Nano and Microencapsulation

El elevado tenor de acidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) le confiere al aceite de chia cualidades beneficas desde el punto de vista nutricional. Sin embargo, esta caracteristica determina su elevada susceptibilidad al deterioro oxidativo. La microencapsulacion constituye una alternativa para proteger al aceite de la influencia adversa del entorno quimico, a fin de poder llevar a cabo su incorporacion en alimentos. Se obtuvieron microcapsulas de aceite de chia a partir del secado por aspersion de emulsiones O/W (30% contenido de solidos totales), formuladas con caseinato de sodio y d-lactosa, utilizando un homogeneizador a valvula de alta presion. Se evaluo la influencia de la presion de homogeneizacion y la temperatura de secado sobre la eficiencia del proceso y la calidad de las microcapsulas. La eficiencia de encapsulacion fue >90% en todos los casos, con una escasa influencia de las condiciones operativas. Tanto el contenido de humedad como los valores de actividad acuosa de ...

Considering the applicability and added value of acetylated starches, it is necessary to find technological variants to obtain them with favorable technical-economic results and energetic and environmental compatibility. The objective of the work is to optimize economic and dynamic indicators of profitability of acetylated starch production, by considering as optimization criteria the productive capacity, the degree of substitution and the temperature of the drying air, establishing the design of the installation in optimal conditions. Technologies adopted from the mechanized native starch processes were selected, and the design and development of the slurry heating, acetylation, and pneumatic drying stages were proposed. A composite central experimental design was generated for profit (P), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR), and the quadratic models obtained through the Response Surface Methodology were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the economic indexes of the process were determined, after technological selection, material and energy balances, and technological design. The optimum operating parameters are achieved at a production capacity of 12.57 tcassava/d, degree of substitution of 0.505 and 124.98 °C in the air supply to the pneumatic dryer. Under these conditions, the production of acetylated starch requires larger volume acetylators  than for acetylated gelatinized starch process, but the technological requirements of gelatinized pulp are eliminated, achieving remarkable energy efficiency with pneumatic drying.

Para administrar por vía oral compuestos oleosos como los extractos lipídicos de origen natural, los aceites esenciales volátiles y las vitaminas liposolubles, se hace necesario presentarlos en forma de cápsulas blandas. Una alternativa a esta forma de presentación es la microencapsulación, que ofrece una solución para modificar el estado físico y presentarlos en una forma sólida para su administración por vía oral. Esta alternativa permite enmascarar el olor y sabor desagradable de productos que van a ser administrados por vía oral, además de proteger de la oxidación a los ácidos grasos presentes. El secado por aspersión es uno de los métodos más utilizados a escala industrial para la obtención de microcápsulas. Debido a su creciente uso en la industria farmacéutica, en el presente trabajo se recopila el estado del arte en el uso de esta tecnología para la microencapsulación de sustancias oleosas.

In the present research work, esterified nanoparticles with 2-Octen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride were synthesized from waxy corn starch, to our knowledge for the first time, in a single step of ultrasonic treatment. First, the ultrasound time to produce non-esterified nanoparticles was studied. The results showed that non-esterified nanoparticles had sizes ranging from 63-48 nm, as well as polydispersity indexes (PDI) ranging from 0.458-0.224 and ζ-potential values ranging from-16 to-24 in ultrasonication times ranging from 20-100 min. Succinylated nanoparticles were obtained at 80 min with two degrees of substitution i.e., 0.003 and 0.01, hydrodynamic sizes of 57 and 83 nm, PDI of 0.479 and 0.91, and ζ-potential values of-6.27 and-14.03, respectively. The succinylation of nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, and it was possible to elucidate the conversion of amylopectin molecules into amylose blocks. The nanoparticles showed stability during storage in aqueous suspension at 4°C. By means of the ultrasonic technology, destructuring of the waxy corn starch and, at the same time, the succinylation of the nanoparticles in a total time of 120 min were effectively achieved.

Phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties are highly sensitive molecules, which limits their application. In response, extruded esterified starch has been proposed as efficient encapsulating material. In this work, we aim to describe the encapsulation of red sorghum phenolic compounds by spray drying using extruded phosphorylated, acetylated and double esterified sorghum starch as wall material. Their respective encapsulation yields were 77.4, 67.4 and 56.8 %, and encapsulation efficiency 91.4, 89.7 and 84.6 %. Degree of substitution confirmed esterification of the sorghum starch and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the significant chemical and structural changes in the extruded esterified starch loaded with phenolic compounds. Microcapsules from phosphorylated sorghum starch showed the highest endothermic transition (173.89 °C) and provided a greater protection of the phenolic compounds during storage at 60 °C for 35 days than the other wall materials. Extruded esterified sorghum starch proved to be effective material for the protection of phenolic compounds due to its high encapsulation efficiency and stability during storage.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Aceite de Hígado de Tiburón, CLAR, Validación, Vitamina A, Vitamina D. KEY WORDS: A Vitamin, D Vitamin, HPLC, Shark Liver Oil, Validation. * Autor a quien dirigir la correspondencia. E-mail: caridadgp@infomed.sld.cu, caridad@cidem.sld.cu

Se desarrolló la formulación de la cefalexina 250 mg como granulado para suspensión oral. Se utilizó la vía húmeda para la preparación del granulado, teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la caracterización físico-química realizada a las materias primas empleadas. Los ...

