Management Accountants

Etika bisnis dalam praktik akuntansi keuangan memegang peran penting dalam menjaga
transparansi dan integritas informasi keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis
bagaimana prinsip-prinsip etika bisnis, seperti kejujuran, objektivitas, dan tanggung jawab
profesional, diterapkan dalam kegiatan akuntansi keuangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah
studi pustaka terhadap literatur dan kasus-kasus terkini terkait pelanggaran etika di dunia
akuntansi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa lemahnya penerapan etika dapat menyebabkan
manipulasi laporan keuangan, menurunkan kepercayaan investor, dan mencoreng reputasi
profesi akuntansi. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan penguatan pendidikan etika, pengawasan
regulatif, dan komitmen dari pihak manajemen untuk menciptakan praktik akuntansi yang
berkelanjutan dan bertanggung jawab. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam
memahami hubungan antara etika dan kualitas pelaporan keuangan di era globalisasi.

Determination of Cost Drivers through Activity Based Costing Method in Determination of Hospital Services Costs  Meshkani Zahra1, Reza Pour Aziz2, Alipour Vahid3, Farabi Hero1*, Mazdaki Alireza4, Hakimi Narges5 1. Ph.D. Student in Health Economics, Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Associate Professor, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Assistant Professor, Health Management and Economics Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4. Ph.D. Student of Policy and Policy Management, Director of Finance, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5. Ph.D. Student of Financial Management, Head of Affairs, Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran *Correspondence: Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, No. 6, Rashid Yasemi St. Vali –e Asr Ave, T...

Public accountants in the public and non-profit sector advise the organization and the manager of the organization on the formulation, realization and evaluation of social and financial results, organization and operation of the management control system and accountability. Research shows that there is a difference among the expectations of public sector managers about the role of management accountants working in the public sector and the extent to which these expectations are met. The effectiveness of the role of management accountants depends in part on the extent to which the manager's expectations of their role are met. The present article shows that managers ask their management accountants to provide more advice without being asked, but this independent approach has not received much attention. This article examines the perspectives of management accountants and their managers working in public and nonprofit organizations to show that the "gap in management accountants' expectations" is real because in certain respects, there is a huge difference between managers' expectations of the role of management accountant and the extent to which these expectations are met.

This study examines the relationship between management accounting and integrated information systems by investigating the existing literature on the subject. The current research has been uncovered, classified and interpreted in order to provide an understandable illustration of the findings of previous studies and to show in what aspects more research is required. This paper also provides a new theoretical framework which enables a structured classification of the reviewed literature

Knowledge is a key element in fostering product and service innovation. One of the newest concepts proposed for using knowledge resources outside the organization is the concept of knowledge co-creation. Knowledge co-creation means the processes of voluntary collaboration between customers, researchers and organizational managers to create knowledge about products and services. The most important actor that plays a role in the co-creation of knowledge is the customer. The issue of customer knowledge co-creation is not yet well known in our country's insurance industry, so identifying its components and determining the influence of each of them is one of the challenges of current insurance companies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the components of customer knowledge co-creation and provide a model of relationships between customer knowledge co-creation components in the country's insurance industry. The present study is a fundamental research based on the purpose and based on the data collection method is a descriptive-survey approach. In order to identify the components of the research, interviews were conducted with 14 experts including insurance industry managers and faculty members who are experts in this field. In order to present the model of component relationships, the standard questionnaire of interpretive structural modelling approach, which is based on pairwise comparisons, was completed by 10 experts. As a result of data analysis based on Grounded theory, 51 primary codes and 7 categories were extracted, which were classified into 5 levels by interpretive structural modeling approach. In this model, the component of "ICT infrastructure" is at the lowest level, which indicates the highest penetration among other components, which means that the change and development of this component, causes a change and development of other components of the model. Also, the components of "motivating customers" and "building trust", which are at the first level of the model, are the most influential components of the model. Therefore, in order to optimally implement the process of customer knowledge co-creation in insurance companies, strengthening the components of lower levels of the model, which have more influence, should be a priority in management decisions.

Knowledge is a key element in fostering product and service innovation. One of the newest concepts proposed for using knowledge resources outside the organization is the concept of knowledge co-creation. Knowledge co-creation means the processes of voluntary collaboration between customers, researchers and organizational managers to create knowledge about products and services. The most important actor that plays a role in the co-creation of knowledge is the customer. The issue of customer knowledge co-creation is not yet well known in our country's insurance industry, so identifying its components and determining the influence of each of them is one of the challenges of current insurance companies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the components of customer knowledge co-creation and provide a model of relationships between customer knowledge co-creation components in the country's insurance industry. The present study is a fundamental research based on the purpose and based on the data collection method is a descriptive-survey approach. In order to identify the components of the research, interviews were conducted with 14 experts including insurance industry managers and faculty members who are experts in this field. In order to present the model of component relationships, the standard questionnaire of interpretive structural modelling approach, which is based on pairwise comparisons, was completed by 10 experts. As a result of data analysis based on Grounded theory, 51 primary codes and 7 categories were extracted, which were classified into 5 levels by interpretive structural modeling approach. In this model, the component of "ICT infrastructure" is at the lowest level, which indicates the highest penetration among other components, which means that the change and development of this component, causes a change and development of other components of the model. Also, the components of "motivating customers" and "building trust", which are at the first level of the model, are the most influential components of the model. Therefore, in order to optimally implement the process of customer knowledge co-creation in insurance companies, strengthening the components of lower levels of the model, which have more influence, should be a priority in management decisions.

