Loss on Ignition

The chemical properties of limestone have been the subject of several studies in recent years, highlighting its importance in various industrial applications. The present study focuses on six limestone samples from three geographical regions in Nigeria (Ashaka, Mfamosing, and Nkalagu). The analyses of their chemical composition using the Loss on Ignition Test and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry was successfully carried out. Results of the study show that CaO is the main component, comprising between 60.054 % and 78.632 % of the samples. Values of Loss of Ignition (LOI) ranged from 30.820 % to 33.280 % while SiO2 composition ranged between 5.095 % to 12.238 %. Other oxides detected, include Al2O3 and Fe2O3, which make up less than 1 % of the composition. Obtained values were compared to Limestone standards for various industries and findings indicate that the Ashaka, Mfamosing, and Nkalagu limestone samples are of high purity and suitable for use in various industrial fields, including the steel industry, manufacture of bleaching powder, manufacture of calcium carbide, sugar industry, textile manufacture, cement industry, agricultural practice (soil liming), and flue gas desulphurization. Thus limestone deposits from Ashaka, Mfamosing, and Nkalagu has more potential and application uses beyond cement production which they are currently used for.

Much has been reported in recent years on the development of pneumatic transport, triboelectric separation technology for dry beneficiation of combustion fly ash. As an alternative to carbon burnout, floatation, or mechanical transport triboelectric methods, this approach holds the potential for combining low capital cost, low operating costs and high performance. Solvera Controls has partnered with Tribo Flow Separations to bring this technology to full-scale commercial and technical viability. This paper will discuss the results of the first implementation of the TFS technology in a commercial power plant environment. This implementation was accomplished in collaboration with Boral Material Technologies. Processing details and test results are described relative to the combustion ashes that were processed. The overall processing protocol, system configuration, and carbon-ash separation performance are presented.

This study presents chemical and petrographic propenics of marble of the Marmeleiro metavolc:tnG-sed;mentary sequcnce. Southern Brazil. This rock is characterized by 80% of the pure calcite. 48 to 53.3 wt. % of CaO. 0.32 10 0.86 WI.% of MgO and neutralizing value between 7S and 91%. The elevated loss on ignition this rock makes possible the production of considerable amounl$ of CaD after calcinations. 11Icse characteristics are adequ3tcd for manufacture of Ponland lime. as well as for agrieultural lime. Keywords -Pon/(1nd lime. marble. rock chemistry. mineral ehe mi stry. Os calcanos e mannores tern grande demanda industrial pclas suas propriedades como matcriaprima para cimento, refratarios, agente dessu lfu rante para diminuir os impactos ambicntais, pcdras omamentais, corrcli vo de solo e ra~ao para animais, dentre outros. Alcm das apl i ca~oes industriais, estas rochas se associam a dep6sitos mi nerais, tais como Pb-Zn±Ag (Anderson & Macqueen 1988), escamitos de Cu-Au-Pb-Zn (Meihnert 1989) e reservatorios de agua e pctr61eo (Hedberg 1964). Diversos tipos de carbonato ocorrem nestas rochas, dentre os quais os mais comuns sao calcita (CaCO) e dolomita (MgCaCO) e, subordinadamente, siderita (FeCO}), ankeril' a IC~MgFe(COJJ e magnesita (MgCO}). Nos calcirios recentes, aragoni la (CaCO]) 6 comum, mas e dificilmente prcsclVada, pais

In Assur, monumental and residential structures predominantly used mudbricks and fired bricks as primary building materials. Analysing these bricks provides valuable insights into the city’s resource management, architectural practices, labour organisation, and climate adaptation strategies, thus shedding light on the socio-political dynamics and technological advancements of the time.

This chapter presents results from geochemical analyses addressing the following key questions:
● Which raw materials were used, and where were they sourced?
● Can patterns of resource distribution be identified through brick composition?
● How did Assur’s inhabitants adapt their building materials to environmental and societal changes?

Through these analyses, we seek to enhance our understanding of the economic, environmental, and technological practices that underpin Assur’s history.

