various translation approaches. This study finds that while "literal translation" is most commonly used and generally effective in retaining discursive strategies, techniques like "shift" and "addition" often enhance the original effect, whereas variation and "liberal translation" yield mixed results. The findings advocate for a more nuanced and interdisciplinary approach to translation criticism, with implications for both theoretical advancement and the international communication of national narratives.

After reading the section on the sources of pollution from ships as defined in the MARPOL Convention, I gained a deeper understanding of how maritime activities can harm the ocean and why strict compliance is essential. The six sources of pollution oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged goods, sewage, garbage, and air emissions show how every ship operation can impact the marine environment if not properly managed.

This study examines the effectiveness of carbon markets, with a particular focus on Emission Trading Systems (ETS), in advancing global commitments to net-zero emissions by 2050. Employing a High-Dimensional Fixed Effects (HDFE) regression framework, it investigates the interplay between carbon emissions, economic dynamics, and policy interventions across diverse national contexts, including Mainland China,

Renewable energy sources are abundantly available in Africa due to the continent’s geographical location. For example, it is the sunniest continent on earth with about 85% of the landscape having solar insolation of approximately 2000 kWh/m2 in a year and also with a large stretch of coastline where both wind and wave energy resources are abundant. The available renewable energy sources are underutilised due to many challenges such as inadequate funds, bad or nonexistent policies, and unavailability of skilled labour. This paper, therefore, aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy on Africa and the world as a whole if these renewables are utilised efficiently. The paper again will look into the reasons why renewable energies in Africa are underutilised and recommend possible solutions to these problems as well. Moreover, the paper will discuss the social, economic and environmental impacts of utilising renewable energy in Africa regarding jobs creation, infrastructure deve...

In Mexico, some monocultures occupy large areas, and organo-synthetic insecticides are the dominant method of pest control. The conventional chemical strategy is heavily reliant on new insecticides being developed in other countries. This paper discusses the characteristics of traditional/conventional and rational insecticide management. In traditional management, companies compete to position their products in the market once authorized. When pests develop resistance, the farmer must increase the dose and frequency of applications. These actions seriously threaten the environment, human health, and crop profitability. The hope is that another insecticide will enter the market to repeat the cycle of abuse and its consequences. The alternative is a rational strategy based on scientific evidence for chemical pest control. Farmers must adhere to an insecticide resistance management program that keeps resistance gene expression and intensity at acceptable levels. We propose the creation of public and private laboratories to systematically estimate the dynamics of insecticide resistance through bioassays. This will enable decisions to be made based on scientific rather than commercial information. Changing the current paradigm for the use of these agrochemicals will result in significant improvements in the time it takes to maintain acceptable biological efficacy, economic benefits to the producer, and significant reductions in adverse effects on human health and the environment.

CAP -Common Agricultural Policy CC-Climate change CH 4 -Methane CO2 -Carbon dioxide COP -Conference of the Parties ESD -Effort Sharing Decision ESR -Effort Sharing Regulation EU -European Union EU-ETS -EU Emissions Trading System FAO -Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GHG -Greenhouse gas Green Organics GtCO2-eq -Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent IA -Impact Assessment INDC -Intended Nationally Determined Contributions LULUCF -Land use, land use change and forestry MTCO2-eq -Megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent N -Nitrogen N2O -Nitrous oxide NAMA -Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NI -Nitrification Inhibitors SDG -Sustainable Development Goals UNFCCC -United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Energy generated by land-based wind power is expected to play a crucial role in the decarbonisation of the economy. However, with the looming biodiversity and nature crises, spatial allocation of wind power can no longer be considered solely a trade-off against local disamenity costs. Emphasis should also be put on wider environmental impacts, especially if these challenge the sustainability of the renewable energy transition. We suggest a modelling system for selecting among a pool of potential wind power plants (WPPs) by combining an energy system model with a GIS analysis of WPP sites and surrounding viewscapes. The modelling approach integrates monetised local disamenity and carbon sequestration costs and places constraints on areas of importance for wilderness and biodiversity (W&B). Simulating scenarios for the Norwegian energy system towards 2050, we find that the southern part of Norway is the most favourable region for wind power siting when only the energy system surplus i...

