Microbial Biotechnology

SummaryThe bulk of the Earth's biosphere is cold (e.g. 90% of the ocean's waters are ≤ 5°C), sustaining a broad diversity of microbial life. The permanently cold environments vary from the deep ocean to alpine reaches and to polar regions. Commensurate with the extent and diversity of the ecosystems that harbour psychrophilic life, the functional capacity of the microorganisms that inhabitat the cold biosphere are equally diverse. As a result, indigenous psychrophilic microorganisms provide an enormous natural resource of enzymes that function effectively in the cold, and these cold‐adapted enzymes have been targeted for their biotechnological potential. In this review we describe the main properties of enzymes from psychrophiles and describe some of their known biotechnological applications and ways to potentially improve their value for biotechnology. The review also covers the use of metagenomics for enzyme screening, the development of psychrophilic gene expression syste...

SummaryThe aim of this work was to determine the effect of light crude oil on bacterial communities during an experimental oil spill in the North Sea and in mesocosms (simulating a heavy, enclosed oil spill), and to isolate and characterize hydrocarbon‐degrading bacteria from the water column. No oil‐induced changes in bacterial community (3 m below the sea surface) were observed 32 h after the experimental spill at sea. In contrast, there was a decrease in the dominant SAR11 phylotype and an increase in Pseudoalteromonas spp. in the oiled mesocosms (investigated by 16S rRNA gene analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis), as a consequence of the longer incubation, closer proximity of the samples to oil, and the lack of replenishment with seawater. A total of 216 strains were isolated from hydrocarbon enrichment cultures, predominantly belonging to the genus Pseudoaltero monas; most strains grew on PAHs, branched and straight‐chain alkanes, as well as many other carbon ...

This study evaluated the behavior of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the presence of different selected natural polyphenols, in order to provide an indication of the suitability of such compounds as potential antimicrobials, or influencing agents in the fermentation. Thus the obtained results of the study could sustain other directions for the natural polyphenolic compounds in which they can be used, like in biotechnological processes as fermentation or in order to yield biomass economically from different raw materials.

The pulp and paper industry is a good example of biorefinery concept by incorporating the production of materials, chemicals and energy, through established technological processes that maximizes the value of lignocellulosics. This industry is relying on the recyclability, biodegradability and renewability of the it's most used resources - cellulose fibers. Although in the European Union the recycle rate has reached 71.7%, according to the latest CEPI reports, the industry is facing a continuous need for virgin fiber resources to overcome different market demands. There are some issues that worth mentioning regarding the attractiveness of agri-wastes as raw material for papermaking pulp production. These reasons are both of environmental and economic nature and include : faster growing and harvesting costs covering by the main crop; abundant availability from grain processing in various regions of many countries.

The need for new antibiotics is increasing with the increase in antibiotic resistance. The present research work has been focused on the isolation of antibiotic producing bacteria from the soil samples collected from Jinnah garden, Lahore. The isolates were identified based on their morphology and further confirmed through biochemical tests. Antibiotic producing ability was confirmed by inhibition zones around bacterial colonies. A total of 56 isolates belonging to four different strains of antibiotic producing bacteria were found in different soil samples. Out of these, 30 were Bacillus subtilis, 9 were Bacillus licheniformis, 12 were Streptomyces and 5 were Actinomycetes. A significant number of antibiotic producing bacteria were found in this study. These results suggest that soil isolates, having antibiotic producing capability can be used commercially after proper standardization.

Water is indispensable and plays a pivotal role in all life processes. In spite of its indispensability, access to safe and clean water remains a global challenge, particularly in countries with limited resources such as Nigeria. This study comparatively assessed the fungal diversity of sachet and bottled water sold in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. A total of sixteen (16) water samples eight sachet and eight bottled were collected and analyzed for fungal count and pH using standard microbiological techniques. The results revealed moderate fungal loads across sachet and bottled brands with the highest concentrations in sachet brands. Fungal isolates including Saccharomyces, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium chrysogenum were identified based on morphological characterization in both sachet and bottled water exhibiting a higher frequency of contamination. These organisms exhibited variability in distribution across both sachet and bottled water brands. Their prevalence in these packaged water samples implies significant lapses in production hygiene and quality control. The result of the pH analysis shows that most of the sachet water showed slight acidity while a few fall within the acceptable range (6.5-8.5). Similarly, in bottled water, two samples demonstrated acidity, while six samples showed neutrality. This suggest that most sachet water brands in Agbor may pose risk of mild acidity. Based on the outcome of the study, sachet and bottled water sold in Agbor pose a significant threat to public health and calls for strict measures and sanctions by regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with standards, with a view to safeguarding public health.

Understanding biological diversity elevational pattern and the driver factors are indispensable to develop the ecological theories. Elevational gradient may minimize the impact of environmental factors and is the ideal places to study soil microbial elevational patterns. In this study, we selected four typical vegetation types from 1000 to 2800 m above the sea level on the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China, and analysed the soil bacterial community composition, elevational patterns and the relationship between soil bacterial diversity and environmental factors by using the 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis. The results revealed that the dominant bacterial phyla were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, which accounted for over 75% of the bacterial sequences obtained from tested samples, and the soil bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness was...