In Assur, monumental and residential structures predom-
inantly used mudbricks and fired bricks as primary build-
ing materials. Analysing these bricks provides valuable
insights into the city’s resource management, architectur-
al practices, labour organisation, and climate adaptation
strategies, thus shedding light on the socio-political dy-
namics and technological advancements of the time.
This chapter presents results from geochemical analy-
ses addressing the following key questions:
● Which raw materials were used, and where were they
sourced?
● Can patterns of resource distribution be identified
through brick composition?
● How did Assur’s inhabitants adapt their building mate-
rials to environmental and societal changes?
Through these analyses, we seek to enhance our under-
standing of the economic, environmental, and technolog-
ical practices that underpin Assur’s history.

Concern about comparability and validity of different methods for producing coal chars for research has motivated this investigation of the effects of devolatilization conditions on the physical properties of coal chars. It is evident from the findings of this study that care must be taken to prepare chars under conditions similar to those of full scale coal combustion boilers prior to performing char oxidation studies. Two different entrained flow reactors were used to prepare chars under a variety of different pyrolysis conditions at maximum particle temperatures between 840 and 1627 K and heating rates between 104 and 2 x 105 K/s. Under these conditions micropore (CO2) surface area generally increases with residence time and mass release for lignite and bituminous coals, as does true density. Micropore surface area also increases somewhat with increasing maximum particle temperature and heating rate. Mesopore (N2) surface area is most affected by reactive gas atmospheres (carbon activation). The presence of steam in the postflame gases of methane/air flat flame burners is a significant factor in increasing mesopore surface area of chars prepared in such burners, even though the mass conversion by steam gasification is small. Partial char oxidation with O2 significantly affects char N2 and CO2 surface area at these heating rates and residence times (50-1000 ms), sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing internal surface area. Low-rank lignite and subbituminous coals have higher potentials for forming chars with increased N2 surface area than bituminous coals. The moisture content of low-rank coals may be more important than rank. Lignite with a high moisture content yields char with a significantly higher N2 surface area than char prepared from lower moisture content lignite. However, initial coal moisture content has less effect on CO2 surface area.

The effect of biomass co-combustion with coal on ash quality and utilization aspects was investigated. Co-combustion tests were performed in lab, semi-industrial and industrial scale plants, using several coal-biomass blends. Two different sets of co-combustion residues were analysed according to their production process and analysis method. Samples collected from lab and semi-industrial scale tests were analysed for major elements and heavy metals content, loss on ignition (LOI), free CaO content and their grain size distribution. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rate were also measured in samples collected from tests performed at largescale power plants. The effect of biomass co-combustion on the radioactivity content of fly ash was dependent on the fuel mixture used as well as the ash sampling location along the flue gas pathway. The results showed that properties of co-combustion residues are directly connected to the combustion conditions and individual blend components. Biomass utilisation as secondary fuel in co-combustion processes is technically and economically feasible up to 20% w / w and the produced ash could be further utilised without any major treatment.

Fly ash is a fine powder produced during the coal combustion process. It consists mainly of glassy spherical particles, some crystalline phases; as well as char. Fly ash varies significantly in composition and physical properties with the type of coal and the combustion process. Fly ash contributes strength to concrete by pozzolanic action. The pozzolan is the siliceous content that has little or no cememtious properties; but will nonetheless react with calcium hydroxide and alkalies at normal temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. The main objective of this research was to characterize the reactivity of three types of fly ash, based on fineness.
The size fractionation by sieving process was considerably accurate for two out of three of the fly ashes tested. Some size ranges were easier to obtain more accurate results for. There were slight increases and decreases in chemical composition with fineness. The amount of certain crystalline phases was also correlated with fineness. The finest fractionates which had low compositions of Ca, had the largest gain in Ca, which may be related to the formation of CAS gel.
From these results we can conclude that it would be possible to make assumptions about the crystalline phases of a fly ash based on bulk chemical composition, and select for higher or lower concentrations in certain chemicals and/or crystalline phases based on fineness. This would not require that much testing on the parent material, but it is clear that more testing would be needed than is standard to identify the most desirable fly ashes and fractionates. The development of a larger-scale sieving process could then be done to create these materials, which could be used in the formation of an ultra-high performance concrete.