This article represents recommendations for the gradual acceleration of agricultural production, the rational use of land resources, the solution of problems related to increasing the productivity and economic efficiency of each hectare of irrigated land, as well as practical advice.

Waste management (WS) has been identified as one of Bahrain's most pressing concerns owing to the potential negative consequences for the country. Data collected over the last 30 years show considerable growth in waste amount created in the country throughout the sectors of residential, commercial, institutional, building and demolition, municipal services, public places, treatment plant sites, manufacturing, and crop residues. The restricted location space, characterised by Bahrain's tiny geographic area, is the most significant element contributing to the difficulty of controlling the government's rising waste buildup and developing Sustainable Waste Management systems. As a result, the study focuses on the rising have to upgrade the government's present municipal solid wastes Management (MSWM) system. Which the study discussed the municipal solid wastes Management in Bahrain that was consisted of Solid Waste generation, composition, and characteristics and also discussed the waste collection, transportation, disposal and regulations and institutions in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Furthermore, The study focused on the general views about waste management and privatization. Also, discussed MSWM and sustainable development goals and privatization as a private sector in the context of SDGs.

This study investigates the major land use change processes over the 1990-2008 period in Abruzzo region (Central Italy) in relation to the characteristics of the soils and with particular regard to their capability for agricultural purposes, in order to highlight their implications on agricultural productivity. The relative changes in the agricultural incomes and land values were also estimated. To this end, we proposed an inventory approach as a flexible and feasible way for monitoring land use changes at multiple scales. As main outcomes, the shrinkage of agricultural lands and their internal changes (intensification vs. extensification processes) were highlighted. The shrinkage of agricultural lands was strictly related to: (a) reforestation process in mountain areas and less productive lands after land abandonment; and (b) urbanization on plains and more productive lands. Although the intensification process was demonstrated to have a positive effect on the overall regional agricultural incomes, especially on high quality soils, this was not adequate to compensate the economic loss due to the other land use changes, especially in marginal areas and low-to-medium quality soils. Finally, the paper discusses the geographical pattern of land use change processes across the region, including their interrelations and combined effects, and ultimately offers recommendations to decision-makers addressing future sustainable development objectives from local to global scale.

This paper examines the relations between tariffs and sustainability, efficiency and equity, using a unique data-set for 308 cities in 102 countries. Higher water tariffs are correlated with lower per capita consumption, smaller local populations, lower water availability, higher demand and a lower risk of shortage. Aggregating to the national level, higher tariffs are correlated with higher GDP and better governance. A different country-level analysis shows that a higher percentage of the population with water service is correlated with better governance, higher GDP and a greater risk of water shortage. The relation between water prices and service coverage is statistically inconsistent.

In developing nations GDP is not considered an adequate proxy of development. The per capita income, the quality of life , level of education are considered more relevant parameters of overall development. Economists, planners and researchers have been deliberating on this issue until in 1990 UNDP published Human Development Index [HDI] for all nations in its HDR report [6]. Although there have been several studies in this regard, however a machine learning based econometric model is not yet available which can establish the inter-relationship amongst these two variables in a quantified manner. This paper is an attempt in this direction to develop a model using machine learning approach .The model is implemented using Neural Network toolbox on MATLAB platform[10] with statistical data available from Planning Commission ,India and HDR report of UNDP. The model implementation result is found to be satisfactory. The methodology shown in this paper will be useful in preparing economic p...

The development of bioenergy markets is beneficial from a climate perspective and helps ensure sustainable forest management both locally and globally. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current state of Lithuanian forest biomass resources with a particular focus on the legal, economic and ecological aspects of forest biomass use for energy and to identify the lessons that should be learned from the history of biomass introduction in the country’s energy sector. These experiences and lessons are valuable both nationally and internationally, where good practices and challenges for the introduction and development of forest biomass for energy production are revealed. We examined the question of whether regulatory drivers in the energy sector can increase forest biomass use for energy production and contribute to sustainable development of Lithuania. To answer this question, we described the legal and market instruments regulating forest biomass use for energy production, t...