Pseudomonas putida, utilize specific physical properties of cellular membrane constituents, mainly glycerophospholipids, to (re-)adjust the membrane barrier to environmental stresses. Building a basis for membrane composition/function studies, we inventoried the glycerophospholipids of different Pseudomonas and challenged membranes of growing cells with n-butanol. Using a new highresolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method, 127 glycerophospholipid species [e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine PE(32:1)] with up to five fatty acid combinations were detected. The glycerophospholipid inventory consists of 305 distinct glycerophospholipids [e.g. PE(16:0/16:1)], thereof 14 lyso-glycerophospholipids, revealing conserved compositions within the four investigated pseudomonads P. putida KT2440, DOT-T1E, S12 and Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120. Furthermore, we addressed the influence of environmental conditions on the glycerophospholipid composition of Pseudomonas via long-time exposure to the sublethal n-butanol concentration of 1% (v/v), focusing on: (i) relative amounts of glycerophospholipid species, (ii) glycerophospholipid head group composition, (iii) fatty acid chain length, (iv) degree of saturation and (v) cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids. Observed alterations consist of changing head group compositions and for the solvent-sensitive strain KT2440 diminished fatty acid saturation degrees. Minor changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of the solvent-tolerant strains P. putida S12 and Pseudomonas sp. VLB120 suggest different strategies of the investigated Pseudomonas to maintain the barrier function of cellular membranes.

SummaryMicroorganisms, such as Pseudomonas putida, utilize specific physical properties of cellular membrane constituents, mainly glycerophospholipids, to (re‐)adjust the membrane barrier to environmental stresses. Building a basis for membrane composition/function studies, we inventoried the glycerophospholipids of different Pseudomonas and challenged membranes of growing cells with n‐butanol. Using a new high‐resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method, 127 glycerophospholipid species [e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine PE(32:1)] with up to five fatty acid combinations were detected. The glycerophospholipid inventory consists of 305 distinct glycerophospholipids [e.g. PE(16:0/16:1)], thereof 14 lyso‐glycerophospholipids, revealing conserved compositions within the four investigated pseudomonads P. putida KT2440, DOT‐T1E, S12 and Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120. Furthermore, we addressed the influence of environmental conditions on the glycerophospholipid composition...

The use of plants for medication in India is common among tribal and ethnic groups. The phytochemical constituents present in the plants ensure antibacterial, antifungal and anti-cancer properties. The present study is initiated to study the antimicrobial property of Carica papaya peels and Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. The extracts of these components are prepared in different ratios and analyzed for antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents. The results showed that the presence of phenol, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes and reducing sugar in the extract. The extract in the ratio of 2:1 exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae whereas the ratio of 1:1 had effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stapylococcus aureus. The antifungal studies provided the data that 1:1 extract is effective against Rhizopus microspores while 2:1 ratio proved to be effective against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was investigated in three different habitats (vegetable and crops-cultivated soils, phylloplanes and insect guts) of Bangladesh. A total of 61 Bacillus cereus-like isolates were obtained by selective methods and 57 of those were ...

Background: Due to the growing problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and rising consumer preference for natural food preservatives, there is an increased interest in plant-based antimicrobial agents. While Salix aegyptiaca (S. aegyptiaca), also known as Musk Willow, is a promising source of bioactive compounds, its antibacterial properties have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this research investigates the chemical composition and antibacterial effectiveness of essential oils extracted from the leaves and male inflorescences of S. aegyptiaca against important foodborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis).
Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the leaves and male inflorescences of S. aegyptiaca through hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of these oils was then determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify their bioactive constituents. The antibacterial efficacy of the extracted oils was assessed using several methods, including the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as diffusion assays (Agar disk and agar well diffusion).
Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that the leaf oil was predominantly composed of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, citronellol, and eugenol, whereas carvone was the main constituent of the male inflorescence oil. The leaf oil demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity, particularly against S. aureus, for which the MIC was determined to be 1250 µg/mL. Both oils indicated limited efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. Of the strains tested, S. aureus proved to be the most susceptible, while E. coli exhibited the highest resistance.
Conclusion: The essential oils extracted from S. aegyptiaca, especially from its leaves, have shown significant antibacterial effects against common foodborne pathogens. This suggests they could be used as natural food preservatives, offering a viable alternative to synthetic additives. Additional research is necessary to investigate their use in food products and to establish their toxicological safety.

The natural durability of wood species, defined as their inherent resistance to wood-destroying agents is a complex phenomenon depending of many biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the presence of recalcitrant polymers, the presence of compounds with antimicrobial properties is known to be important to explain wood durability. Based on the advancement in our understanding of fungal detoxification systems, a reverse chemical ecology approach was proposed to explore wood natural durability. A set of six glutathione transferases from the white-rot Trametes versicolor was used as targets to test wood extracts from seventeen French Guiana neotropical species. Fluorescent thermal shift assays allowed to quantify interactions between fungal glutathione transferases and these extracts. From these data, a model combining this approach and wood density predicts significantly wood natural durability of the tested species previously estimated by long-term soil bed tests. Overall, our findings c...

Food is a basic human need. It is a topical issue for all mankind. Fundamentals of Food Science and Nutrition is a book that focuses on the basic tenets of food related disciplines, food composition, spoilage, preservation and nutrition. Materials in this book were drawn from a wide range of sources-lecture notes prepared over the years, from books, journals and Internet resources in the areas of Food science and Technology, Human Nutrition and Home Economics. The simplicity of the text makes it invaluable as a resource needed for basic understanding of food related issues and disciplines. It also links the basic sciences to their applications to the science of food. Information has been compiled, based on current knowledge, and recent journal articles, while maintaining simplicity and clarity. Pertinent references to very important journal articles have also been added.

Los materiales biodegradables se utilizan en envases, agricultura, medicina y otras áreas. Para proporcionar resultados eficientes, cada una de estas aplicaciones demanda materiales con propiedades físicas, químicas, biológicas, biomecánicas y de degradación específicas. Dado que, durante el proceso de síntesis de los poliésteres todas estas propiedades pueden ser ajustadas, estos polímeros representan excelentes candidatos como materiales sintéticos biodegradables y bioabsorbibles para todas estas aplicaciones. La siguiente revisión presenta una visión general de los diferentes poliésteres biodegradables que se están utilizando actualmente y sus propiedades, así como nuevos desarrollos en su síntesis y aplicaciones.