This paper presents the results of palaeoecological research to investigate the Holocene vegetation development of the Slovenian landscape and the impact of the first farmers upon it. Four study sites were selected and at each site a complete Holocene sedimentary sequence was analysed by using the following techniques: loss-on-ignition, geochemistry, radiocarbon dating, pollen analysis and analysis of micro-charcoal concentration. The results of the study suggest that the Neolithic landscape was probably very dynamic and composed of small patches with different vegetation composition. This vegetation has no present-day analogues. The present-day Slovenian landscape formed only several millennia after the transition to farming.

Treated dredged sediment by using Hi Biah System (HBS) was used for the construction of five different artificial tidal flats (E1-E5) in Ago Bay, Japan. AGOCLEAN-P which is mainly made from paper sludge ashes was used as a coagulant and hardener. After the construction, continuous monitoring for the physico-chemical and biological parameters was carried out quarterly for 28 months from May 2005 to August 2007. Physico-chemical parameters measured were; particle size, loss on ignition (LOI), total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), water content (WC), chlorophyll a, and acid volatile sulphide (AVS). At the end of the experiment, physico-chemical parameters for the artificial tidal flats along with the sandy natural flat (S2) were almost similar. In regards to the natural muddy flats (S1) the results showed remarkable increase in the particle size <0.75 μm throughout the experimental period, whereas insignificant decrease was observed for the medium particle size. ...

Fenomeno emergente nos estudos de marketing e comportamento do consumidor, as comunidades de marca constituem um vetor de criacao de valor para as marcas. Embora o termo Brand Community tenha comecado a ser discutido no no ano de 2001, foi na ultima decada que os estudos sobre o tema ganharam forca, impulsionados pela evolucao da tecnologia e pelas comunidades virtuais, especialmente as hospedadas em plataformas sociais. Mais recentes, os estudos sobre a co-criacao de valor dentro dessas comunidades vem ganhando espaco. Entendendo que tais comunidades sao repositorios de significados na cultura de consumo, e que ainda ha muito a ser aprendido sobre o fenomeno, depreende-se a relevância desse artigo, cujo objetivo e mapear a literatura sobre comunidades de marca em periodicos de marketing e comportamento do consumidor.

The speciation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) and their relationship with grain size is investigated. The proposed enrichment of several potential toxic elements in lower sized grains is discussed, comparing the literature and new data on Parma’s waste incinerator. Results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses on different grain size show (1) a positive Si-trend, correlated with grain size and few lithophile elements, such as Zr and Rb. In Parma, Al, K, Mg, and Fe also correlate with Si for the portion below 2 mm; (2) a Ca-trend, with a strong negative correlation with Si and a positive correlation with loss on ignition (LOI), S, Cl, Ti, Zn, Pb, and Sn. Mineralogical composition shows a little change in grain size, as in previous investigations, but with substantial differences in amorphous content. SEM-EDS analysis shows that the amorphous portion is highly heterogeneous, with portio...

The article presents the results of research on the properties of molding sands in Alphaset technology (alkaline-phenolic). These sands are often used in steel foundries, producing large castings. However, knowledge about them, and especially about the changeability of their properties with the change of environmental conditions (seasons), is still insufficient. Various compositions of molding sand were analyzed based on fresh chromite sand and reclaimed sand. A binder and hardener in various mass ratios were used to prepare the mass. The research methodology included, among others, tests of tensile and bending strength, permeability, abrasion, gas emissivity, and ignition losses. These tests were carried out for summer and winter conditions. The results showed the optimal proportions of resin and hardener, showed the influence of ambient temperature on the properties of the molding sand, and the possible ratio of reclaimed sand in relation to fresh sand. However, you should always ...

Evidence suggests that boreal-lake ecosystems are changing rapidly, but with variable ecological responses, due to climate warming. Paleolimnological analysis of 27 undeveloped northern forested lakes showed significant and potentially climate-mediated shifts in diatom communities and increased carbon and biogenic silica burial. We hypothesize the sensitivity of northern forested lakes to climate change will vary along two physical gradients: one reflecting direct, in-lake climate effects (propensity to thermally stratify), the other reflecting indirect watershed effects (watershed to lake-surface area ratio). We focus on the historical response of algal communities to test our two-dimensional sensitivity framework. Historical algal response was summarized by measures of diatom community turnover, changes in species and diagnostic species groups, and measures of siliceous algal and overall primary production (biogenic silica, carbon burial). Measures of algal production increased ac...