The machines for gum production from cassava starch are very expensive and complex which made it difficult for local cassava farmers to procure, install and operate. A simple machine known as Monobloc mixer extruder machine for the production of gum from cassava starch was designed and fabricated using locally available materials. Several experimental procedures were carried out which include the selection of materials for the machine, design calculations for the various parts of the machine, performance evaluation test and efficiency determination. Performance evaluation test and observation revealed that for best results, the cooking time of the starch solution with other gum additives should be  30minutes and the cooking temperature had to be in the range 800C-950C (within the dextrinization zone). The results also revealed that the designed and fabricated machine could produce gum from cassava starch effectively and easy to install, operate and maintain. The machine produced had a capacity of producing 5.175litres of dextrin gum per minute and an efficiency of 85%.

The response surface methodology, with a rotatable central composite design, is used in this study for optimizing spray drying process conditions to obtain a fine modified starch powder from "Dominico Hart on" plantains, which are chemically modified with 2-octenyl-succinic anhydride. A pilot-scale spray dryer is used, and the following process factors are evaluated: (A) air inlet temperature (136-154 C), (B) air outlet temperature (69-81 C), and (C) rotational atomizer speed (17666-34333 rpm). The response variables are yield, moisture content, and functional properties such as water absorption index (WAI); water solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SP) and degree of substitution (DS). The factors B and C significantly influence the functional properties. The following are the optimal conditions from the process: factor (A), 150 C; factor (B), 80 C; and factor (C), 34 858 rpm, with the desirability of 56.7%. Under these optimal conditions, chemically modified plantain starch with desirable quality properties of low moisture content, water activity, and solubility index and high process yield, water absorption index, swelling power, and degree of substitution could be produced.

The response surface methodology, with a rotatable central composite design, is used in this study for optimizing spray drying process conditions to obtain a fine modified starch powder from “Dominico Hartón” plantains, which are chemically modified with 2‐octenyl‐succinic anhydride. A pilot‐scale spray dryer is used, and the following process factors are evaluated: (A) air inlet temperature (136–154 °C), (B) air outlet temperature (69–81 °C), and (C) rotational atomizer speed (17666–34333 rpm). The response variables are yield, moisture content, and functional properties such as water absorption index (WAI); water solubility index (WSI), swelling power (SP) and degree of substitution (DS). The factors B and C significantly influence the functional properties. The following are the optimal conditions from the process: factor (A), 150 °C; factor (B), 80 °C; and factor (C), 34 858 rpm, with the desirability of 56.7%. Under these optimal conditions, chemically modified plantain starch ...

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LICENSE 3.0 UNPORTED. RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño del método para la cuantificación de la vitamina A en el aceite microencapsulado, empleando acetato de quitosana y maltodextrina como agentes encapsulantes, así como estudiar la estabilidad del aceite microencapsulado. Materiales y métodos: Los parámetros evaluados se correspondieron con lo establecido internacionalmente para este estudio: especificidad, exactitud y precisión. El estudio de estabilidad se realizó durante 12 meses a temperatura ambiente (30 ± 2 O C) y 70 ± 5 % de humedad relativa, evaluándose en el tiempo la eficiencia de encapsulación, aceite superficial, pérdidas por desecación, contenido de vitamina A y conteo microbiológico. Resultados: Se demostró que el método evaluado fue específico, preciso y exacto para la determinación del contenido de vitamina A en la mezcla de aceite microencapsulado. Los resultados demuestran que el aceite microencapsulado tiene un comportamiento estable en cuanto a los indicadores evaluados, evidenciándose la protección ofrecida por los componentes de la pared de las microcápsulas. Conclusiones: El método empleado en la cuantificación de la vitamina A en el aceite microencapsulado resultó específico, exacto y preciso, demostrándose su aplicabilidad para el control de calidad y estudio de estabilidad. El aceite microencapsulado con acetato de quitosana y maltodextrina como agentes encapsulantes, es estable física, química y microbiológicamente, durante 12 meses. Palabras claves: vitamina A; método cromatográfico; acetato de quitosana; aceite de hígado de tiburón microencapsulado; estabilidad.