Oli bekas yang telah digunakan akan mengandung lebih banyak logam dan Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) yang bersifat mutagenik dan karsinogenik. Tanah yang tercemar limbah oli dapat mengurangi tingkat produktivitasnya. Bioremediasi merupakan sebuah alternatif untuk mengatasi pencemaran lingkungan dengan mengolah limbah berbahaya dengan mudah dan lebih ekonomis dengan bantuan aktivitas mikroba untuk mengurangi dampak berbahaya dari limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengkarakterisasi dan mengetahui potensi bakteri sebagai remediator tanah tercemar oli bekas kendaraan bermotor. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui karakterisasi morfologi, pewarnaan gram, pewarnaan endospora dan uji aktivitas biokimia. Identifikasi bakteri yang dilakukan berpedoman pada buku Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Ninth Edition (2011). Isolasi dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran, kemudian ditumbuhkan pada medium selektif SMSS (Stone Medium Salt Solution) padat. Dilakukan selek...

Cancer is one of the most challenging disease because of its unique individual identity and nonuniform progression within the same host. is confronting situation demands individual treatment therapies namely "personalized medicine". Besides the improved success of available cancer treatments in the majority of cancer cases, for many of them, they have proved ine ective as the cancer cells evolve with treatment and show adaptive behavior. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy and phage-based therapies have gained special attention as a promising approach for cancer therapy beyond their action against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Considering the remarkable development in the phage research, mainly in biomedical sciences, molecular biology and nanobiotechnology; until now few conceptual reports about cancer and bacteriophage interactions and/or detailed study for phage-based therapies in cancer are available. ese kind of information are valuable for reducing prejudices and to fundament discussions at regulatory agencies and departments for its safe use in humans for cancer therapy. Here we have tried to summarize the important works carried out about phage-cancer research and provide updated information about its ongoing progress and possible future perspectives.

Cancer is one of the most challenging disease because of its unique individual identity and nonuniform progression within the same host. This confronting situation demands individual treatment therapies namely “personalized medicine”. Besides the improved success of available cancer treatments in the majority of cancer cases, for many of them, they have proved ineffective as the cancer cells evolve with treatment and show adaptive behavior. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy and phage-based therapies have gained special attention as a promising approach for cancer therapy beyond their action against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Considering the remarkable development in the phage research, mainly in biomedical sciences, molecular biology and nanobiotechnology; until now few conceptual reports about cancer and bacteriophage interactions and/or detailed study for phage-based therapies in cancer are available. These kind of information are valuable for reducing prejudices and t...

Endophytic bacteria which show antagonism against phytopathogens were isolated from healthy tissues of leaves, stems and roots of chili pepper plants (Capsicum annum L.) in 2010-2011. Antifungal activities of all collected isolates were tested against plant pathogens by dual culture method. Pathogenic fungi used in this study were Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Colletrotichum acutatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici. A total of 283 bacteria were recovered and grouped into 44 morphogroups by observing the morphology on nutrient agar media. The isolation rate of endophytic bacteria in leaf, stem and root samples were 4.9%, 44.9% & 50.2%, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis detected fourteen distinctive bacterial genotypes at >97% sequence similarity threshold. The most abundant genus was Pseudomonas followed by Bacillus and Burkholderia. A diverse range of other bacterial taxa were isolated and identified-Actinobacter, Arthrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Kitasatospora, Pandoraea, Pantoea, Rhizobium, Ralstonia, Paenibacillus, and Serratia. Dual culture antifungal activity indicated that 22 bacterial isolates (12%) inhibited at least one pathogenic fungus tested. Bacillus tequilensis (CNU082075), Burkholderia cepacia (CNU082111), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CNU082137 and CNU082142) showed antifungal activity against all tested fungi. Crude extracts of selected isolates showed antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and among others the isolate CNU082111 performed strongest antifungal activity (inhibition zone >55 mm) by paper disk method.

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Sublingual technology is convenient for dosing in geriatric, pediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Sublingual drug delivery shows fast therapeutic action than orally ingested drugs with fewer side effects. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual Gland, sublingual formulation such as tablets, films drops, sprays etc, evaluation parameters.

An experiment was carried out with two varieties of chickpea-IC-265291(V-1) and IC-265298 (V-2) which were obtained from National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi to study the impact of chemical mutagen (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) for 11 quantitative characters of chickpea in M1 generation. Healthy & Uniform seeds oftwo varieties of chickpea were treated with various concentrations of chemical mutagen EMS viz:0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6%.The seeds were grown in petri plates and seed survival rate and seedling characters were studied.The EMS-treated seeds along with the control (untreated) seeds were sown in the pots at Net house of CPMB (

Agriculture is a vital sector in India's economy, but the escalating demand for food has caused significant environmental challenges, particularly due to the incineration of agricultural residues. Annually, India produces approximately 500-550 million tons of such waste, with around 85 million tons burned, contributing to air pollution and climate change. This paper explores how mushroom farming utilizing agricultural waste as a substrate could serve as a sustainable and effective solution. Mushrooms, rich in nutrients, can grow on various waste materials, offering farmers an additional income stream while simultaneously reducing waste and environmental impact. By repurposing agricultural residues, mushroom cultivation supports a circular economy and enhances food security by introducing nutritious options into diets. Future research should focus on optimizing growth techniques and investigating mushroom properties to improve yield and sustainability. Integrating mushroom farming into conventional agriculture could help combat food shortages and promote rural development, providing economic and environmental benefits.