The article presents the results of a study of soils and bottom sediments of lakes in the area of
Monchegorsk city. The purpose of the work is to identify patterns of distribution of natural and
man-made radionuclides in urban soils and bottom sediments of lakes in Monchegorsk city. The
specific activity values of radionuclides in urban soil samples were as follows: for technogenic
137Cs, up to 31.3 Bq/kg; in soils in the zone of influence of the plant (in subflare areas), up to
63.4 Bq/kg. For natural radionuclides in urban soils, the values were as follows: 226Ra – up to
14.2 Bq/kg; in soils in the zone of influence of the plant (in sub-flare areas) – up to 21.6 Bq/kg;
232Th in urban soils – up to 1. The concentration of 8.3 Bq/kg was observed in soils in the zone of
influence of the plant (in sub-flare areas), while the concentration of 17 Bq/kg was observed in
soils in the same area. The concentration of 498 Bq/kg was observed in urban soils for 40K, while
the concentration of 317 Bq/kg was observed in sub-flare areas. In bottom sediments of lakes,
the concentration of technogenic 137Cs was found to be up to 45.8 Bq/kg, while the concentration
of natural radionuclides, including 226Ra (up to 62.6 Bq/kg), 232Th (11 Bq/kg), and 40K (268 Bq/
kg), was also determined

 Clay samples from selected part of Edda were analyzed to identify the clay mineral types present, their chemical and physical properties with a view to appraising their industrial suitability as ceramic materials. The mineralogical and geochemical analyses were done using the principles of X-Ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence respectively. A total of seven clay samples were used for the study, other tests such as plasticity, bulk density, shrinkage, loss on ignition (LOI) and water absorption capacity was carried out to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified conditions. The basic industrial properties assessment showed that more than 70% of the clays are fine-grained. The clays exhibited low to moderate plasticity, moderate shrinkage and bulk density, low to moderate values of both loss on ignition and water absorption capacity. The clays are buff to yellowish in colour. The results of x-ray fluorescence revealed that the mean concentration of major oxide in the...

The article presents the results of studies concerning the delta forms that arise as a result of the sedimentation of the debris fed to water bodies by watercourses. The study covered several dozen anthropogenic water bodies in the Upper Silesia region, which is well known for its high degree of urbanisation and industrialisation. Basic research work included morphometric measurements of deltas, analyses of the mechanical and chemical composition of delta sediments and analyses of the chemical composition of the common reed growing on the deltas. The research has demonstrated that the deltas exhibit certain characteristics typical of anthropogenic forms that result from the pollutants found in watercourses. In delta sediments, grains of sand usually dominate, but in many cases the share of the < 0.02 mm fraction is as high as ca. 30%. Sediments often contain fine coal and other organic pollutants, which is reflected by high weight loss on ignition. The content of trace elements i...

Streszczenie angielskie: Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of sediments from four stations located in the Pomeranian Bay were analysed. The investigations were carried out in four periods (March and July 1996, and May and October 1997). The following ...

This contribution explores the use of sensory archaeology and neuroarchitecture in the study of the earthen built environment. First, the paper discusses multi-sensory experiences focusing on earth as a building material. Second, I look at the archaeological remains of building materials to consider the sensory perception of earthen architecture manufacturers in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. In this latter endeavour I draw on Material Engagement Theory (MET), archaeological earthen remains, and ethnoarchaeological data to investigate the sensory aspects of working with earthen building materials. The main goal is to understand interactions between brain, mind, and culture by studying how people contributed to the manufacturing and construction of earthen architecture. While archaeology is quite visual, I argue that material culture, specifically the production of earthen architecture, shaped a multi-layered sensory experience that included all senses, rather than just visual stimulation.

Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of Ihc sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towwds the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas w~Ls about 40 % higher in the sediment surlhce than in the deeper layer (9 to I0 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied fi-om 53 to 56 e/,. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to v,,ater. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m 2 a t of N and 1.7 g m '~ a t of P corresponding 22 000 t a ~ of N and 6 100 t a l of P for the whole eastern Gulf.

