Models of Mind

In my Honours thesis, I constructed a two-level fractal model of the brain/mind based on a Turing Machine which is consistent with the known fact that lesions of the right cerebellar cortex produce Broca's like aphasia. That is, left cerebral lesions and right cerebellar lesions both interfere with the production of words. This is inconsistent with purely computational models of cognition, which rely on hierarchical data structures, in which high level data is abstract and low level data is concrete. Instead, my Honours findings seem to confirm the claim made by John Searle (Searle's Chinese Room) that cognition is necessarily semantic. I am responsible for the initial concept of the TDE-R (from Turing's original work), but Chat has constructed the comparison tables from ITS own understanding of my theory. It has understood my cybersemantic theory of cognition from other papers I have written (Dyer, 2025). I did not introduce my concept of cybersemantics, Chat itself considered this idea important enough to include in the analysis.

This report presents the construction of an inverse system of first-order logic models from data based on generalising functions. Inverse systems of first-order logic models were proposed by Achourioti and van Lambalgen to represent  human cognitions and their effects.

The idea of a control system is reviewed and then the concept of a self-evaluating executive control system is introduced and those modes of its operation and behavior that are relevant to modeling human behavior are described. The concept is then used, and assessed, as a model for human behaviour. It is shown how the model relates to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and to some central ideas in psychoanalytic theory.

Mind is based on intelligent cognitive processes, which are not limited by language and logic only. The thought is a set of informational processes in the brain, and such processes have the same rationale as any other systematic informational processes. Their specifics are determined by the ways of how brain stores, structures, and process this information. Systematic approach allows representing them in a diagrammatic form that can be formalized. Semiotic approach allows for the universal representation of such diagrams. In that approach, logic is a way of synthesis of such structures, which is a small but clearly visible top of the iceberg. The most efforts were traditionally put into logics without paying much attention to the rest of the mechanisms that make the entire thought system working autonomously. Dynamic fuzzy logic is reviewed and its connections with semiotics are established. Dynamic fuzzy logic extends fuzzy logic in the direction of logic-processes, which include p...

Nöropazarlama alanında araştırma yapan uzmanlar, nörobilim alanında kullanılan çeşitli teknikler vasıtasıyla pazarlama alanının sorunlarına yönelik yeni çözümler bulmaya çalışmaktadır. Nöropazarlamacı olarak da ifade edilen uzmanlar, nörogörüntüleme teknikleriyle insan beyninin tepkilerini ölçerek elde ettikleri bilgileri, pazarlama kararları alırken kullanmaktadır. Nöropazarlama alanında yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda, insan zihni çeşitli yapısal kategorilere ayrılarak incelenmekte, bu alanda başarılı olmanın yolunun beynin yapılarının anlaşılması ile doğrudan ilişkili olduğu belirtilmektedir. Beynin yapılarının anlaşılmasını sağlayacak temel çalışmalar, nörobilim literatüründe yer almakta, fakat nöropazarlama alanında bu konu ile ilgili yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı beynin nasıl çalıştığı ile ilgili yapılan nörobilim çalışmalarını, nöropazarlama bakış açısı ile incelemek ve nörobilim literatürüne katkı sunacak unsurları keşfetmektir. Keşfedici araştırma yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, beynin bilinmez süreçleri ile ilgili araştırmaların temelini atan Sigmund Freud’un bilinç ve bilinçaltını içeren topografik zihin modeli ile id, ego ve süperegoyu içeren yapısal zihin modelinin nöropazarlama yaklaşımları açısından son derece önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu tespitten hareketle, Freud’un yapısal zihin modelinin nöropazarlama çalışmalarını açıklamada önemli bir kavram olduğu ortaya konulmakta ve değerlendirilen konu üzerine çeşitli öneriler getirilmektedir.