The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret the ethical practice of management accountants in an BUMN in Indonesia. This study uses qualitative-phenomenological approach to look at the social reality of the object of study. Qualitative-phenomenological approach aims to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by research subjects, for example, behavior, perception, action and so the whole depicted in the form of words and language in the context of natural. The results obtained in this study is the first, reconstruction of reality created by management accountants to prove that the financial statements and accounting systems have ethical consequences contained therein. Secondly, ethical practices that occur in the activity accountant management accountant in the state is less understood by management accountants. This is due mandulnya its code of ethics. Although there is no code of ethics of a company that specialized in shaded the accountant in the state, but they have their own code of conduct. The codes are only showing the rights and obligations without any concrete manifestation of the practice of those rights and obligations. That is, there is no ethical character that represents a true picture of those rights and obligations. As a result, some management accountants who work in BUMN perform denial of the existing code of ethics. The findings of this study indicate that the presence of a code of conduct for them not only normative reflective so that researchers interpret that ethical practices are carried out is merely symbolism. The findings stated that the existence of a code of ethics in a company is not color management accountants to behave ethically. Code of conduct also not been able to guide the employee or the company to behave ethically, as expected by its stakeholders. That is, many companies treat the symbolism of the ethical code of conduct as a company.

This paper provides a cost management framework using Activity-Based Costing (ABC) for studying the management accountant's contribution in Business Process Reengineering (BPR). When percent reliable cost data are established, they become base standards upon which future cost management systems are developed and they will improve the management accountant's services to the BPR project.

This paper provides a cost management framework using Activity-Based Costing (ABC) for studying the management accountant's contribution in Business Process Reengineering (BPR). When percent reliable cost data are established, they become base standards upon which future cost management systems are developed and they will improve the management accountant's services to the BPR project.

Det har blitt stadig mer populaert å gjøre bruk av begrepet «hybrid» i organisasjonsforskningen. Generelt sett refererer ordet til angivelig nye fenomener som dannes ved at to eller flere elementer som normalt finnes separat, kobles eller kombineres. Noen av de første som brukte begrepet, var organisasjonsforskere og økonomer som var opptatt av å identifisere alternativer til marked og hierarki (Powell 1987; Williamson 1991). Dette alternativet, nettverk, ble imidlertid etter hvert rendyrket og mistet da benevnelsen «hybrid». Jakten på å identifisere nye organisasjonsformer, som enten representerer en kobling eller mellomting mellom kjente former, har imidlertid fortsatt ved at det for eksempel snakkes om kvasimarkeder eller semioffentlige organisasjoner. I en kommentar til denne litteraturen har Miller, Kurunmäki og O'Leary (2008) beklaget at man i den grad har vaert opptatt av organisasjonsformer, slik at ekspertiseområder og studier av de praksiser og prosesser som bidrar til hybridisering, har blitt tilsidesatt. En sektor som har vaert sterkt preget av faglig ekspertise, er sykehusene. Sektoren inneholder et stort antall profesjoner og teknologidrevne spesialiteter (Byrkjeflot 1997). Dette gjør innsyn og samhandling vanskelig, og helt siden velferdsstatens framvekst har det vaert argumentert for at innsyn og nye og mer flerfaglige organisasjonsformer kan vaere et bidrag til å tøyle profesjonene (Kragh Jespersen 2005; Kurunmäki og Miller 2006). Man er spesielt opptatt av å ansvarliggjøre legeprofesjonen, som tradisjonelt har tronet øverst både i fag-og ledelseshierarki, og sykepleierne, som dominerer antallsmessig. Bedre ledelse blir stadig framhevet som et nødvendig tiltak for å få bukt med problemene i sektoren. Ved siden av å få

Objective: External auditors play an essential role in enhancing the quality of accounting information and reducing the information asymmetry problem between inside & outside stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors and managers. Audit fee is one of the most important indicators for assessing the audit quality. Audit fees consist of two components which are audit resource costs and risk premiums. Audit resource costs are related to the amount of audit efforts took in auditing and the risk premium is a compensation for risk taking. Under risk-oriented auditing, audit risk is that auditors are really concerned about. Audit risk model consists of three components which are inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. In addition, prior studies suggest that the relation between audit market competition and audit quality can be either positive or negative, depending on whether higher concentration results in decreased costs of telling the truth and thus increased audit efforts and...

Objective: Aggressive financial reporting means that the company delays reporting bad news and shows speed in reporting good news. Although sources of pressure (social pressure and corporate risk appetite) play a large role in this unethical behavior, companies' willingness to provide Aggressive financial reporting can also be influenced by a variety of factors, including psychological, sociological, and ethical motivations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial managers' honesty-humility and followership style (with emphasis on sources of pressure) on Aggressive financial reporting behavior.  Method: Data was collected using Scenario-based questionnaire, and the data analysis method was inferential. Scenario-based questionnaire was used to test the research hypotheses, taken from the research of Brink (2018) and Bishap (2017). Research time zone of 2020 and Statistical population includes financial managers. The sample of research based on Cohe...