SummaryThe formation water of a deep aquifer (853 m of depth) used for geological storage of natural gas was sampled to assess the mono‐aromatic hydrocarbons attenuation potential of the indigenous microbiota. The study of bacterial diversity suggests that Firmicutes and, in particular, sulphate‐reducing bacteria (Peptococcaceae) predominate in this microbial community. The capacity of the microbial community to biodegrade toluene and m‐ and p‐xylenes was demonstrated using a culture‐based approach after several hundred days of incubation. In order to reveal the potential for biodegradation of these compounds within a shorter time frame, an innovative approach named the solution hybrid selection method, which combines sequence capture by hybridization and next‐generation sequencing, was applied to the same original water sample. The bssA and bssA‐like genes were investigated as they are considered good biomarkers for the potential of toluene and xylene biodegradation. Unlike a PCR a...

Climate change has intensified several abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, posing serious threats to global agriculture and food security. Conventional methods of reducing these stressors are frequently expensive, time-consuming, and unsustainable for the environment. In this context, plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) including rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytes, and actinomycetes have emerged as eco-friendly and effective alternatives. These microbes enhance plant stress tolerance through diverse mechanisms such as ACC deaminase activity, phytohormone production, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant enzyme stimulation, and modulation of stress-responsive genes. Under drought and salinity stress, PGPM improve water retention, ion balance, and root architecture, while under temperature and heavy metal stress, they stabilize proteins, detoxify metals, and protect cellular functions. The application of microbial consortia and bioinoculants has shown promise in improving plant resilience under multiple stress conditions. Furthermore, advanced multi-omics technologies-including genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics, and metabolomics-offer deeper insights into plant-microbe interactions, enabling the development of next-generation bioinoculants. Despite demonstrated benefits, challenges such as field variability, strain compatibility, and formulation stability remain. Addressing these gaps through integrated field research, omics-based strain selection, and innovative formulation strategies will pave the way for climate-smart, sustainable agriculture.

The presence of synthetic dyes in wastewaters generated by the textile industry constitutes a serious environmental and health problem that urges the scientific community on an appropriate action. As a proof-of-concept, we have developed a novel approach to design enzymatic bioreactors with the ability to decolorize dye solutions through the immobilization of the bacterial CueO laccase-like multicopper oxidase from Escherichia coli on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) beads by making use of the BioF affinity tag. The decolorization efficiency of the system was characterized by a series of parameters, namely maximum enzyme adsorption capacity, pH profile, kinetic constants, substrate range, temperature and bioreactor recycling. Depending on the tested dye, immobilization increased the catalytic activity of CueO by up to 40-fold with respect to the soluble enzyme, reaching decolorization efficiencies of 45-90%. Our results indicate that oxidase bioreactors based on polyhydroxyalkanoates are a...

Kachia military firing range since 1965 in situ characterization of microbes present in explosives contaminated soils was investigated. Bacteria gram stain morphological and biochemical characterization of the different microbial isolates. Bacterial DNA extracted from soil samples was achieved using the 16SrRNA is amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with the following microbes (Lysini bacillus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumomia, Achromobacter spp and Arcobacter spp) was confirmed and results compared with the sequence obtained from the nucleotide database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Fungal species isolates are: Rhizopus spp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Trametes versicolourand Phanorochate chrysoporium may adapted to metabolise the explosives and heavy metals contaminant xenobiotic by biodegradation. Percentage isolates occurrence: 75% Enterobacterspp (highest) and 33% Escherichia coli (lowest); 67% ...

Grape skins contain a plenty of different flavonoids, most of them revealing significant antioxidant proper - ties. In this contribution, a complex study is presented of grape skin ethanol extracts, prepared from grape skins of two vine grape varieties, Svatovavřinecké (St. Laurent) and Alibernet. Extracts were prepared from two different amounts of lyophilised grape skin powders using the pressurised fluid extraction (PFE). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested by EPR spectroscopy in Fenton system generating reactive radicals ( • OH, O2 -• , • R) followed by spin trapping technique. In addition, radical scavenging activity of the extracts was assessed applying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (• DPPH) free radical and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS •+ ) assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the individual extracts and their tristimulus colour values (CIE Lab) were evaluated, us - ing an UV-VIS spectrophotometer. All the...

Virusologia, ca ramură a Teoriei Germenilor, pretinde că studiază agenți infecțioși numiți virusuri, însă metodele sale fundamentale, în special "izolarea virusurilor", sunt logic defectuoase și nu îndeplinesc standardele riguroase științifice. Teoria germenilor (microbilor), care include virusologia, se bazează pe raționamente circulare, imunologia și genomica fiind conceptualizate pentru a se potrivi premiselor inițiale ale acesteia și nu să le valideze independent. Această teză folosește raționamentul de la principii fundamentale și identifică erori logice pentru a argumenta că virusologia este defectuoasă din punct de vedere logic, izolarea virusurilor este un termen impropriu, iar cadrele interconectate ale teoriei germenilor (microbilor), anume imunologia și genomica formează un sistem autoreferențial lipsit de fundament empiric. Mai mult, sistemul imunitar, tradițional considerat ca apărare împotriva germenilor (microbilor), este reconceptualizat ca un sistem de regenerare axat pe detoxifiere și reparare. Teza concluzionează că Teoria Terenului trece testul coerenței logice și nu Teoria Germenilor (Microbilor). (Traducere a versiunii din Engleză).

Pyrenomycetous fungi, the diverse group within the Ascomycota phylum, play a critical role in environmental ecology through their involvement in the decomposition of plastic, organic matter and nutrient cycling. These fungi inhabit a variety of ecological niches, including soil, leaf litter, and decaying wood, where they contribute significantly to the breakdown of complex organic compounds. This decomposition process releases essential nutrients back into the ecosystem, promoting soil fertility and supporting plant growth. Pyrenomycetous fungi exhibit a wide range of enzymatic capabilities, including cellulases, laccases, esterases and peroxidases, which enable them to degrade cellulose, lignin, plastic and other complex organic molecules. Their activity accelerates the conversion of organic matter into humus, enhancing soil structure and water retention. Additionally, these fungi form intricate relationships with other soil microorganisms, facilitating the formation of stable soil aggregates and promoting microbial diversity. The ecological importance of saprophytic pyrenomycetous fungi extends beyond nutrient cycling. They play a pivotal role in carbon sequestration by decomposing organic material and regulating carbon dioxide release from soils. Their presence influences the dynamics of soil organic carbon pools, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Furthermore, these fungi are involved in the detoxification of soil pollutants, including heavy metals and xenobiotics, through various biochemical pathways. Research into the biodiversity and functional roles of saprophytic fungi are essential for understanding ecosystem processes and developing sustainable land management practices.