In recent years, bioenergy has drawn attention as a sustainable energy source that may help cope with rising energy prices, but also maybe provide income to poor farmers and rural communities around the globe. Rising fuel prices, growing energy demand, concerns over global warming from GHG emissions and increased openness to renewable energy resources, domestic energy security, and the push for expansion into new markets for crops in the face of world trade outlooks are all factors driving interest in expanding bioenergy use. Despite keen interest in this sector, there are currently few players in this field: In 2005, Brazil and the United States together accounted for 99 percent of global ethanol production, whereas Germany and France accounted for 69 percent of global biodiesel production. However, developing countries with tropical climates may have a comparative advantage in growing energy-rich biomass; and secondgeneration technologies could enable expansion of the range of feedstock used from the traditional sugarcane, maize, and rapeseed to grasses and trees that can thrive in less fertile and more drought-prone regions. Potentially adverse impacts from a rapid bioenergy expansion include upward pressure on international food prices, making staple crops less affordable for poor consumers; potentially significant adverse impacts on both land (soil quality and fertility) and water resources; and on biodiversity and ecosystems, in general.

Many low income countries in Africa are optimistic that producing biofuels domestically will not only reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels, but also stimulate economic development, particularly in poorer rural areas. Skeptics, on the other hand, view biofuels as a threat to food security in the region and as a landgrabbing opportunity for foreign investors. As a result of this ongoing debate, national biofuels task forces have been asked to evaluate both the viability of domestic biofuels production and its broader implications for economic development. To guide these complex evaluations, this paper presents an analytical framework that prioritizes ….

This review discusses research on linkages between biofuels, agriculture, and food security. The literature indicates that biofuel expansion affects land use, puts pressure on food and feed markets, and modestly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers readily identify these outcomes, as well as the multitude of factors besides biofuels that have driven up food prices in recent years. However, precision in quantifying the extent of the impacts and in attributing effects to various drivers is elusive, resulting in a wide range of estimates. Nevertheless, the central tendency is that a foodversus-fuel trade-off is created through biofuel production from food crops, and the continued expansion of biofuel production increases food commodity prices, reduces the availability of calories, and increases malnourishment in developing countries. Higher food prices particularly reduce the poor's access to food, which has possible long-term, irreversible consequences for health, productivity, and well-being.

In light of increasing variability of climatic conditions and its effect on global food systems and the ecosystems that support them, increasing attention is being paid by policymakers and researchers to the policies that can best address the likely impacts on food supply and security in those countries that are particularly vulnerable -namely, developing countries. The global food and water policy modeling framework of IMPACT-WATER was used to look at possible adaptation strategies that food producers and resource managers might undertake to cope with changing environmental conditions, as part of the ADAPT project. For this project, IFPRI's IMPACT-WATER model was linked to other streamflow and runoff models that could downscale the climate scenarios from General Circulation Models down to the relevant river basin scales, in order to examine their impact on food production and markets. The discussion of the model linkage process and some highlighted results will illustrate the importance of incorporating environmentally-focused research questions into trade policy modeling framework in order to address important issues surrounding global environmental change and its effect on global food systems and economies.

In this paper, we draw the key linkages between future biofuels growth on agricultural commodity prices, and highlight some of the key uncertainties over OECD fuel and energy policies, and their implications for global agricultural markets and the world food situation. Our results show some of the implications that biofuels expansion has on crop area expansion in regions where environmental concerns exist over land use change and the possible impacts on the environment. We also point to some promising areas for future research and specify some implications for policy interventions.