Objective: The purpose of this research is investigating the effect of community social capital on asymmetric behavior of cost. Social capital refers to features of social organization such as norms and networks that simplify cooperation and harmony for mutual benefit. Community social capital captures the strength of cooperative norms and the density of social networks in a region. Cost stickiness is a behavioral property of cost that is substantially based on managerial decisions. In this case of cost behavior, managers are quick to expand resources when demand is increasing, but for a variety of reasons choose to stick with unutilized capacity when sales are decreasing. As such, community social capital is a socio-economic factor that might affect managerial resource adjustment decisions via different channels.  Methods: The method of the present research is descriptive-correlation because in this study the principle is to make hypotheses, test them, explain the relationships bet...

This paper evaluates the future of management accounting and proposes a system for effectiveness and sustained relevance. Since the 1980s, management accounting has strived to remain relevant in the face of business environmental challenges. It has done so with measured success, leading to calls for a change in management accounting roles and skills. With the complex stakeholder interests and relationships in the business organisations of the future, including dynamic alliances and open innovations, and the challenges of technological advancements in information, manufacturing, and distribution technologies, management accounting will face a stiff challenge with considerable implications for its relevance. This paper demonstrates that management accounting practices of the future will emerge as a shared rather than a sole responsibility of professional management accountants; management accounting will assume the role of building and evaluating trust and managing risks associated with more complex organisational and collaborative relationships of the 2020s; the size of the traditional finance department will shrink, the traditional book-keeping roles will disappear, and accounting functions will locate close to functional teams. To reinvent and reassert the value and relevance of management accounting in the future, a new management accounting architecture is proposed in the form of Strategic Collaborative Accounting. It is presented as a viable option for empowered, competitive, and creative organisations of the future.

Aim and Background: Studies have shown that academic anxiety is affected by various factors, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between academic anxiety and executive functions and academic engagement. Methods and Materials: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the present study is high school students in Hamadan, which was selected using a multi-stage cluster method and Cochran's table of 400 people. Were. The research instruments included the Ahvaz Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, the Pintroch Academic Conflict Scale Questionnaire and the Kolich Executive Function Questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between academic anxiety with deficits in executive functions and a significant negative relationship between academic anxiety and academic involvement. Conclusions: It seems that executive functions and academic engagement can be useful in predicting academic anxiety. In this regard, in order to increase the external credibility of the research, it is suggested that more research be done.

Accounting information in which a reasonable level of compliance has been observed is a useful source of information for making decisions and, of course, predicting future financial events. According to the information mentioned in the financial statements, this is necessary to test the reliability of accounting information against the uncertainty of market information, because many researchers believe that the principle of matching costs with revenues will reduce uncertainty about information. However, the adoption of a leadership strategy by the company can affect the cost structure of the company and an increase agency cost exacerbates this. In this regard, in the present study, an attempt was made to use the data of 106 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2014 to 2019 and multivariate regression to examine the impact of strategic business strategy and agency costs on matching budget of costs with revenues to be paid. The results of the study showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between following the cost leadership strategy and matching budget of costs with revenues and agency costs weaken the direct link between following a cost leadership strategy and matching costs to revenue.

Purpose: The study attempts to explain management accountants' satisfaction in terms of the job they do and the system they use, develops a profile of factors impacting such satisfaction, and analyzes the implications of satisfaction on contextual factors like value creation, profitability etc. Design / Methodology / Approach: Based on a structured questionnaire survey, the study deploys a quantitative research methodology to identify the satisfiers of management accountants covering a rich profile of respondents from 113 manufacturing firms having their headquarters located in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Contingency approach primarily leads to develop the basic theme of the study and it adopts positivistic paradigm of quantitative research. The results are analyzed through different descriptive and inferential statistical tools to draw conclusions through inductive method. Findings: Management accountants' satisfaction is influenced by several factors which confirms the findings of other studies done on job satisfaction of employees. However, this study reveals that management accountants' satisfaction does not depend on the system they use. This provides a scope for further study. Another important finding of the study that brings significant concern is that the satisfaction of management accountants fails to explain the changes in profitability of the firm. Practical implications: Management accountants are strategic partners to lead any venture towards success, but their satisfaction level was not studied before separately. This may be a reference work for future researchers who want to extend their studies in this area. At the same time, the findings of the study bring some modifications to the existing thoughts, like Accounting and Management Information Systems 222 Vol. 20, No. 2 management accountants are indifferent on management accounting systems they use; management accountants share same motivators with other employees; and management accountants' satisfaction fails to cause profitability of the firms. Thus, the study brings some promising areas for policy makers, researchers, and accounting professionals to commission particular research projects. Originality / Value: Studying job satisfaction and its impact on turnover intention and commitment are old fashioned research area. Factors affecting management accountants' satisfaction and implication of such satisfaction are new areas of research which is an important value addition to the current body of knowledge.

The advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) changes not only people’s lives, but also the way businesses operate. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is one example how technology transforms business from a labourto a machine-intensive process and improves organizational control. The purposes of this study are to examine the effectiveness of ERP system implementation on the management control system and identify the changes in accountants’ roles with the implementation of ERP systems. Two companies, one from construction and one in property development activities in Malaysia, were selected, and triangulated data-collection techniques of observation, document analysis, and interviews were employed. This study found that the ERP system is an excellent device for a formal management control system as it helps companies identify wastage at the earliest possible time. In terms of accountants’ role, the ERP improved their work significantly as they can dedicate mor...