This study focuses on the production of Enzyme Alpha-glucosidase from biowastes such as apple and pear peels. We wanted to investigate the production of this enzyme at various pH levels, including 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Additionally, we observe the production at different incubation times, such as 24 hours and 48 hours. We used yeast to make the enzyme Alpha-glucosidase. We tested seven different pH levels to see which pH level shows the highest production of the enzyme. The production of the enzyme is maximum at pH levels of 7 and 8 when using apple peels. At the same time, the production is maximum at pH 4 and 7 by using pear peels. By maxing the peels of apples and pears, the production is maximum at pH 6 and 10. The optimum incubation time for the production of the enzyme is 24 hours.

RIASSUNTO -Vantaggi e limiti del monitoraggio ambientale mediante l'analisi chimica dei Lamellibranchi -Lo studio ha lo scopo di rispondere alla domanda "È attendibile il monitoraggio mediante specie accumulatrici di polluenti?". Viene trattato il problema generale dei bioindicatori di accumulo, ma sono anche discussi casi di studio che concernono i Lamellibranchi d'acqua dolce, gli elementi in tracce e i radioisotopi. L'indicatore riflette il livello di inquinamento dell'ambiente se concentra nel suo corpo i polluenti nelle stesse proporzioni con le quali i polluenti sono presenti nell'ambiente. Questo avviene raramente per le seguenti cause: 1) l'indicatore seleziona i polluenti; 2) l'assunzione di polluenti è limitata alle forme fisiche e chimiche utilizzabili dall'indicatore e 3) i polluenti vengono assunti sia dall'acqua che dall'alimento. Di conseguenza, questo tipo di monitoraggio non è idoneo per confrontare il livello di inquinamento di ambienti diversi. Il monitoraggio con bioaccumulatori permette di: 1) valutare la disponibilità degli inquinanti agli organismi; 2) mappare la distribuzione degli inquinanti in un ambiente; 3) stimare l'inquinamento di un ambiente trasferendovi bioaccumulatori prelevati da ambienti non inquinati; 4) identificare polluenti anche quando la loro concentrazione nell'ambiente è inferiore al limite di sensibilità dei metodi analitici comunemente usati; 5) seguire nel tempo e nello spazio le variazioni dell'inquinamento nello stesso ambiente e 6) rivelare la presenza di nuovi inquinanti (es. radioisotopi artificiali). -This study aims to answer the question "Is routine pollution monitoring by accumulator species reliable?". The issue of accumulator species is discussed in general terms but examples involving freshwater mussels, trace elements and radioisotopes are also given. Bioindicators reflect the pollutant levels of the environment only if they concentrate the pollutants in their bodies in the same proportions as are present in the water. This rarely occurs for three reasons: 1) all species are able to some extent to select the various pollutants; 2) a species does not concentrate the total pollutant but only their available forms; 3) the bioindicator uptakes pollutants from both water and food. As a consequence, this kind of monitoring is not suitable for comparing the pollution level of different environments. In contrast, the biomonitoring with accumulator species may be usefully applied to specific problems such as: 1) evaluating the portion of pollutants available to the accumulator species; 2) mapping the pollutant distribution in an environment; 3) estimating the pollution level of a polluted environment by transferring accumulator species from a clean environment to a polluted one; 4) identifying new pollutants (e.g. artificial radioisotopes) or pollutants present in the water at a lower concentration than the sensitivity limit of the commonly-used methods; 5) following the variations over time of the pollutant concentrations in an environment.

Glycerol bioconversion to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) can be characterized by an intricate network of interactions among biochemical fluxes, metabolic compounds, key enzymes and genetic regulatory. To date, there still exist some uncertain factors in this complex network because of the limitation in biotechniques, especially in measuring techniques for intracellular substances. In this paper, among these uncertain factors, we aim to infer the transport mechanisms of glycerol and 1,3-PD across the cell membrane, which have received intensive interest in recent years. On the basis of different inferences of the transport mechanisms, we reconstruct various metabolic networks correspondingly and subsequently develop their dynamical systems (S-systems). To determine the most reasonable metabolic network from all possible ones, we establish a quantitative definition of biological robustness and undertake parameter identification and robustness analysis for each system. Numerical results show that it is most possible that both glycerol and 1,3-PD pass the cell membrane by active transport and passive diffusion.

The traditional papermaking process uses petroleum-based additives, which raise environmental concerns. As a result, these concerns have attracted the scientific community to explore green additives by introducing environmentally friendly cellulose modifications as additives to the papermaking process. A promising way to process pulp is the application of deep eutectic solvent-like mixtures, which expand new possibilities for delignification processes. This article aims to characterize the physical properties of pulps modified with deep eutectic solvent-like mixtures and to compare these properties to untreated softwood kraft pulp and pulp obtained after oxygen delignification (commercially available pulp; obtained from Mondi Štětí a.s.). The physical properties (mechanical and optical) of the original pulp and delignified pulps were evaluated based on the degree of beating (Schopper-Riegler degree), zeta potential, water retention value, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and whiteness. Technology employing deep eutectic solvent-like mixtures shows great promise for sustainable pulp production; however, its full-scale adoption will require further research focused on process optimization, solvent recovery, and economic cost reduction.