The estuary of the River Neva is eutrophied due to the high nutrient load from St. Petersburg. Previous studies have suggested that a large part of the N and P load is efficiently retained in the estuary. However, the fate of particulate N and P in the estuarial sea area has remained uncertain. Variations in the C, N and P sedimentation rate and in sediment organic matter (loss on ignition, LOI), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) were therefore studied in the recent sediment deposits along the estuarine gradient of the River Neva. The high gross sedimentation rate of N and P indicated efficient retention of both N and P in the inner estuary. An increase in the concentrations of settling particulate C and N along the estuarine gradient was consistent with the increase in the concentrations and burial of organic matter and TN in sediments. However, although the concentration of P in settling matter also increased along the estuarine gradient, a decrease was noted in the sediment TP concentration. This decrease correlated significantly with an increase in the concentration of sediment organic matter, but not with water depth along the estuarine gradient. The result indicates that an increase in organic matter and changes in hydrodynamic conditions along the estuarine gradient can reduce the capacity of the top 0e10 cm sediment layer to retain P. The average concentration of N in settling particulate matter was 23.3 mg g ÿ1 DW and in the sediment surface 6.5 mg g ÿ1 DW. Corresponding values for P were much closer to each other, that is, 3.3 and 2.8 mg g ÿ1 DW, respectively. This suggests that, in the surface sediments (0e1 cm), settled P was more efficiently retained and/or accumulated than N. In contrast, in the 0e10 cm sediment layer N seemed to be more efficiently retained than P.

Levels of p,p -DDT and its metabolites in surficial sediments of Tagus and Sado Estuary and lagoon Ria Formosa varied one or two orders of magnitude. In general, p, p -DDE and p, p -DDD were the dominant metabolites and p, p -DDT was a minor component. While concentrations of p, p -DDT, p, p -DDD and p, p -DDE were hardly related to loss on ignition, concentrations of total DDT (tDDT) in surficial sediments of each studied system were positively correlated to that parameter. Higher contaminated samples were excluded from these relationships: a few sediment samples from the Tagus outlet channel, most of the sediments from the upper Sado Estuary, and some particulate matter samples collected in sediment traps in the adjoining area to the Ria Formosa. Concentration of tDDT appears, thus, to be related to sedimentary organic matter of these estuarine systems except near the actual sources of pollution. On the basis of the relationship slopes, one may conclude that lower Tagus Estuary is more contaminated than Ria Formosa and lower Sado Estuary.

ABSTRACT: To extend and reinforce the action of the EARLINET-ASOS project, a network of Spanish and Portuguese aerosol lidars (SPALINET) was created. In the first three years of the project six out of the ten systems have been successfully intercompared, seven elastic ...

Major reorganizations in climate and tectonic regime occurred in East Asia during the Pleistocene, resulting in large-scale environmental changes. In this paper a detailed geochemical and mineralogical record of these changes is presented from a distal alluvial fan sedimentary sequence in the northern Weihe Basin. We established that, in addition to glacial-interglacial variation, there are three distinctly different units deposited over the past 1 m.y. These units are the result of variations in the overall tectonic regime in the northern Weihe Basin. Fine-grained detrital minerals were predominantly delivered during colder climatic periods, whereas evaporative minerals were dominantly deposited during the warmer, interglacial periods, probably as a result of strong seasonal contrast. This compositional variation demonstrates the importance of climate control on hinterland erosion, surface runoff, chemical weathering and evaporation. Al-normalized ratios of indicative major elements relative to average loess composition, indicate important variations in sedimentary processes, mostly related to sediment flux. Si-enrichment is an index for past flooding events, while Fe enrichment, just like K and Ti, reflects influx of clays. In contrast, Ca and Mn are strongly enriched throughout the core, associated with the authigenic precipitation of carbonates, especially during interglacial periods. The lower (~1000-690 ka) and upper (~330-0 ka) units of the core are characterized by relative intense and frequent flooding, which coincided with extensive ponding in the study area. In the middle unit (~690-330 ka) increased salinity levels caused by evaporation, as reflected in the high Sr/Ca ratio and dolomite abundance, led to increased carbonate precipitation. Simultaneously, the increased influx of fine sediments indicates increased clay production in the source area as a result of a more intense summer monsoon strength after 600 ka.