This study is conducted for evaluating the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation in the accounting service firms in Hanoi. Based on literature review and the results of some interviews, dependent variable of the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation includes seven attributes. The study has also performed some descriptive analysis, Cronbach's Alpha, Independent T-test and ANOVA for measuring the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation in the accounting service firms in Hanoi. The results show that the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation achieved an average of 3.74 and with Cronbach's Alpha coefficient greater than 0.6. The study does not find any difference on evaluation of the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation in terms of gender and job experience. Based on the findings, some recommendations are given for improving the motivation for accounting human resources by material stimulation in the accounting service firms in Hanoi.

Purpose: The study attempts to explain management accountants' satisfaction in terms of the job they do and the system they use, develops a profile of factors impacting such satisfaction, and analyzes the implications of satisfaction on contextual factors like value creation, profitability etc. Design / Methodology / Approach: Based on a structured questionnaire survey, the study deploys a quantitative research methodology to identify the satisfiers of management accountants covering a rich profile of respondents from 113 manufacturing firms having their headquarters located in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Contingency approach primarily leads to develop the basic theme of the study and it adopts positivistic paradigm of quantitative research. The results are analyzed through different descriptive and inferential statistical tools to draw conclusions through inductive method. Findings: Management accountants' satisfaction is influenced by several factors which confirms the findings of other studies done on job satisfaction of employees. However, this study reveals that management accountants' satisfaction does not depend on the system they use. This provides a scope for further study. Another important finding of the study that brings significant concern is that the satisfaction of management accountants fails to explain the changes in profitability of the firm. Practical implications: Management accountants are strategic partners to lead any venture towards success, but their satisfaction level was not studied before separately. This may be a reference work for future researchers who want to extend their studies in this area. At the same time, the findings of the study bring some modifications to the existing thoughts, like Accounting and Management Information Systems 222 Vol. 20, No. 2 management accountants are indifferent on management accounting systems they use; management accountants share same motivators with other employees; and management accountants' satisfaction fails to cause profitability of the firms. Thus, the study brings some promising areas for policy makers, researchers, and accounting professionals to commission particular research projects. Originality / Value: Studying job satisfaction and its impact on turnover intention and commitment are old fashioned research area. Factors affecting management accountants' satisfaction and implication of such satisfaction are new areas of research which is an important value addition to the current body of knowledge.

Det har blitt stadig mer populaert å gjøre bruk av begrepet «hybrid» i organisasjonsforskningen. Generelt sett refererer ordet til angivelig nye fenomener som dannes ved at to eller flere elementer som normalt finnes separat, kobles eller kombineres. Noen av de første som brukte begrepet, var organisasjonsforskere og økonomer som var opptatt av å identifisere alternativer til marked og hierarki (Powell 1987; Williamson 1991). Dette alternativet, nettverk, ble imidlertid etter hvert rendyrket og mistet da benevnelsen «hybrid». Jakten på å identifisere nye organisasjonsformer, som enten representerer en kobling eller mellomting mellom kjente former, har imidlertid fortsatt ved at det for eksempel snakkes om kvasimarkeder eller semioffentlige organisasjoner. I en kommentar til denne litteraturen har Miller, Kurunmäki og O'Leary (2008) beklaget at man i den grad har vaert opptatt av organisasjonsformer, slik at ekspertiseområder og studier av de praksiser og prosesser som bidrar til hybridisering, har blitt tilsidesatt. En sektor som har vaert sterkt preget av faglig ekspertise, er sykehusene. Sektoren inneholder et stort antall profesjoner og teknologidrevne spesialiteter (Byrkjeflot 1997). Dette gjør innsyn og samhandling vanskelig, og helt siden velferdsstatens framvekst har det vaert argumentert for at innsyn og nye og mer flerfaglige organisasjonsformer kan vaere et bidrag til å tøyle profesjonene (Kragh Jespersen 2005; Kurunmäki og Miller 2006). Man er spesielt opptatt av å ansvarliggjøre legeprofesjonen, som tradisjonelt har tronet øverst både i fag-og ledelseshierarki, og sykepleierne, som dominerer antallsmessig. Bedre ledelse blir stadig framhevet som et nødvendig tiltak for å få bukt med problemene i sektoren. Ved siden av å få

In this study, a dynamic simultaneous modeling for financial behavior for Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies has been constructed. Four structural equation including investment, debt, dividend and equity issue are estimated by a system generalized method of moment method. Results indicate that simultaneity in investment, debt, dividend and equity issue decisions exists. Companies’ management facing with constraint in financing should consider sources and using choices together in order to preventing losses from un-optimal investment and increases in cost of capital. Pecking order theory in investing by companies confirmed. We argue that static models of financial decisions produce inconsistent coefficient estimates, and that models that do not acknowledge the interdependence among decision variables produce inefficient estimates and provide an incomplete and potentially misleading view of financial behavior.