Recibido para evaluación: 28 de agosto de 2013. Aceptado para publicación: 13 de noviembre de 2014. Conteo microbiológico 0 Cumple Cumple Cumple CB: ≤ 104 UFC/g CH: ≤ 103 UFC/g Ausencia de patógenos 12 Cumple Cumple Cumple * Media (desviación estándar).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray-drying with two coating agents, maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (AG) on antioxidant activity, mineral content, proximate content and sensory evaluation. Results showed that spray-dried sample decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in caffeine content, from 3.8% in control sample to 1.6% in AG and 1.9% in MD. Fat content in spraydried sample also declined significantly from 21.4% in a pre-dried sample to 0.8% in MD and 2.4% in AG. Antioxidant activities slightly decreased in both AG and MD samples while the mineral content of spray-dried samples significantly increased in AG as compared with MD sample. The significantly higher yield found in MD (72.85%) sample than AG (40.71%). Spray-dried Nigella sativa powders have viable potential in improving food quality that may be beneficial to consumers as well as to industry. Efecto de los agentes portadores en las propiedades químicas y la evaluación sensorial de Nigella sativa atomizada RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la atomización de dos agentes protectores, la maltodextrina (MD) y la goma arábiga (AG) en su actividad antioxidante, contenido en minerales, contenido aproximado y evaluación sensorial. Los resultados mostraron que la muestra atomizada provocó una disminución significativa (P <0,05) en el contenido de cafeína, de 3,8% en la muestra control, hasta 1,6% en AG y 1,9% en MD. El contenido en grasa de la muestra atomizada también causó un declive significativo de 21,4% en la muestra pre-atomizada hasta 0,8% en MD y 2,4% en AG. La actividad antioxidante disminuyó ligeramente en las muestras de AG y MD mientras que el contenido mineral de las muestras atomizadas aumentó significativamente en AG en comparación con la muestra de MD. Se encontró un rendimiento significativamente más alto en la muestra de MD (72,85%) que en la de AG (40,71%). La Nigella sativa en polvo atomizada tiene potencial viable para mejorar la calidad de los alimentos que podrían ser beneficiosos para los consumidores, como también para la industria.

Edible films based on starch are applied for food protection to extend shelf-life of food products. The biodegradability of film compounds was significantly improved by the utilization of biopolymer molecules in comparison to petroleum packaging, and it could be a replacement for synthetic packaging. In the presentation work, the effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2-N) were studied on the moisture content, water solubility, moisture uptake, and antimicrobial properties of soluble soy polysaccharide (SSPS) starch/cold water fish gelatin films. The nano titanium dioxide was incorporated into the SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin dispersion at various levels (1, 2, 3, and 5 w/w% based on SSPS starch).  The moisture content of the biofilms decreased from 14.12% to 12.28% and water solubility decreased from 93.18% to 71.46% by the incorporation of 5% TiO2-N into the biopolymer matrix. Increasing TiO2-N from 0 to 5% decreased the moisture uptake, a value of 9.83–6.81 g/g dried film. According to an increased inhibition zone of 1-5% TiO2-N for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from 32.44 to 62.27 mm2 and from 22.15 to 45.17 mm2 respectively, SSPS starch/cold water fish gelatin/TiO2-N films showed antimicrobial characterizations against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In summary, TiO2-N improves the functional properties of SSPS/cold water fish gelatin biofilms and can be applied in the food industry.

En este trabajo se desarrollan y validan las vitaminas A y D mediante dos métodos analíticos por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (CLAR), aplicables al control de la calidad del Aceite de Hígado de Tiburón. Ambos métodos se basan en la separación de las vitaminas a través una columna cromatográfica Lichrosorb RP - 18 (5 µm, 25 cm x 4 mm), empleando una fase móvil compuesta por metanol-agua (98:2) y la cuantificación de las mismas frente a muestras de referencia empleando el método del estándar externo. Las longitudes de ondas empleadas fueron 325 y 254 nm, para la Vitamina A y D, respectivamente. Los métodos analíticos desarrollados resultaron lineales, precisos, específicos y exactos en el rango de concentraciones estudiadas.In this work two analytic, easy and economic methods to determine vitamins A and D by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) applicable to the quality control of the Shark Liver Oil Pool were developed and validated. Both methods are based in the...

PALABRAS CLAVE: Aceite de Hígado de Tiburón, CLAR, Validación, Vitamina A, Vitamina D. KEY WORDS: A Vitamin, D Vitamin, HPLC, Shark Liver Oil, Validation. * Autor a quien dirigir la correspondencia. E-mail: caridadgp@infomed.sld.cu, caridad@cidem.sld.cu

Aims: The objective was to experimentally determine the quality specification limits for the pool of shark-liver oil from Cuban coastal sharks, by using the tabulated K method. Materials and methods: Using ten consecutive lots, an analysis was carried out of parameters such as specific weight, refractive indexes, acidity, saponification, peroxide, unsaponifiable matter, and vitamin A and palmitic acid content. The distribution and randomness of the data was assessed. Then, the quality specification limits were calculated, for a 95% degree of confidence. Results: The values obtained in the assessment of physical and chemical parameters demonstrated the quality of the oil, by adhering to the normal distribution and randomness of data, with probability values above 0,05. Conclusions: Using the tabulated K method were established unilateral quality specification limits to index of acidity and vitamin A and palmitic acid content, while to specific weight, refractive indexes, saponificati...