Standard precautions are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a level of precautions and recommended when delivering the care to all patients, regardless of their presumed infection status. Therefore nurses should have sound knowledge and compliance with standard precaution. Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and compliance of standard precautions among the nurses in the southern hospitals of Palestine. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted between March and May 2015 in three governmental hospitals(Alia hospital in Hebron city,  Al Hussain hospital in Beit Jala,  and Abu Al Hassan hospital in Yatta and three private hospitals Al-Ahli Hospital in Hebron city, Al- Mizan Hospital in Hebron city, and Bethlehem Arab Society hospital in Bethlehem city) found in south West bank districts. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire on 204 nurses selected by convenience sample. Collected data were checked, co...

This study investigates the impact of agitation speed on the ability of Penicillium chrysogenum to remove four different dyes: Everzol Black B (EBB), Basic Yellow (BY), Reactive Red (RR), and Acid Blue 62 (AB62). The results revealed that each dye achieved its maximum removal efficiency at different time points. For instance, AB62 reached 94.6% removal efficiency by day six, while RR and BY attained maximum removal rates of 88.7% and 89.4%, respectively, by day eight. EBB also showed a removal efficiency of 84.1% on day eight. These findings highlight the potential of Penicillium species in bioremediation applications. To validate these results, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the of the dye degradation. The HPLC profiles, which compared the retention times and peak intensities of treated and untreated samples, confirmed significant dye degradation. This was evidenced by the disappearance of original peaks and the emergence of new peaks, indicating structural breakdown. For example, the disappearance of the 472 nm peak and the appearance of a 136 nm peak for EBB suggested substantial molecular changes. Similarly, for AB62, degradation was indicated by the removal of peaks at 472, 361, 329, and 279 nm, along with the appearance of a new peak at 136 nm, suggesting the formation of lower-mass fragments. The patterns of peak removal and formation for BY and RR further supported the successful breakdown of complex dye molecules into simpler forms. These results not only validate the efficacy of Penicillium chrysogenum in dye degradation but also underscore the utility of HPLC in monitoring biotransformation processes.

The study investigated the microbial remediation capabilities of different fungal
and microalgal strains in removing heavy metals such as mercury, nickel, and
copper from synthetic media. The fungal samples included Aspergillus
niger, Candida albicans, Fusarium begonia, Cladosporium spp., and
microalgal strains were Chlorella sp., Oscillatoria sp., Anthospira sp.,
and Scenedesmus sp. during 16-days of treatment, the fungal remediation
efficiency were Aspergillus niger > Candida albicans > Fusarium
begonia > Cladophorium spp. while microalgal order were: Chlorella sp.
> Oscillatoria sp. > Anthospira sp. > Scenedesmus sp.. Chlorella sp.
and Aspergillus niger showed the most efficient form of strains in reduction of
heavy metals. The results showed that all strains had higher removal
efficiencies at lower metal concentrations of 5mg/L for all applied heavy metals,
microalgal strains (Chlorella sp., Oscillatoria sp., Anthospira sp.,
and Scenedesmus sp. mercury removal were (80, 77.4, 79 and 77.4%) and
nickel were (82, 82, 82 and 80%) and copper removal were (83, 80, 82 and78%). Additionally, fungal remediation (Aspergillus niger, Candida
albicans, Fusarium begonia, Cladophorium spp.) for mercury, were (78, 76, 74,
and 61) whereas, for nickel were (76.8, 76, 75.6 and 27%) and for copper were
(78, 78, 76.8 and 72%) respectively

Crude  oil  contamination  is  one  of  the  major  environmental problems,  it  generated  processing  water  pollution  by  hydrocarbon. Microorganisms  have  been  used  to  remove  or  reduce  the  effects  of environmental  pollutants  as  bioremediation  agents  and  the  fact  it  is environmentally friendly. This study isolated two Klebsiella strains, Klebsiella pneumonia and Klebsiella oxytoca from wastewater of the North refineries company  in  Baiji  according  to  the  morphological  and  biochemical characteristics.This work aimed to evaluated the capacity of two Klebsiella strains to degrade the petroleum hydrocarbons efficacy, which excreted from wastewater  of  the  North  refineries  company.  The  results  showed  that  the Klebsiella oxytoca exhibited a higher hydrocarbon degradation capacity of 67.75% compared to Klebsiella pneumonia, which recorded 45.81%. While mixed culture (Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumonia) was recorded a biodegradation rate of 63.35%. The results showed that efficacy of Klebsiella oxytoca as biodegradation for oil wastewater was 30% higher than other strain

In all 312 actinomycete strains were isolated from water and soil samples from different regions. All these isolates were purified and screened for their antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. Out of these, 22% of the isolates exhibited activity against fungi. One promising strain, Streptomyces albidoflavus PU 23 with strong antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi was selected for further studies. Antibiotic was extracted and purified from the isolate. Aspergillus spp. was most sensitive to the antibiotic followed by other molds and yeasts. The antibiotic was stable at different temperatures and pH tested and there was no significant loss of the antifungal activity after treatment with various detergents and enzymes. Synergistic effect was observed when the antibiotic was used in combination with hamycin. The antibiotic was fairly stable for a period of 12 months at 4°C. The mode of action of the antibiotic seems to be by binding to the ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane resulting in the leakage of intracellular material and eventually death of the cell. The structure of the antibiotic was determined by elemental analysis and by ultraviolet (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography mass spectra (LCMS). The antibiotic was found to be a straight chain polyhydroxy, polyether, non-proteinic compound with a single double bond, indicating a nonpolyene antifungal antibiotic.