Objective: This study investigates the effects of board of directors' characteristics on environmental, social and corporate governance, ESG, reporting in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012-2016. Method: Data was collected using document mining method and referring to databases. This is inferential with correlation-based statistical analysis research, based on structural equation model. Results: The results showed that among the eight variables explaining board of directors' characteristics, the ratios of non-executive members of the board, corporate ownership in the board, board of directors stability and number of women in the board have positive and significant impacts on ESG reporting; and CEO duality and level of education of the board have negative and significant impacts on ESG reporting. But the variables of the size of the board and the number of meetings of the board are uncorrelated with the ESG reporting. Conclusion: The results of the research hypotheses show many of the board of directors' characteristics have important role in the ESG reporting. This indicates the factors needed to be considered to improve the transparency of information.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of transformational leadership, with the mediating role of individual motivation and knowledge sharing, on the innovative work behavior of public library staff of Fars province. Method: The present research is an applied study that was conducted using the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this study included the staff of public libraries in Fars province, whom at the time of the study numbered 350. 184 people were selected as the research sample using simple random sampling method using Cochran's formula. In order to collect data, the questionnaire of the officer and others (2019) was used. For data analysis, partial least squares method and structural equation modeling in Smart PLS software were applied. Findings: The results show that transformational leadership has a direct positive and significant effect on innovative work behavior (t = 3.450) transformational leadership directly has a significant positive effect on individual motivation (t = 7.201). Furthermore, individual motivation has a direct and significant positive ‫پ‬ ‫ايیز‬ 0011 ‫د‬ ‫وره‬ 72 ‫شماره‬ 3 effect on innovative work behavior (t = 3.847). Transformational leadership has an indirect and significant effect on innovative work behavior due to individual motivation (t = 3.775). Moreover, transformational leadership, considering the moderating role of knowledge sharing, has a significant positive effect on innovative work behavior (t = 7.703), and knowledge sharing reinforces innovative work behavior. Originality/value: Transformational leadership improves the innovative work behavior of public library staff by influencing their individual motivation. Furthermore, knowledge sharing strengthens the impact of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior. The innovation of this research is in that it has studied the role of transformational leadership in innovative work behavior in the public libraries of Fars province for the first time.

Management accounting changes take in various dimensions and are not a uniform phenomenon. The changes demand management accounting tasks, skill and tools and techniques to change. A study was conducted on Malaysian registered management accountants with CIMA Malaysian division. The findings showed that Malaysian management accountants held different job titles in various functional areas within the organization. Management accountants in the future are expected to be able to relate management accounting to wider information flow within the organization. There is a shift from 'financial accounting' to 'commercial orientation'. However, traditional management accountants tasks such as cost/financial control, planning/management budget and operational information interpretation remain essential. Future management accountants are expected to be more analytical and have a broad view of business. They are expected to use more non-financial measures and be able to integrate both financial and nonfinancial measures into planned strategic activities. They are also required to be ethical in performing their tasks besides developing leadership quality skills, while future management accounting tools and techniques are expected to be forward-looking and activity-based. In addition, value creation tools appear to be important management accounting tools in the near future.

Objective: The most important decisions affecting the creation of value and wealth in the enterprises are decisions about investment and capital structure. But investing and financing is not appropriate in themselves, and the enterprises need to pay attention to the investment efficiency and the optimality of the capital structure in these decisions. In short, investment efficiency is investing only in projects with a positive net present value and the optimization of the capital structure means minimizing the cost of capital and bankruptcy risk through financing. In general, investment inefficiency and sub optimality of the capital structure are due to information asymmetry and agency problems. The best way to deal with agency problems is to control the motivations of managers. Considering Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the effect of needs on motivation, it can be said that in addition to financial incentives, social incentives are also effective in the behavior of enterprise managers. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the effect of industry tournament incentives as a measure of social incentives on investment efficiency and capital structure optimization. Methods: In this study, the natural logarithm of industry compensation gap has been used to measure industry tournament incentives, Biddle et al.'s model has been used to measure investment efficiency, and Synn and Williams's model has been used to evaluate the optimality of capital structure. Also, to test the research hypotheses, the data of 123 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2019 were used and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results: The findings of this study showed that the industry tournament incentives have a negative (positive) and significant effect on investment efficiency (inefficiency). However, the industry tournament incentives do not have a significant effect on overinvestment and lowerinvestment in particular. Also, the industry tournament incentives have a positive and significant effect on the optimality of the capital structure and do not have a significant effect on the positive and negative deviation from the optimal capital structure.

Objective: In the face of economic sanctions, most countries use methods to circumvent sanctions, including the expansion of activity in the informal sector of the economy. Sanctions affect the informal economy directly and indirectly, through the formal economy and other channels. To date, various studies on the consequences of sanctions have examined how external economic pressures affect the formal sector of the target economies. This study investigates the effect of economic sanctions on the informal economy in Iran. This study also introduces the factors that lead economic elements to activity in the informal economy.
Method: The research method in this study is the autoregression model with distributed intervals according to the significance of the variables. In order to determine the econometric model based on theoretical and empirical studies of Earley and Paxon, the variables affecting the shadow economy for estimation and The difference between the models is that in each model, the variable of sanctions is considered in the form of the concepts of duration of sanctions (size of sanctions period), group sanctions (sanctions with cooperation of several countries and internationally), non-group sanctions (sanctions by one country) and number of sanctions. The data used to estimate the size of the informal economy were extracted by exploratory factor analysis during the years 1978 to 2019. In addition to the sanctions, other variables affecting the size of the informal economy such as per capita GDP, the ratio of loans to the private sector, liquidity, trade openness index, tax revenue, oil and gas revenue, and exchange rates have also been considered. For statistical analysis, self-explanatory econometric method with wide intervals has been used.
Results: What was obtained in this study shows that different aspects of the sanctions, including Sanctions Duration, Sanctions Count and NIGO Sender or IGO Sender, have had a significant and positive impact on the size of Iran's informal economy. Also, the results show that other variables such as exchange rate gap, tax revenue, liquidity and oil and gas income have a positive effect on informal economy and the variables of per capita GDP, openness of trade, ratio of domestic credit to private sector have significant negative impact on the informal economy.
Conclusion: Sanctions hinder official imports by reducing government funding, while demand still exists in the economy. This gap between formal imports and consumer demand encourages import smuggling. Sanctions also increase inflation. Increased liquidity from cash subsidies has boosted consumer demand for goods and services, but industrial capacity and imports, which have been negatively affected by trade sanctions, are not responding to growing consumer demand. As a result, the gap between the supply of goods and services and consumer demand pushes up the price level and increases inflation. Higher inflation rates reduce people's disposable income and encourage them to seek alternative sources of income through the informal economy. In response to the sanctions, the Iranian government increased restrictions on the foreign exchange market and also increased the share of taxes in the annual budget. Restrictions on the foreign exchange market increase the regulatory burden and provide new rental opportunities for traders. Increasing the tax burden has a significant effect on shifting economic factors, especially small businesses, to the informal economy.