Purpose Antiretroviral therapy remains the most effective means of managing the human immune deficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Application of therapeutics has been hampered by factors including poor bioavailability of most anti-retroviral compounds (ARV), side effects and an alarming emergence of drug resistant strains of the virus. Methods Recent developments and use of drug delivery systems (DDS) has shown potential for improving the pharmacological profile of ARV. Amongst these complex DDS, liposomes have been explored for delivery of ARV. In this study, we have aimed at exploring efficient encapsulation of efavirenz (EFV), a potent ARV using different mass ratios of crude soybean lecithin and cholesterol. Results The EFV-loaded liposomes (EFL) were prepared using thin film hydration and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), morphology and drug release studies. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersity spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for comprehensive physicochemical characterization of EFL. EFL exhibited high encapsulation (99%) in 1:1 crude lecithin to cholesterol mass ratio. The average particle size and Zeta Potential of EFL were found to be 411.10 ± 7.40 nm and − 53.5.3 ± 0.06 mV, respectively. EFL showed a relatively controlled EFV release behaviour that was similar to the dissolution profile of un-encapsulated EFV. Conclusion This suggests that EFL represents a promising vehicle for effective EFV delivery while providing the advantages of a nano-scaled delivery system.

Master en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Especialista en Tecnología y Control de los Medicamentos. Instructor. Instituto de Farmacia y Alimentos (IFAL). 2 Licenciada en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. IFAL. 3 Doctora en Ciencias. Profesora Consultante. IFAL.

Aims: The objective was to experimentally determine the quality specification limits for the pool of shark-liver oil from Cuban coastal sharks, by using the tabulated K method. Materials and methods: Using ten consecutive lots, an analysis was carried out of parameters such as specific weight, refractive indexes, acidity, saponification, peroxide, unsaponifiable matter, and vitamin A and palmitic acid content. The distribution and randomness of the data was assessed. Then, the quality specification limits were calculated, for a 95% degree of confidence. Results: The values obtained in the assessment of physical and chemical parameters demonstrated the quality of the oil, by adhering to the normal distribution and randomness of data, with probability values above 0,05. Conclusions: Using the tabulated K method were established unilateral quality specification limits to index of acidity and vitamin A and palmitic acid content, while to specific weight, refractive indexes, saponificati...

The purpose behind this investigation was to modify native pea starch by means of the microwave-assisted and conventional method of esterification by utilizing octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) as esterifying agent and investigation of structural as well as its functional properties. The present investigation shows the direct esterification of pea starch using OSA (esterified-starch) under alkaline conditions to activate the native pea starch and followed by terminating the esterification process of starch by maintaining acidic conditions. Starch esters, containing amphiphilic groups are well known to enhance emulsification properties, and after hydrolysis employed for encapsulation. The esterification of pea starch was confirmed by FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance. Structural changes were confirmed by XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by molecular weight determination. Some functional properties were investigated by performing emulsification capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsion stability, transparency, and viscosity determination. Both OSA-modified starches were compared with native pea starch. Esterification of pea starch with OSA enhanced the emulsification with an attractive scope of consistency that makes it appropriate as a divider material for encapsulation.

Purpose Antiretroviral therapy remains the most effective means of managing the human immune deficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Application of therapeutics has been hampered by factors including poor bioavailability of most anti-retroviral compounds (ARV), side effects and an alarming emergence of drug resistant strains of the virus. Methods Recent developments and use of drug delivery systems (DDS) has shown potential for improving the pharmacological profile of ARV. Amongst these complex DDS, liposomes have been explored for delivery of ARV. In this study, we have aimed at exploring efficient encapsulation of efavirenz (EFV), a potent ARV using different mass ratios of crude soybean lecithin and cholesterol. Results The EFV-loaded liposomes (EFL) were prepared using thin film hydration and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), morphology and drug release studies. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersity spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for comprehensive physicochemical characterization of EFL. EFL exhibited high encapsulation (99%) in 1:1 crude lecithin to cholesterol mass ratio. The average particle size and Zeta Potential of EFL were found to be 411.10 ± 7.40 nm and − 53.5.3 ± 0.06 mV, respectively. EFL showed a relatively controlled EFV release behaviour that was similar to the dissolution profile of un-encapsulated EFV. Conclusion This suggests that EFL represents a promising vehicle for effective EFV delivery while providing the advantages of a nano-scaled delivery system.