Major reorganizations in climate and tectonic regime occurred in East Asia during the Pleistocene, resulting in large-scale environmental changes. In this paper a detailed geochemical and mineralogical record of these changes is presented from a distal alluvial fan sedimentary sequence in the northern Weihe Basin. We established that, in addition to glacial-interglacial variation, there are three distinctly different units deposited over the past 1 m.y. These units are the result of variations in the overall tectonic regime in the northern Weihe Basin. Fine-grained detrital minerals were predominantly delivered during colder climatic periods, whereas evaporative minerals were dominantly deposited during the warmer, interglacial periods, probably as a result of strong seasonal contrast. This compositional variation demonstrates the importance of climate control on hinterland erosion, surface runoff, chemical weathering and evaporation. Al-normalized ratios of indicative major elements relative to average loess composition, indicate important variations in sedimentary processes, mostly related to sediment flux. Si-enrichment is an index for past flooding events, while Fe enrichment, just like K and Ti, reflects influx of clays. In contrast, Ca and Mn are strongly enriched throughout the core, associated with the authigenic precipitation of carbonates, especially during interglacial periods. The lower (~1000-690 ka) and upper (~330-0 ka) units of the core are characterized by relative intense and frequent flooding, which coincided with extensive ponding in the study area. In the middle unit (~690-330 ka) increased salinity levels caused by evaporation, as reflected in the high Sr/Ca ratio and dolomite abundance, led to increased carbonate precipitation. Simultaneously, the increased influx of fine sediments indicates increased clay production in the source area as a result of a more intense summer monsoon strength after 600 ka.

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Kaolin samples from Kankara in Kastina, North-West Nigeria was analysed to investigate its suitability for use as raw materials to pharmaceutical industries. The samples were analysed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) with Near Infra-Red analytical techniques. The result showed that Kankara kaolin with Fe 2 O 3 content of 2.4x10 - 5 %, K 2 O content of 0.061%, Na 2 O content of 0.6%, TiO 2 (BDL) and Ba 2+ (BDL) meets the specification for use in pharmaceutical industries. Its Al 2 O 3 content of 35.28% was above the threshold for pharmaceutical applications except if subjected to further chemical treatment. The Kankara kaolin was found to be reasonably good for use in drug formulation.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important property in regard to soil and environmental quality. There are many methods to determine SOC. In this study, Walkley Black and Loss on Ignition methods were chosen and sixty sub-samples representing were collected from three different parts of Arsi zone areas of Ethiopia, and then nine a composite samples were used for SOC determination methods. The variables were equipment, accuracy, efficiency, complexity, cost and environmental effect. Walkley-Black and loss on ignition (LOI) were determined on whole soils mesh size of 2 mm. From the two selected methods Loss on Ignition was the accurate and simple method for determining soil organic carbon that do not involve the use of chemicals that damage the environment are required. Walkley-Black method is a wet oxidation procedure which is relatively accurate and popular method for the determination of soil organic matter but it is time-consuming, costly and also has a high potential to cause environmental pollution because of disposal of chromium and strong acids. Therefore, loss-onignition procedure is a simple and cheap method for SOM estimation, which also avoids chromic acid wastes, deserves more attention. The aims of this research were to study the statistical relationships between SOC determined with the LOI and WB methods to compare the spatial variability of SOC in the selected study area. One way ANOVA was used for the significance test between the two methods and there was a significant difference between the values determined by the Walkley Black and Loss on Ignition methods, at a confidence level of 95%.

The sediments in the Round Loch of Glenhead provide not only a detailed radiocarbon-dated history of Holocene vegetation for the Galloway Hills in south-west Scotland, but also demonstrate the relationship between catchment vegetation change and lake water quality. A detailed study of the Round Loch of Glenhead and its catchment has been made by Jones (1987) and Jones et al. (1986, 1989). Description The majority of the catchment (area 0.95 km2) is corered by a thin deposit of blanket peat. Peats, over 5 m deep in places, occur in small valley depressions. Two transects across the depressions were selected for a radiocarbon and palaeoecological study into peatland initiation and development (Jones, 1987). As in the Loch Dungeon study, analysis of pollen from peat profiles enables a picture of local vegetation change to be contrasted with regional changes obtained from the lake sediment. At present, peat hags are found in the catchment. A core (RLGH3) was obtained from the deepest pa...