P lant growth and development, metabolism and stress responses, as well as a myriad of other functions, depend on the correct regulation of gene expression. This is achieved by multiple mechanisms, with perhaps the most important control being exerted at the level of transcription. However, with the recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) another ubiquitous mode of gene regulation that occurs at the post-transcriptional levels has been identified. miRNAs are 21-nt non-coding RNAs that can silence the target genes by targeting complementary or partially complementary mRNAs for degradation or translational inhibition. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) is one of the leading agricultural crops of the world as a source of sugar and energy, and a large number of other by-products. The production and the productivity of sugarcane are challenged by various biotic and abiotic factors. Among these, drought is the foremost abiotic stress which adversely affects cane productivity by having deleterious effects on plant metabolic processes including stomatal movement, nutrient uptake, production of photosynthetic assimilates, and crop yield. Several microRNAs that mediate post-transcriptional regulation during water stress have been described in other crop species. They function as critical post-transcriptional regulators of drought-responsive genes and control their expression. Recently, an increasing number of drought stress-responsive miRNAs have been described in sugarcane by using high-throughput small RNA deep sequencing. Sugarcane varieties differ in their ability to withstand drought while maintaining sucrose accumulation. miRNAs that are differentially expressed under drought stress have been identified from sugarcane cultivars having differential drought response (tolerant vs. sensitive). The target genes predicted for many of these differentially expressed mature miRNAs contain transcription factors, transporters, and proteins, and some of these targets have been validated by RT-qPCR. Essentially, most of these miRNAs target genes encode transcription factors, which place miRNAs at the centre of gene regulatory networks. This paper dwells upon miRNA-associated complex regulatory networks and their target genes involved in drought stress response in sugarcane, thereby deciphering their role vis-à-vis potential in paving future efforts to improve drought stress tolerance in sugarcane.

Kachia military firing range since 1965 in situ characterization of microbes present in explosives contaminated soils was investigated. Bacteria gram stain morphological and biochemical characterization of the different microbial isolates. Bacterial DNA extracted from soil samples was achieved using the 16SrRNA is amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with the following microbes (Lysini bacillus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumomia, Achromobacter spp and Arcobacter spp) was confirmed and results compared with the sequence obtained from the nucleotide database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Fungal species isolates are: Rhizopus spp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Trametes versicolourand Phanorochate chrysoporium may adapted to metabolise the explosives and heavy metals contaminant xenobiotic by biodegradation. Percentage isolates occurrence: 75% Enterobacterspp (highest) and 33% Escherichia coli (lowest); 67% Aspergillus niger (highest); and 17% for Penicillium sppand Trametes versicolor (lowest) respectively. Microbial biodegradation of explosives is considered to be most favourable under co-metabolic conditions. Site study explosives treatment by bioremediation will requires bioaugmentation of isolated microbes for xenobiotic biodegradation. Explosives impacts on biodiversity was illuminated and treatments protocol.

Kachia military firing range since 1965 in situ characterization of microbes present in explosives contaminated soils was investigated. Bacteria gram stain morphological and biochemical characterization of the different microbial isolates. Bacterial DNA extracted from soil samples was achieved using the 16SrRNA is amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction with the following microbes (Lysini bacillus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumomia, Achromobacter spp and Arcobacter spp) was confirmed and results compared with the sequence obtained from the nucleotide database of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Fungal species isolates are: Rhizopus spp, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Trametes versicolourand Phanorochate chrysoporium may adapted to metabolise the explosives and heavy metals contaminant xenobiotic by biodegradation. Percentage isolates occurrence: 75% Enterobacterspp (highest) and 33% Escherichia coli (lowest); 67% ...

Diacerein (DCN) is an anti-inflammatory, non-steroid drug with an analgesic effect, used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. DCN is pharmaceutically formulated as a yellow powder in capsules for oral use and it is mainly obtained from extracts of Rheum Emodi (rhubarb) and Aloe Vera. The pollution with pharmaceutical products represents one of the main interests in environmental protection. The influence of DCN was tested on different strains of bacteria and yeasts, common species that can be found in water and soil, and play an important part in decomposing chemical pollutants. The direct action of the pharmaceutical powder evenly spread or dispersed in solid specific culture media was evaluated. In liquid media in which different DCN concentrations were added, the microbial growth and DCN metabolization were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. On solid media, DCN bioaccumulated in the microorganism colonies, giving them an orange colour depending on their specificity. In liq...

This paper presents a scalable digital enablement framework developed to support the rapid deployment of critical sanitization technologies during the COVID-19 crisis. By highlighting a real-world case study involving the UVSheltron rollout, the paper outlines the technical strategies, architectural components, and field-facing tools used to accelerate product visibility, adoption, and compliance. The framework provides a replicable model for technology mobilization during public health emergencies.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers with desirable material properties similar to petrochemically derived plastics. PHAs are naturally produced by a wide range of microorganisms as a carbon storage mechanism and can accumulate to significantly high levels. PHAs are an environmentally friendly alternative to their petroleum counterparts because they can be easily degraded, potentially reducing the burden on municipal waste systems. Nevertheless, widespread use of PHAs is not currently realistic due to a variety of factors. One of the major constraints of large-scale PHA production is the cost of carbon substrate for PHA-producing microbes. The cost of production could potentially be reduced with the use of waste carbon from food-related processes. Food wastage is a global issue and therefore harbours immense potential to create valuable bioproducts. This article's main focus is to examine the state of the art of converting food-derived waste into carbon substrates for mi...