Starch is the most abundant macromolecules found in plant materials consisting of a homologous unit of glucose joined together by α 1-4 glycosidic bond in amylose and branched at α 1-6 glycosidic bond in amylopectin. The digestion or hydrolysis of starch to glucose in the gastrointestinal tract of humans is initiated by alpha-amylase found in the saliva and pancreas followed by border enzymes such as amyloglucosidase and isomaltase. This glucose is the main source of energy in the human diet. However, a high blood glucose level is the major contributor to type 2 diabetes. According to Englyst, Kingman, and Cummings (1992), starch is physiologically quantified into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch. The RDS fraction is the starch fraction that undergoes digestion in the human intestinal tract within twenty (20) minutes of consumption thereby, elevating the blood glucose level rapidly. A starchy food with a relatively low portion of RDS compared to SDS and RS is regarded as a low glycemic food. The slowly digestible starch digest completely in the human intestinal tract; however, at a slower digestion rate, thereby leading to a slower rate of glucose

In this study, effects of oxidation, esterification, osmotic pressure, and cross-linking modification methods on functional groups in Amaranthus viridis starch and feasibility of utilizing both native and derived starches as fat replacers were evaluated. The functional groups in native and modified starches were found to consist of OAH stretch, CAH stretch, C@O stretch, NAH bend, ACH 2 and ACH 3 bend, CAO stretch, and @CAH bend. The results showed that oxidation, osmotic pressure, and cross-linking increased the presence of alkenyl group in starch samples, which enhanced their characteristics as fat replacers. Moreover, modification methods affected the functional groups, which could lead to variations in performance when used as food ingredient. The ability of native and modified A. viridis starches as fat replacers could be ranked as oxidized starch > osmotic pressured starch > cross-linked starch > native starch > esterified starch. Practical applications Amaranthus viridis grains contain a significant amount of starch. The functionality of starch in food industry could be enhanced through modifications. Modified A. viridis starches have functional group (alkenyl group), which enhances their characteristics as fat replacers. Consequently, the modified starches could be used to partially replace fat in fat rich foods such as mayonnaise and salad cream. Thus, minimizes health risks associated with consumption of fatty foods K E Y W O R D S alkenyl group, Amaranthus viridis, derived starch, fat replacer, functional groups 1 | I NTR OD U CTI ON Amaranth are widely known around the world and had become established for food use (both grain and leaves) in places such as Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, North America, among others. Amaranth belongs to the genus Amaranthus. Some of the most widely grown amaranth species include: Amarathus blitum L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacs L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus tricolor L., and Amaranthus viridis. Some are cultivated while some are considered weeds. One of the widely cultivated species in Nigeria is A. viridis. Cultivation occurs in all agro-ecological zones of West Africa, from the coastal sector in the Guinean zone to the dry forests and herbaceous savannahs in the Sudanian zone (N'Danikou, Assogba, & Avohou, 2010). The common cultivation practice is sowing in a nursery at a seed rate of 3-10 g/m 2 and transplanting after 2-3 weeks. It is also possible to sow directly, either broadcast or in rows with at least 20 cm between the rows, with a seed rate of 2-5 g/m 2. Direct sowing is the common practice in Nigeria, Uganda, and in Western Kenya (Grubben, 2004). Harvesting can occur 4-5 weeks after sowing (Achigan-Dako, Houdegbe, Glèlè, & Nono-Womdim, 2014). It is generally categorized as a "pseudo cereal" due to high content of carbohydrates comparable to cereals (Rusu, Marin, Moraru, Pop, &

D004 active ingredient, extracted from Roystonea regia fruits, has been shown to prevent prostate hyperplasia in experimental models. Accelerated stability studies of D-004 in amber glass, polyethylene terephtalate and high density polyethylene were carried out to choose the most suitable container. Later, shelf life stability studies were assessed with the most appropriate container. Samples from three batches were stored in the different containers under accelerated conditions (40 ± 2 ºC, 75 ± 5 % relative humidity) over 12 months. In shelf live studies, samples were stored in amber glass containers under conditions of climatic zones II (25 ± 2 ºC, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity) and IV (30 ± 2 ºC, 70 ± 5 % relative humidity). Organoleptic characteristics, relative density, refractive index, microbiological content (USP 27) and fatty acids content, by gas chromatography, were determined. Under accelerated conditions, measured parameters were within the quality specifications establish...

Anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties of Lactuca sativa L extract was evaluated by formalin induced mice paw edema test, and elevated plus maze animal model respectively. Solid microspheres containing dispersed extract were obtained by water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion system followed by solvent evaporation method. Optimization was carried out using MINITAB 16 and optimized microspheres were loaded into a gel base. Anti-oxidant activity of optimized microspheres loaded gel was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The gel was also evaluated for its physical properties, drug release kinetics and anti-inflammatory activity using formalin induced mice-paw edema test where the anti-inflammatory potential was compared to marketed diclofenac gel (1.16% w/w). All doses of extract as well as microsphere loaded sustained release anti-inflammatory gel showed a dose and time dependent inhibition of edema (P&lt;0.05), the extract also showed a dose dependent in...