L. Teanga: variation of major ion concentrations with sediment depth L. Teanga: variation of trace metal concentrations with sediment depth L. Teanga: relationships between zinc and sodium and lead and sodium concentrations in the sediments * * * * Determinations: Loch Coire nan Arr and Loch Uisge = 1986-1987 mean based on 6 measurements; Loch Teanga = 1987 single sample; * indicates determination not made. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

In the last years, growing attention has been payed to the study of seismogenic faults developed in carbonate rocks, especially in the central Apennines (Italy), where complex arrays of active faults caused up to MW 6.0 destructive earthquakes. The NW-SE-trending Monte Marine Fault Zone (MMFZ) is an extensional seismogenic fault zone located to the Northwest of the L’Aquila town in the central Apennines (Italy). The fault zone is composed by two near-parallel and hard-linked major fault strands and crops out almost continuously for ∼8 km along the Aterno valley, from the village of Barete (to the Northwest, where only one fault segment is exposed) to the village of Arischia (to the Southeast, where the two major fault segments are exposed). Overall, the fault zone is characterized by variable amounts of loose cataclastic materials exposed in the footwall block, whose thickness range from few meters up to several tens of meters. To study the along-strike fault zone architecture and r...

The use of loss on ignition (LOI) measurements of soil organic matter (SOM) to estimate soil organic carbon (OC) content is a decades-old practice. While there are limitations and uncertainties to this approach, it continues to be necessary for many coastal wetlands researchers and conservation practitioners without access to an elemental analyzer. Multiple measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) standards recognize the need (and uncertainty) for using this method. However, no framework exists to explain the substantial differences among equations that relate SOM to OC; consequently, equation selection can be a haphazard process leading to widely divergent and inaccurate estimates. To address this lack of clarity, we used a dataset of 1,246 soil samples from 17 mangrove regions in North, Central, and South America, and calculated SOM to OC conversion equations for six unique types of coastal environmental setting. A framework is provided for understanding differences and sele...

Using analyses of lead concentrations, lead isotopes ( 206 Pb/ 207 Pb), and spheroidal carbonaceous flyash particles (SCP), we studied sediment accumulation patterns in the acidified lake Ha ¨rsvatten in southwest Sweden. After determining the natural background 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio (1.5) in deeper sediments in long sediment cores from three basins in the lake, we applied an isotope mixing model to quantify pollution Pb accumulation in 46 gravity cores. The mean pollution Pb inventory in the cores was 2.6 g m Ϫ2 (range, 0.3-11 g m Ϫ2 ). Although some variation in Pb concentrations can be explained by loss on ignition (LOI) and water depth (together, R ϭ 0.33), there is no 2 adj relationship between pollution Pb inventories and these variables. Contrary to the traditional model of sediment focusing, where higher accumulations of pollutants are expected in deeper waters, the highest inventories for pollution Pb and SCP are generally found at shallow sites (Ͻ4 m water depth) and not in the three deep basins of the lake (10, 12, and 24 m deep). Furthermore, the model for sediment focusing, which may be appropriate for describing the physical building of sediments in a lake basin, may be inappropriate for describing the specific processes controlling the distribution of pollutants in a lake basin of this type.

Ash was determined in a variety of plant and organic soil samples by oxygenbomb combustion and by a simple muffle-furnace technique. The influence of using different drying temperatures was also assessed. Bomb combustion produced a systematic error of underestimate and a random error of variation between trials. These errors varied among the different types of material tested, but in general both types of error increased with the ash content of the material. The average systematic error of underestimate of ash content for all samples was 1.46%, which led to an error of 1.56% when adjusting caloric coefficients to an ash-free basis. Lower drying temperatures had an insignificant effect on adjusted caloric coefficients. Independent ash determinations are recommended for materials with ash content greater than 5% to restrict the error of adjusted coefficients below 1%. The mufflefurnace technique is recommended for close approximations of absolute ash content.