The philosophical foundations of reductionist biological psychiatry are internally selfcontradictory. Mind is simultaneously disallowed and "explained" by the reductionist approach; this internal self-contradiction invalidates reductionist biological psychiatry at the level of its philosophical foundation. Three theories that dominate science today are based on a reductionist approach: the Big Bang theory, the origins of life 3.7 billion years ago, and the emergent property model of the relationship between mind and brain. The problem with these theories is not with the science, rather it is the way the three theories are used to validate a logically untenable philosophical position, which in biological psychiatry insists on a model of mind as an emergent property of brain function. The universe, evolution, and the human mind, within this reductionist philosophy, are all based on the workings of automatic machinery. The purpose of the present article is to analyze the fundamental logical errors underlying biological psychiatry, which is based on a mechanistic model of the universe.

The long-standing debate on the nature of consciousness and the extent to which free will remains a valid concept has evolved a lot since the publication of Libet's seminal work on neural antecedents of mental states and behavior . It is very clear now that it is just a matter of time for new sensors, experimental paradigms, and advanced techniques in data analyses provide us with such a high rate of success in forecasting motor and cognitive decisions before they appear to oneself as intentions that the whole discussion about the role of phenomenal consciousness (P-consciousness, following Block's terminology, 1995-or simply P-states) in initiating decision-making and efferent commands will simply disappear .

Do we think with language, or is it just a communication device used for expression of completed thoughts? What is a difference between language and cognition? Chomsky (1995) suggested that these two abilities are separate and independent. Cognitive linguistics emphasizes a single mechanism for both (Croft & Cruse, 2004). Evolutionary linguistics considers the process of transferring language from one generation to the next one (Hurford, 2008; Christiansen & Kirby, 2003; Cangelosi & Parisi, 2002). This process is a “bottleneck” that forms the language. Brighton, Smith, and Kirby (2005) demonstrated emergence of compositional language due to this bottleneck. Still, none of these approaches resulted in a computational theory explaining how humans acquire language and cognition. Here I discuss a computational model overcoming previous difficulties and based on a hypothesis that language and cognition are two separate and closely integrated abilities. I identify their functions and discuss why human thinking ability requires both language and cognition.

Successes of information and cognitive science brought a growing understanding that mind is
based on intelligent cognitive processes, which are not limited by language and logic only. A nice
overview can be found in the excellent work of Je® Hawkins \On Intelligence." This view is that
thought is a set of informational processes in the brain, and such processes have the same rationale
as any other systematic informational processes. Their speci¯cs are determined by the ways of how
brain stores, structures and process this information. Systematic approach allows representing
them in a diagrammatic form that can be formalized and programmed. Semiotic approach allows
for the universal representation of such diagrams. In our approach, logic is just away of synthesis of
such structures, which is a small but clearly visible top of the iceberg. However, most of the e®orts
were traditionally put into logics without paying much attention to the rest of the mechanisms
that make the entire thought system working autonomously. Dynamic fuzzy logic is reviewed and
its connections with semiotics are established. Dynamic fuzzy logic extends fuzzy logic in the
direction of logic-processes, which include processes of fuzzi¯cation and defuzzi¯cation as parts of
logic. This extension of fuzzy logic is inspired by processes in the brain-mind. The paper reviews
basic cognitive mechanisms, including instinctual drives, emotional and conceptual mechanisms,
perception, cognition, language, a model of interaction between language and cognition upon the
new semiotic models. The model of interacting cognition and language is organized in an approximate
hierarchy of mental representations from sensory percepts at the \bottom" to objects,
contexts, situations, abstract concepts-representations, and to the most general representations at
the \top" of mental hierarchy. Knowledge instinct and emotions are driving feedbacks for these
representations. Interactions of bottom-up and top-down processes in such hierarchical semiotic
representation are essential for modeling cognition. Dynamic fuzzy logic is analyzed as a fundamentalmechanism
of these processes. In this paper we are trying to formalize cognitive processes of
the human mind using approaches above, and provide interfaces that could allow for their practical
realization in software and hardware. Future research directions are discussed