Many organizations in the hotel industry face difficulties in retaining employees since they are unable to identify the factors that contribute to both employee satisfaction and loyalty. This study covers 13 satisfaction variables. This study sought to identify factors which could lead to increased tenure, in addition, any linkage between employee satisfaction and teamwork was further investigated. In order to do that, a business model, called the Service Profit Chain was used and applied in hotels in the Klang Valley area in Malaysia. A portion of the model that measures employee satisfaction and loyalty was adopted for this study. The findings indicate the existence of a correlation between employee satisfaction and teamwork. Four of the thirteen satisfaction variables, namely, relationship with supervisor, recognition and rewards, working conditions, teamwork and cooperation showed the strongest correlation with the three loyalty variables afore mentioned. It is hoped that the findings could be used by managers in the service industries in developing effective employee training programmes by placing emphasis on the four satisfaction variables which correlated strongly with the three loyalty variables. However, since the sample of this study comprises only the front line employees, it is hoped that a future extended study would be carried out which would include the back of the house staff as well. If the findings are similar, then the theories of employee satisfaction and loyalty would apply equally to the entire hotel staff and this would greatly assist hotels in organizing uniform, effective and cost saving training programmes for all the staff to increase the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty for the mutual benefit of the employee and the organization.

The aim of this study was to explore effectiveness of Positive Intelligence training on the Emotional Intelligence of employees. In a semi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test paradigm about 80 employees filled the emotional intelligence Tests and 30 individuals with lower score in EI were selected after checking the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Subjects divided to equal experimental and control groups randomly (n=15). Subjects of the experimental group were received 6 sessions of 120 minutes group training of positive intelligence, while no intervention administered on the control group except the simple meeting with the examiner. Participants of both groups were completed again the EI questionnaires afterwards. Data extracted and analyzed by a MANCOVA statistical analysis. Results were shown significantly differences between two groups in the EI total scores and its 4 sub-components. The positive intelligence training program could successfully improve the emotional inte...

Management accounting changes take in various dimensions and are not a uniform phenomenon. The changes demand management accounting tasks, skill and tools and techniques to change. A study was conducted on Malaysian registered management accountants with CIMA Malaysian division. The findings showed that Malaysian management accountants held different job titles in various functional areas within the organization. Management accountants in the future are expected to be able to relate management accounting to wider information flow within the organization. There is a shift from ‘financial accounting’ to ‘commercial orientation’. However, traditional management accountants tasks such as cost/financial control, planning/management budget and operational information interpretation remain essential. Future management accountants are expected to be more analytical and have a broad view of business. They are expected to use more non-financial measures and be able to integrate both financial...

Objective: This study is implemented to identify the factors affecting favorable financial reporting and also to investigate the impact of business and stock market cycles on the behavior of these factors. Methods: The panel data model was used to test the assumptions of the research and the ratio of the sum of the absolute value of the effects of audit disagreement paragraphs over the absolute value of the net income was used to measure favorable financial reporting. The statistical sample of this research, after applying some restrictions, consists of 124 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2017. Results: Research's findings demonstrated that profitability and corporate governance quality are positively associated with favorable financial reporting; while managerial ability, audit size and firm age are not significantly associated with favorable financial reporting. The results of the Hodrick-Prescott filter showed there is no complete coincidence between boom and recession periods of business and stock market cycles during the research period. In the supplementary analysis of the research, based on the Paternoster test (1998) about the behavior of the above factors in the periods of the business and stock market cycles, audit size variable behavior influenced by the boom and recession periods of the business cycle and behavior of the profitability variable is influenced by the boom and recession periods of the stock market cycle. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the role and importance of establishing a high-quality corporate governance system in the company and supervise the organizations concerned about its requirements. Also, in this research, favorable financial reporting is measured from an independent audit view especially based on audit standard No. 700. Lack of relationship between some factors and favorable financial reporting, which is predicted as a reflection of the high level of quality in financial reporting, on one hand, and the lack of accordance of research results with some researches results, on the other hand, may result from the lack of full compatibility of two concepts of favorable financial reporting and financial reporting quality or difference in stated variable measurement.