Cassava starch is allowed to react with acetic anhydride and acetic glacial acid. Sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The starch is first dried in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours before reaction to avoid moisture disturbance. Potato starch (20 parts). Acetic acid glacial (20 parts), acetic anhydride (160 parts), and sodium hydroxide (2 parts) were mixed and refluxed for 7 h at 120 0 C. The reaction mixture was added to cold water to precipitate the product, starch acetate. The product was collected by vacuum filtration, washed repeatedly with water and dried at 40 0 C for 24 hours.

In this study, effects of oxidation, esterification, osmotic pressure, and cross-linking modification methods on functional groups in Amaranthus viridis starch and feasibility of utilizing both native and derived starches as fat replacers were evaluated. The functional groups in native and modified starches were found to consist of OAH stretch, CAH stretch, C@O stretch, NAH bend, ACH 2 and ACH 3 bend, CAO stretch, and @CAH bend. The results showed that oxidation, osmotic pressure, and cross-linking increased the presence of alkenyl group in starch samples, which enhanced their characteristics as fat replacers. Moreover, modification methods affected the functional groups, which could lead to variations in performance when used as food ingredient. The ability of native and modified A. viridis starches as fat replacers could be ranked as oxidized starch > osmotic pressured starch > cross-linked starch > native starch > esterified starch. Practical applications Amaranthus viridis grains contain a significant amount of starch. The functionality of starch in food industry could be enhanced through modifications. Modified A. viridis starches have functional group (alkenyl group), which enhances their characteristics as fat replacers. Consequently, the modified starches could be used to partially replace fat in fat rich foods such as mayonnaise and salad cream. Thus, minimizes health risks associated with consumption of fatty foods K E Y W O R D S alkenyl group, Amaranthus viridis, derived starch, fat replacer, functional groups 1 | I NTR OD U CTI ON Amaranth are widely known around the world and had become established for food use (both grain and leaves) in places such as Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, North America, among others. Amaranth belongs to the genus Amaranthus. Some of the most widely grown amaranth species include: Amarathus blitum L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacs L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus tricolor L., and Amaranthus viridis. Some are cultivated while some are considered weeds. One of the widely cultivated species in Nigeria is A. viridis. Cultivation occurs in all agro-ecological zones of West Africa, from the coastal sector in the Guinean zone to the dry forests and herbaceous savannahs in the Sudanian zone (N'Danikou, Assogba, & Avohou, 2010). The common cultivation practice is sowing in a nursery at a seed rate of 3-10 g/m 2 and transplanting after 2-3 weeks. It is also possible to sow directly, either broadcast or in rows with at least 20 cm between the rows, with a seed rate of 2-5 g/m 2. Direct sowing is the common practice in Nigeria, Uganda, and in Western Kenya (Grubben, 2004). Harvesting can occur 4-5 weeks after sowing (Achigan-Dako, Houdegbe, Glèlè, & Nono-Womdim, 2014). It is generally categorized as a "pseudo cereal" due to high content of carbohydrates comparable to cereals (Rusu, Marin, Moraru, Pop, &

Butyrylation of starch leads to products with an increased hydrophobicity. Depending on the degree of substitution (DS), some of the highly hydrophilic hydroxyl groups in the anhydroglucose units of starch are converted to more hydrophobic butyryl groups which change the physical and chemical properties. Arenga starch was reacted with butyric anhydride at 5 - 15% (starch basis, sb) in aqueous slurry for 10 - 60 min. The modified starches were characterized for DS, crystallinity, water and oil holding capacity (WHC and OHC), swelling power and solubility and resistant starch (RS) after hydroxylation with α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. The FTIR results indicated that the modification resulted in the butyryl group incorporation with the starch as shown by absorption of the ester carbonyl group at band 1728 cm -1 . Increasing butyric anhydride concentration (5-15%) resulted in increase in DS (0.057-0.226), however, butyrylation with 5% butyric anhydride for 40 min resulted in the maxim...

Rice starch isolated (NS), was subjected to chemical and thermomechanical modification with previous hydrolysis (MHS) and without previous hydrolysis (MS) to be evaluated on main starch properties as degree of substitution (DS), color, water absorption and solubility index (WAI, WSI), viscosity, texture, thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry DSC) and structural properties (infrared-IR, Xray-Rx analysis, and relative crystallinity index-ICR). The modified starches were compared to native starch (NS). The DS obtained in both starches was within the range allowed by the FDA for its safety use as food ingredient (0.01-0.2). The modification showed an increase in WAI and WSI values, being WAI value higher in MS (4.80) and WSI value higher in MHS (32.06). The viscosity of retrogradation showed a significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in both starches (HMS 0.013 and MS 5.613), obtaining gels with greater stability, however, the hardness of starch gels decreased (60 %) while the a...