Global projections for increasing food demand combined with increasing change and variability of climatic conditions point towards greater stress on food systems and their supporting ecosystems. In many parts of the world, increasing variability of climatic conditions and rainfall are being observed, leading to longer and more severe weather events, or periods of drought. Accompanying the world’s steady population growth is an increasing demand for food and the necessary feedstuffs to fuel the requisite increases in livestock production. The combination of these two trends will inevitably lead to greater stresses and demands on the natural resource base and eco-systems that underlie the world’s food production systems. The challenge for developing countries, in particular, is to enhance the resilience of their national food systems and to protect vulnerable populations – both in terms of their livelihoods as well as through maintaining their access to necessary nutrients. In this pa...

Food security, farming, and climate change to 2050 : scenarios, results, policy options / Gerald C. Nelson ... [et al.]. p. cm. -(IFPRI research monograph) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-89629-186-7 1. Food supply-Forecasting. 2. Climatic changes-Forecasting.

Asia has made significant progress in increasing its agricultural productivity and reducing poverty since the 1960s. Yet real world food prices of most cereals and meats are now projected to rise, reversing a longestablished downward trend with adverse impacts on poor consumers in Asia and elsewhere. Growing resource scarcity, particularly of water, will increasingly constrain food production growth, and climatic stresses will likely shrink Asian farmers' abilities to produce grains, as is predicted for the Indo-Gangetic plains. Meanwhile, growing demand for high-value foods, such as livestock, fish, vegetables, and fruits will put further pressure on the natural resource base. Moreover, bioenergy demands will compete with the land and water resources that are used for food. The consequences of these pressures will adversely affect food security and goals for human well-being, slowing progress in reducing childhood malnutrition. Drawing on projections of the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT), we find that changes in investments in agricultural research and knowledge (ARK) are required to boost crop yields and growth in livestock numbers. If aggressive investments in ARK are combined with advances in other, complementary sectors, such as access to water and secondary education, then positive impacts could be further strengthened.

Tables 1. Climate-change induced yield effects by crop and management system, % change from yield with 2000 climate to yield with 2050 climate 2. World food prices (US$/metric ton) in 2000 and 2050 and percent changes for selected crops and livestock products 3. Climate-change effects on crop production, no CO 2 fertilization 4. Per capita consumption (kg per year) of cereals and meats with and without climate change (NCAR and CSIRO) 5. Daily per capita calorie availability with and without climate change 6. Total number of malnourished children in 2000 and 2050 (million children under 5 years of age) 7. Developing-country agricultural productivity investments 8. Daily calorie per capita consumption with adaptive investments (kcals/person/day) 9. Child malnutrition counts with adaptive investments (million children) 10. Additional annual investment expenditure needed to counteract the effects of climate change on nutrition (million 2000 US$) 1. Change in average maximum temperature ( o C), 2000-2050 2. Change in precipitation (mm), 2000-2050 3. World prices, Livestock products 4. World prices, Major grains 5. Daily per capita calorie availability with and without climate change 6. Child malnutrition effects, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa 7. Child malnutrition effects, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Middle East and North Africa CLIMATE CHANGE v CLIMATE CHANGE vi Acknowledgments T he authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank (under the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study) and the many useful comments and suggestions from reviewers of earlier versions. Any errors remain the responsibility of the authors. IFPRI's research, capacity-strengthening, and communications work is made possible by its financial contributors and partners. IFPRI receives its principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of which are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IFPRI gratefully acknowledges the generous unrestricted funding from

Many low income countries in Africa are optimistic that producing biofuels domestically will not only reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels, but also stimulate economic development, particularly in poorer rural areas. Skeptics, on the other hand, view biofuels as a threat to food security in the region and as a landgrabbing opportunity for foreign investors. As a result of this ongoing debate, national biofuels task forces have been asked to evaluate both the viability of domestic biofuels production and its broader implications for economic development. To guide these complex evaluations, this paper presents an analytical framework that prioritizes ….

In this paper, we draw the key linkages between future biofuels growth on agricultural commodity prices, and highlight some of the key uncertainties over OECD fuel and energy policies, and their implications for global agricultural markets and the world food situation. Our results show some of the implications that biofuels expansion has on crop area expansion in regions where environmental concerns exist over land use change and the possible impacts on the environment. We also point to some promising areas for future research and specify some implications for policy interventions.