Introduction: Radiation protection in hospitals is a very important topic due to some economical, health, human and moral considerations. In order to promote a radiological protection program in hospitals, it is very important to have a good knowledge and attitude, as well as proper practice of personnels in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the current status regarding knowledge, attitude and practice of operating room personnels about radiation protection in Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 332 operating room personnels with multi-stage selection in hospitals on the knowledge, attitude and practice at different cities in Iran. To do so, the operating room staff was considered as a statistical society during 2015-2016. The respondents to the questionnaire included physicists, nurses, apprentice and secretaries in different hospitals with low, medium and large number of beds. The selected provinces included:

Establishing a strong capital market system in a variety of situations, such as economic growth and recession, requires attention to a number of factors. The ability of shareholders in complaints against the mismanagement and management of managers and executives, or in other words, the ease of shareholders' petition, are among the factors that have prompted investors to maintain their interests against the assumptions of stewardship and representation theory in the era of recession is immune. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to respond to investors' protection against conflicts of interest during the recession. Methods: Target sample consists of 176 of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2017. The research method was based on multiple regression and panel data model using ordinary least squares method. Results: The research findings suggest that the conflict of interests between the manager and the owner is negatively affected by the reaction of the investors, and investor protection has a direct effect on the investors' reaction. The other results of the research are that the positive effect of supporting the investor and the negative effect of the conflict of interests between the manager and the owner is reinforced by the reaction of investors in the period of the recession. Ultimately, the interaction effect of supporting the investor and the conflict of interests between the manager and the owner during the recession with the reaction of investors has a reverse effect. Conclusion: Investors intuitively behave badly by inferring that the interests of the manager and the owner are not aligned, but as soon as they feel supported, they behave positively. This conclusion is repeated in the period of economic prosperity, but is intensified in the period of economic record.

Keywords: Service Quality, Supervisory Support, Organizational Climate, Organizational Performance. JEL Classification: L150, Q540 Purpose: This paper aims to show the effects of organizational climate, including perceived organizational support and supervisory support on employees’ service quality in the context of Foreign Tobacco Company of Bangladesh. Methodology/Sampling: A total of 175 questionnaires were distributed among the respondents using non-probability, convenience sampling technique. Out of these, only 120 questionnaires were found suitable for data treatment. The data was treated with the help of software SPSS 20, applying correlation and linear regression analysis tools for testing the hypotheses. Findings: The study established that there was a positive relationship of employee service quality with independent variables i.e. perceived organizational support, supervisory support and organizational climate. It also explained the extent to which the employees perceived...

The management accountant (MA) has traditionally been described as having two distinct roles. One role centres on control, the other on decision-making (DM) (Hopper, 1980). Developments in the business environment have altered the dynamics of these two roles suggesting that the contemporary MA is responsible for providing an increasingly wide range of information. The literature suggests that this can only be achieved if the MA becomes a hybrid accountant who assists managers in controlling the organisation in a modern context, while also occupying a ‘business partner’ role along side the management team (Bums and Yazdifar, 2001). A review of the literature identifies a need for a rigorous and up-to-date examination of the MA’s role and exposes a dearth of empirical research reporting managers’ perceptions of the MA’s role (Pierce and O’Dea, 2003). In response, this dissertation reports the findings from an empirical study of managers’ perceptions of the role of MAs in the provision...

Nowadays, only efficient firms can survive in today's competitive world. Efficiency is thus characterized as a key component of boards' decisions. Accordingly, this article aims at investigating board characteristics and integrated life cycle classification of the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To this end, the financial statements of 90 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange including 18 firms in five integrated life cycle stages obtained from the combination of the models developed by DeAngelo (2006) and Dickinson (2011) were examined over the period of 2012-2016. The results revealed that certain efficient characteristics of boards including CEO tenure, board independence and managerial ownership percentage exert positively significant impact on life cycle classification. Moreover, most (positive) changes are predicted to occur not only during the maturity stage but also in the growth stage, whereas the least changes (positive) are expected to happen in the decline stage followed by stagnation. Therefore, as the results of the research hypotheses reflects, it is suggested to use effective members of the board of directors (longer period of tenure, independence and ownership of the director in the company's stock) in order to grow and develop the economy and increase the value of the company, to create strategic opportunities for the company so that it can lead to changes in the corporate life cycle.

Objective: Firm’s business strategy is an effective factor in investment efficiency and determining capital investment levels. Defender and prospector strategy as the strategy at the two edges of the business strategy spectrum proposed by Miles and Snow (1978) exposes firms at different levels of investment, monitoring, and management discretion, which have many implications for management investment decisions. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of business strategy on firm’s investment efficiency
Methods: Data of 119 companies listed in the Tehran stock exchange (TSE) in the period 2001 to 2015 has been obtained from Rahavard Novin news, financial statements and Codal Site of the TSE, and multinomial logistic regression model was used to test the research hypotheses.
Results: Findings showed the firms that follow prospector and innovator strategy, invest in the highly risky projects and have higher probability for over-investment decisions. Whereas, the firms follow efficiency-oriented defender strategy are more likely to have under-investment decisions.
Conclusion: In the firms following defender strategy, lower levels of managerial discretion, precise monitoring and fewer investment requirements lead to under-investment decisions. On the other hand, in the firms following prospector strategy, more managerial discretion, less stringent monitoring and massive investment requirements lead to over-investment decision.