With rapid industrial development, the water pollution due to industrial wastewater discharge also increases. Wastewater containing heavy metals such as Lead (Pb(II)) has been one of the serious global issues. It is because lead has a high level of toxicity and very harmful to the environment as well as human body even at low level of concentration. One of the emerging methods for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution is called biosorption. It is adsorption process using biomass-based adsorbent or can be called biosorbent. One of biomass material that can be used for the biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) is Kapok wood sawdust. In this study, biosorbent based Kapok sawdust has been successfully prepared. The effects of pH and contact time on the adsorption performance of the biosorbent have been studied. The adsorption tests were carried out with variations in pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 and with variations in contact time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The amout of Pb(II) adsorbed was analyzed u...

Acetylated, n-octenylsuccinylated (n-OSA) and phosphorylated waxy maize starches were prepared using reactive extrusion in a single-screw extruder. The starches were hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid (3.4% dry basis, at 50°C for 6 h) before they were esterified. n-OSA starch and acetylated starch were conventionally modified in a slurry and further hydrolyzed using a single-screw extruder. Starch phosphate was prepared by a conventional method in a slurry and by extrusion. Chemical modifications of n-OSA and acetylated starches were confirmed using Infrared Spectroscopy. The degree of substitution (DS), viscosity profile, water solubility index (WSI), and water absorption index (WAI) were measured to the modified starches. The viscosity of the modified starches was reduced after extrusion and the WSI and WAI increased. Microcapsules were produced by spray drying. n-OSA starch exhibited good emulsifying capabilities and a total oil retention (% w/w) of 94.75%, better than the control oil retention (commercial N-LOK) of 89.16%. Starch phosphates and acetates registered oil retentions of 55.75% and 61.31%, respectively. The modified starches prepared using reactive extrusion showed good characteristics as shell materials for encapsulation by spray drying.

Xanthones are a group of oxygenated heterocyclic compounds with anticancer properties, but poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability hinder their therapeutic application. This study sought to prepare a xanthones extract (81%  α-mangostin and 16%  γ-mangostin) in polymeric nanoparticles and to investigate its intracellular delivery and cytotoxicity toward colon cancer cells. The nanoparticles were prepared in Eudragit RL100 and Eudragit RS100 by the nanoprecipitation method at drug loading and entrapment efficiency of 20% and &gt;95%, respectively. Freeze-drying of bulk nanoparticle solutions, using glucose or sucrose as cryoprotectants, allowed the collection of nanoparticles at &gt;95% yield. Solubility of the xanthones extract was improved from 0.1 µg/mL to 1250 µg/mL. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) of the freeze-dried final formulation showed the presence of cationic round nanoparticles, with particle size in the range of 32–1...

La microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión es una técnica ampliamente empleada en la protección de compuestos bioactivos, en especial sobre los polifenoles en diferentes matrices; además, es una de las técnicas más sencillas y económicas de secado, lo cual ha favorecido su transferencia tecnológica a escala industrial. Por esta razón, este artículo tiene como propósito analizar, a partir de estudios previamente reportados, los parámetros de operación empleados en la implementación de los métodos para la microencapsulación de compuestos bioactivos presentes en diversas matrices, con el fin de identificar las condiciones efectivas para futuras aplicaciones. La revisión de los estudios publicados se realizó en un período comprendido entre 2010 y 2021 en bases de datos indexadas, donde los parámetros evaluados se centraron en: las condiciones de operación, materiales encapsulantes, morfología de las microcápsulas y la eficiencia de la microencapsulación. Los resultados permitie...

Resumen El objetivo fue optimizar la capacidad antioxidante (CAx), contenido de antocianinas (CA) y capacidad de rehidratación (CR) de polvo de arándano microencapsulado; en función de la mezcla de hidrocoloides goma arábiga, maltodextrina y almidón modificado. Se utilizó arándano de la variedad Biloxi en estado maduro del cual se extrajo el zumo, y se preparó disoluciones cuya composición en masa fue de 85% de zumo y 15% de mezclas de goma arábiga, maltodextrina y almidón modificado en diferente proporción según el diseño simplex con centroide ampliado. La microencapsulación se realizó mediante el secado por atomización a una temperatura de 120 ºC obteniéndose polvo de arándano microencapsulado, al que se determinó la CAx, el CA y la CR. Se realizó un ANVA para los modelos de regresión eligiéndose el que presentó significancia (p < 0,05) y buen ajuste (R 2 aj > 0,7). El modelo que resultó significativo (p < 0,03) y con buen ajuste (R 2 aj > 0,9) fue el especial cubico, a partir del cual los valores que maximizan la CAx (52,7% de inhibición) y CA (81,56 mg cianidina 3-glucosido / 100 g), fueron: maltodextrina (11,89%), almidón modificado (12,13%) y goma arábiga (75,98%). Sin embargo, para CR las proporciones utilizadas de los microencapsulantes no tuvieron efecto significativo.