We propose a Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) Bio-Parts Metadata Validation System, a decentralized framework designed to standardize synthetic biology part metadata while dynamically adhering to regional regulatory constraints. The system merges a permissioned blockchain with smart contracts that encode compliance rules, thereby guaranteeing metadata integrity across jurisdictions in the absence of centralized oversight. Our method adopts a Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus mechanism, with nodes acting as research institutions or manufacturers verifying metadata blocks against regulatory smart contracts, which enforce rules specific to jurisdictions, including EU Directive 2001/18/EC or NIH standards for CRISPR-Cas9 alterations. Furthermore, the framework introduces a tokenized incentivization mechanism to reward compliant submissions, which encourages participation and preserves auditability. The proposed method connects legacy bioparts registries (for instance, iGEM's Registry) and contemporary AI-driven design tools by means of REST APIs, which results in uninterrupted metadata submission and pre-validation. Validated blocks are then propagated to distributed bioproduction hubs, where biosafety levels and containment protocols are auto-configured based on on-chain metadata. Additionally, the system employs Hyperledger Fabric for rapid consensus and Chainlink oracles to obtain real-time regulatory updates, thereby achieving adaptability to changing GMO legislation. This work distinctively harmonizes technical agreement, regulatory coordination, and financial motivations while tackling essential interoperability obstacles in worldwide synthetic biology partnerships. The framework's importance stems from its capacity to align metadata standardization with legal adherence, thus supporting scalable, auditable, and regulation-conscious bioparts exchange internationally.

Base editing (BE) is a CRISPR technique that allows precise nucleobase conversions. However, high expression of BE components is often toxic in Escherichia coli. Here, we present a protocol for analyzing BE at single or multiple target sites using promoter-terminators for single guide RNA (sgRNA) and BE component expression. We describe steps for designing and cloning sgRNA, synthetic target, and BE biomodules. We then detail procedures for BE module assemblage, E. coli transformation, and testing base editors and components.

Background: Transcription of nodulation genes in rhizobial species is orchestrated by the regulatory nodD gene. Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT 899 is an intriguing species in possessing features such as broad host range, high tolerance of abiotic stresses and, especially, by carrying the highest known number of nodD genes-five-and the greatest diversity of Nod factors (lipochitooligosaccharides, LCOs). Here we shed light on the roles of the multiple nodD genes of CIAT 899 by reporting, for the first time, results obtained with nodD3, nodD4 and nodD5 mutants. Methods: The three nodD mutants were built by insertion of Ω interposon. Nod factors were purified and identified by LC-MS/MS analyses. In addition, nodD1 and nodC relative gene expressions were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in the wt and derivative mutant strains. Phenotypic traits such as exopolysaccharide (EPS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), swimming and swarming motilities, biofilm formation and indole acetid acid (IAA) production were also perfomed. All these experiments were carried out in presence of both inducers of CIAT 899, apigenin and salt. Finally, nodulation assays were evaluated in up to six different legumes, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Results: Phenotypic and symbiotic properties, Nod factors and gene expression of nodD3, nodD4 and nodD5 mutants were compared with those of the wild-type (WT) CIAT 899, both in the presence and in the absence of the nod-geneinducing molecule apigenin and of saline stress. No differences between the mutants and the WT were observed in exopolysaccharide (EPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles, motility, indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis or biofilm production, either in the presence, or in the absence of inducers. Nodulation studies demonstrated the most complex regulatory system described so far, requiring from one (Leucaena leucocephala, Lotus burtii) to four (Lotus japonicus) nodD genes. Up to 38 different structures of Nod factors were detected, being higher under salt stress, except for the nodD5 mutant; in addition, a high number of structures was synthesized by the nodD4 mutant in the absence of any inducer. Probable activator (nodD3 and nodD5) or repressor roles (nodD4), possibly via nodD1 and/or nodD2, were attributed to the three nodD genes. Expression of nodC, nodD1 and each nodD studied by RT-qPCR confirmed that nodD3 is an activator of nodD1, both in the presence of apigenin and salt stress. In contrast, nodD4 might be an inducer with apigenin and a repressor under saline stress, whereas nodD5 was an inducer under both conditions.

Background: Understanding the biology of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is crucial to unlocking insights for new targets in our fight against this antimicrobial resistant priority pathogen. Although proteomics and metabolomic profiling offer the potential to elucidating such biological markers, reports of methodological approaches for carrying this out in S. aureus isolates remain limited. We describe the use of a dual-functionality methanol extraction method for the concurrent extraction of protein and metabolites from S. aureus and report on the comparative analysis of the proteomic and metabolomic profiles of MRSA versus methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Methods: Bacterial reference strains MRSA ATCC43300 and MSSA ATCC25923 were used. The conventional urea methodology was used for protein extraction and a methanol based method was used for concurrent proteins and metabolites extraction. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling was carried out using TimsTOF mass spectrometry. Data processing was carried out using the MaxQuant version 2.1.4.0. Results: This study represents the first report on the utilization of the methanol extraction method for concurrent protein and metabolite extraction in Gram positive bacteria. Our findings demonstrate good performance of the method for the dual extraction of proteins and metabolites from S. aureus with demonstration of reproducibility. Comparison of MRSA and MSSA strains revealed 407 proteins with significantly different expression levels. Enrichment analysis of those proteins revealed distinct pathways involved in fatty acid degradation, metabolism and beta-lactam resistance. Penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, the key determinant of MRSA resistance, exhibited distinct expression patterns in MRSA isolates. Metabolomic analysis identified 146 metabolites with only one exclusive to the MRSA. The enriched pathways identified were related to arginine metabolism and biosynthesis.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) exhibited by some strains of Escherichia coli may be due to acquiring mobile genetic element (R-plasmid) by the bacteria, or intrinsically induced by inappropriate use of antibiotics by the hosts.  Infection by such strains may result to prolonged illness and greater risk of death. The study evaluated the impact of curing on antibiotic resistance on selected clinical isolates of E. coli. Twenty clinical isolates of E. coli from our previous studies were re-characterized using conventional microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was determined by disk diffusion method, MDR selected based on resistance to ≥ 2 classes of antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was determined as ratio of the number of antibiotic resisted to the total number of antibiotics tested and considered significant if ≥. 0.2. The isolates that showed significant MAR index were subjected to plasmid curing using acridine orange, thereafter, profiled for ...