This study examines the explanatory power of accounting information, including operating, investing and financing activities, in forecasting variations in GDP or economic growth. In this approach, GDP has been broken down into four main economic sectors (agriculture, services, oil, and industry and mining) to forecast economic variables. The large number of unknown impact factors, and the presence of non-linear relationships between accounting and economic data have led this study to use multiple combinations of artificial intelligence models of neural networks, genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The results of the models over the years 2006 to 2016 showed that the hybrid model of neural network and particle swarm optimization (HANNPSO) has more accurate forecasting than the hybrid model of neural networks and genetic algorithms (HANNGA). The findings also showed that the effectiveness of operating activities, especially accounting earnings, in forecasting GDP is more than that of financing and investment activities. In addition, the results indicated that among the economic sectors, the relationship between accounting information and the industry and mining sector is considerably high. The main consequence of this study is the existence of effective link between accounting and economic information that must be included in the economic and financial decisions.

Detecting, evaluating and understanding fraud reports, called as misstated reports, has a long history in the accounting and financial literature. Shareholders choose managers as their agents in the company, so it is usual for them to be sensitive to the honesty of managers’ reports. Also auditors in their investigations are required to evaluate and measure the fraud risk in the methods implemented by the management of entity, and then, to estimate the parameters of audit tests, and their proposed auditing fees. This study has used non-financial approach to detecting and evaluating managers' fraud risk that is based on the analysis of the text of board of directors' report. In this method, the words of the board's reports were reviewed, and after some refinements, a model was presented for evaluating high fraud risk index in companies, using a certain type of regression model, called LASSO. This model is able to identify high fraud risk index in companies, correctly with precision of 89% to 91%.

This paper considers the impact of ERP implementations upon the role of management accountants, upon management accounting in general, and upon business processes. It does so in the context of the perceived success of the ERP implementation. A postal questionnaire was circulated to almost 700 management accountants working in large UK-based organisations. It finds that under successful ERP implementations, management accountants have time for other, less mundane activities and their role becomes more enriching. In contrast, when the implementation is unsuccessful, the role of the management accountant increases: the ERP system deficiencies require increased activity on their part without any noticeable reduction in the tasks they traditionally perform.

Purpose: The study attempts to explain management accountants' satisfaction in terms of the job they do and the system they use, develops a profile of factors impacting such satisfaction, and analyzes the implications of satisfaction on contextual factors like value creation, profitability etc. Vol. 20, No. 2 management accountants are indifferent on management accounting systems they use; management accountants share same motivators with other employees; and management accountants' satisfaction fails to cause profitability of the firms. Thus, the study brings some promising areas for policy makers, researchers, and accounting professionals to commission particular research projects. Originality / Value: Studying job satisfaction and its impact on turnover intention and commitment are old fashioned research area. Factors affecting management accountants' satisfaction and implication of such satisfaction are new areas of research which is an important value addition to the current body of knowledge.

This paper investigates the extent to which management accountants have participated in the selection and use of executive information systems (EISs) in business. A survey was conducted on the role played by management accountants in organizations with EISs either in use or in development. The results of the survey are presented and discussed with possible explanations for differences between expectations and actual behaviour of management accountants. The results also support the premise that management accountants need to be well informed about senior managements EIS needs and properly trained in systems design and analysis.

This paper considers the impact of ERP implementations upon the role of management accountants, upon management accounting in general, and upon business processes. It does so in the context of the perceived success of the ERP implementation. A postal questionnaire was circulated to almost 700 management accountants working in large UK-based organisations. It finds that under successful ERP implementations, management accountants have time for other, less mundane activities and their role becomes more enriching. In contrast, when the implementation is unsuccessful, the role of the management accountant increases: the ERP system deficiencies require increased activity on their part without any noticeable reduction in the tasks they traditionally perform.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of at least one female delegate in the board of directors and in audit committee (gender diversity) on earnings quality, using the data analysis of 152 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the years 2011-2016.
Methods: Data collection was done by the archive-based method, and the hypotheses tests was carried on by regression analysis, using the unbalanced panel data method.
Results: Findings showed there are significant impacts of women's participation in audit committee on the earnings quality. But conversely, the results showed that gender diversity in the board of directors has no significant effects on the company's earnings quality.
Conclusion: The presence of women's representatives in the leading members of firms results in improvements in monitoring the management and the quality of financial reporting. This increases the independence of the board of directors and audit committee and, as a result, improves earnings quality.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to analyz the role of management accountants as Strategic Advisors for Managers based on the contingency theory. For this analysis, the study has identified 14 management accounting tools related to planning, decision-making and the control based on the IFAC classification and 12 effective contingency factors. Method: To investigate the issue, the data was collected from 117 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, from the Rahavard Novin software, the TSE website, the Central Bank website and the responses to a standard questionnaire. The data was analyzed by a structural equation model, using t-test and importance-performance matrix. To test the research hypotheses, the Smart PLS3 software was used. Result: The findings of this study showed that 9 contingency factors of human resources, economic environment, organizational structure, the professional sector, technology, competitive environment, cultural factors, company size and organizational strategy are the effective factors in the usage of management accountants informatin for company planning and decision making, and 3 contingency factors of external environment, financial resources and senior management supports lack significant effects on the use of management accounting reports. Conclusion: The two factors of economic environment and external environment are the most important barriers in the use of the reports of management accountants. Therefore, it is suggested to managers to consider the strategies presented in the reports of management accountants for planning, decision making and control of operations in the turbulent environment of the country.