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In this study, physicochemical properties and the area of use of diatomites that occur in association with Central Anatolian volcanism in the Karacaören region (Ürgüp country, Nevşehir) are investigated. In the investigated area two stratigraphic sections were measured, one is in Quaternary lake units (K1) and another section is in the lacustrine sediments of Bayramhacili member within Ürgüp formation of late Miocene-Pliocene age (K2). In order to specify physicochemical properties and the area of use of diatomites, various analyses were carried out at the Laboratories of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration including loss on ignition (at 1050 °C), XRD, amount of acid and water-insoluble matter, thermal conductivity (in the range of 101; 150 °C and ± 10 °C), XRF, pH, total porosity, specific gravity, specific surface area, pore volume, pore size, whiteness, particle size and SEM analysis. The evaluation of the analyses results showed that the studied diatomites have a commercial value and can be used directly in percolator, as filler and structuring agents and in silicate manufacturing. In addition, once processed, they can also be used as mild abrasive and cleaner in production of isolation material.

Ecse-halom is a kurgan in the Hortobágy region in Hungary that was built during the Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age by eastern nomadic communities. It is located on the border between two modern settlements. A road of medieval origin runs along the body of the mound and separates it into two parts. Its southern half was ploughed and used as a rice field; later a military observation tower was built on the top of it. Despite of all the surface of the mound is in a fairly good condition and provides a home for regionally significant, species-rich loess steppe vegetation. During the winter of 2011 the research team of Professor Pál Sümegi conducted an undisturbed core in Ecse-halom and complex archaeometrical analyses were carried out on the profile of the mound. The mound comprises two construction layers as indicated by the decrease of magnetic susceptibility. The examination of organic compounds and carbonate content at various levels showed different values. The distribution of gr...

Mudbrick constructions are extremely common in ancient western Asia, including the 1st millennium structures of the southern Caucasus and Armenian highlands. However, in the Caucasus the geoarchaeological study of these materials to provide insight into building practices and social structure is a topic little researched, especially when focusing on the longue duré e. Artashat/Artaxata (Ararat region, Armenia) was the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of the Artaxiads, founded in the eighties of the 2nd century BC, but even before this the site was occupied in the Chalcolithic period, (ca. 5200-3500 BC), Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-900 BC) and in the Urartian period (ca. 800-600 BC) as well. All the previous occupation phases showed communities that made extensive use of earthen constructions as determined during past and recent archaeological excavations. This multidisciplinary study seeks to examine mudbrick architecture as a proxy for environmental and social interactions during the 1st millennium BC combining geoarchaeology, archaeobotany and building archaeology. We analyzed changes and continuities in architectural form and practices, alongside reconstruction of technological and social processes, to identify issues of raw material procurement, attestation of re-use, and consistency of building practices. The results of the geoarchaeological analysis of the earthen building materials used in different parts of the ancient city point to a re-use of materials over time.

The environmental history of a talus-derived rockglacier located in northern Norway has been reconstructed through the Last Glacial-Interglacial transition based on two cores retrieved from an adjacent lake. The methods used to quantify sedimentary properties include rock magnetism, grain size analyses, loss-on-ignition (LOI) and bulk density, which when combined has enabled an unmixing of the various sediment components and their corresponding sources. Rockglaciers signify mean annual air temperatures (MAAT) of À4 1C or colder, but little is known about their dynamical response to changing thermal regimes. We document here for the first time that a permafrost regime did exist in northern Norway during the lateglacial period, and that it required a lowering equivalent of at least 7 1C compared to present-day MAAT. The lake sediments suggest that the rockglacier existed prior to the local deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (414 800 cal yr BP), and continued its expansion until the end of the Younger Dryas whereupon it became fossil. The cool climate of the lateglacial was intersected by brief warming spells that caused a systematic release of sedimentladen meltwater from the rockglacier. During the Holocene the minerogenic influx to the lake was driven by spring snowmelting, which are related to the magnitude of winter precipitation. Three phases are recognised: (1) 9800-6500 cal yr BP when wet winters prevailed, (2) 6500-4000 cal yr BP with dry winters, and (3) the last 4000 cal yr BP with a return to wetter winters.