En los últimos años se registra una búsqueda de fuentes naturales que presenten componentes y/o productos derivados aplicables al desarrollo de alimentos funcionales, los cuales incidan en la nutrición mediante el aporte simultáneo de efectos benéficos para la salud. En ese contexto se encuentra la chía (Salvia hispanica L.), especie vegetal oriunda del sudeste de EEUU y noroeste de América Central (México, Guatemala), constituyente importante de la dieta de civilizaciones desde épocas precolombinas. En nuestro país, su creciente expansión en las provincias del NOA puede contribuir a la diversificación de la producción agrícola, con impacto en términos socioeconómicos. Cabe señalar el aporte de los lípidos a la salud y el bienestar, lo que está determinado fundamentalmente por su composición. Así, se ha demostrado que tanto el perfil de ácidos grasos, especialmente los niveles relativos de ácidos grasos ω-9, ω-6 y ω-3 así como la presencia de ciertos componentes minoritarios, pueden...

INTRODUCTION: Parthenium hysterophorus (escoba amarga) is a well-known antiparasitic plant, but the lack of analytical and technological research studies does not allow following-up the intrinsic stability of the plant solid powder for obtaining a scientifically-proved pharmaceutical form with antiparasitic action. OBJECTIVE: to ascertain the integral stability of the powder from P. hysterophorus foliage under actual storage conditions, taking the parthenin content as a basis. METHODS: the intrinsic P. hysterophorus solid powder stability was determined against external factors such as humidity, temperature and light. RESULTS: the high-performance liquid chromatography is a specific technique to quantify the parthenin contents in P. hysterophorus powder and may be used in the stability studies. It was proved that humidity and light had a negative impact on the chemical stability of the parthenin. CONCLUSIONS: the chemical stability of the solid powder, preserved in amber glass flask...

The barley green (BG) Hordeum vulgare L. is a plant with a high nutritive value. Spray drying (SD) has been used as a technique to encapsulate food materials, keeping its nutritional properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the SD operation conditions to obtain microencapsulate BG powder. Parameters such as moisture content, color, proteins, sugars, minerals and, rehydration properties were determined. Juice from BG was obtained and maltodextrin was added as microencapsulating agent. The SD operation conditions were: inlet air temperature: 120, 140, and 160°C; maltodextrin concentration: 1, 3 and 5%, feed rate: 9, 11, and 13 ml/min; outlet air temperature ranged from 70 to 80°C. L*, a* and b* parameters in BG powder had significant differences with respect to juice. Due to inlet air temperatures statistical differences (p≤0.5, F=395.98), while the maltodextrin concentration and feed rate did not have statistical differences with respect to microencapsulate nutritive pr...

Conclusiones: la formulación de un medicamento obtenida en forma de colirio, que contiene diclofenaco de sodio como principio activo, empleado en diferentes afecciones al nivel ocular, cumple con todas las especificaciones de calidad para este tipo de forma farmacéutica, lo cual puede aumentar el arsenal terapéutico de Cuba.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es aplicar el diseño experimental de mezclas a la formulación de una forma farmacéutica sólida (ibuprofeno) mediante el estudio de sus excipientes y la proporción de éstos en la formulación, además de mostrar cómo el personal de investigación y desarrollo en las empresas farmacéuticas nacionales puede utilizar las herramientas estadísticas, como el diseño experimental de mezclas, para obtener un producto con las características requeridas, y posteriormente su optimización reduciendo no sólo los costos de investigación sino también los costos de producción. El diseño experimental de mezclas permite estudiar el comportamiento de la formulación de ibuprofeno desde el punto de vista farmacotécnico, a través del análisis del ángulo de reposo, la dureza del núcleo y la friabilidad, además del índice de Carr's caracterizando una superficie de respuesta que permite un eficiente aprovechamiento de esta metodología para la resolución del problema de formulación. El ángulo de reposo muestra que se debe mejorar la fluidez de la formulación para garantizar un correcto llenado de las matrices en el proceso de tableteado a escala industrial, los parámetros de dureza y friabilidad muestran que las formulaciones cumplen y que se puede seguir con un proceso de optimización de la formulación. Palabras clave: diseño experimental de mezclas, investigación y desarrollo, superficie de respuesta.

Documented to exhibit cytotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability, alpha-mangostin was encapsulated into PLGA microspheres with optimization of formulation using response surface methodology. Mixed levels of four factors Face central composite design was employed to evaluate critical formulation variables. With 30 runs, optimized formula was 1% w/v polyvinyl alcohol, 1:10 ratio of oil to aqueous and sonicated at 2 and 5 min time for primary and secondary emulsion, respectively. Optimized responses for encapsulation efficiency, particle size and polydispersity index were found to be 39.12 AE 0.01%, 2.06 AE 0.017 mm and 0.95 AE 0.009, respectively, which matched values predicted by mathematical models. About 44.4% of the encapsulated alpha-mangostin was released over 4 weeks. Thermal analysis of the microspheres showed physical conversion of alpha-mangostin from crystallinity to amorphous with encapsulated one had lower in vitro cytotoxicity than free alpha-mangostin. Aerodynamic diameter (784.3 AE 7.5 nm) of this alpha-mangostin microsphere suggests suitability for peripheral pulmonary delivery.