Legal Theory

In the wake of the 1994 genocide, Rwanda’s government created the Gacaca courts to hold suspected perpetrators accountable. Although much has been written about these courts, researchers know comparatively less about the 250,000 individuals who served as Gacaca court judges (inyangamugayo). We draw upon 135 interviews to explore how the inyangamugayo entered and adapted to their new public roles as moral arbiters, how these judges understood Gacaca’s missions, and how their social identities evolved over the course of multiple status transitions. Building on Erving Goffman’s sequential approach to moral careers, we trace the process of becoming a judge. In doing so, we highlight the two overarching missions that surfaced during the interviews – justice and reconciliation – and how the judges continued to view themselves as inyangamugayo even after the courts closed.

This study provides a detailed description of the process by which parents choose schools for their children and the process by which urban schools adjust to the necessity of convincing parents to choose them. The Parent Information Center programs in the Massachusetts communities of Boston, Cambridge, Fall River, Lawrence, Lowell, and Springfield are described, based upon on-site observations, reviews of policies and parent information materials, interviews with 150 parents, and responses to a questionnaire turned in by nearly 450 parents. The study also reviews lesearch on motivations for parent choice of schools in the Netherlands, ScotlAnd, France, and the United States. The findings indicate that: (1) a high proportion of parents in Boston and other Massachusetts cities that have adopted universal choice policies are able to send their child to their first choice school, and virtually all parents are able to send their child to one of their chosen schools; (2) the system of parent information and counseling is well organized; (3) parents appreciate the opportunity to consider more than one school; (4) a variety of factors, such as location, teachers, programs, school climate, and principals influence parents' choice of schools; and (5) informal communication networks are the most important source of information for many parents. Appendices include survey instruments and tables of data compiled from the survey. (SM)

This article examines whether a retributivist conception of punishment implies legal moralism and asks what liberalism implies about retributivism and moralism. It makes a case for accepting the weak retributivist thesis that culpable wrongdoing creates a pro tanto case for blame and punishment and the weak moralist claim that moral wrongdoing creates a pro tanto case for legal regulation. This weak moralist claim is compatible with the liberal claim that the legal enforcement of morality is rarely all-thing-considered desirable. Though weak moralism has some plausibility, it does not follow from weak retributivism if legitimate state functions are limited in certain ways. * I would like to thank the organizers of the University of Bologna conference on issues of law and morality in the work of Michael Moore for hosting the conference and conference participants for helpful discussion of my presentation. Special thanks go to Craig Agule, Amy Berg, Michael Moore, and Nicos Stavropoulos for their comments on an earlier version of this material. 1 References to Mill's writings are to the definitive edition of his works in Mill 1965-91. To facilitate common reference among readers using different editions, I will refer to Mill's texts by chapter and paragraph number. bs_bs_banner

Le droit romain a réglementé les arbres dès l'époque décémvirale. Ils étaient considérés comme des repères naturels durables, permettant d'indiquer les limites des propriétés foncières. Malgré quelques modifications, la plupart des normes juridiques relatives aux arbres ont été transmises aux législations contemporaines en Europe continentale pendant la période de réception du droit romain. Il s'agit de règles qui déterminent l'acquisition et la perte de pro-priété sur l'arbre et ses fruits ; la détérioration ou l'abattage d'un arbre apparte-nant à autrui ; l'importance du système racinaire pour l'appartenance réelle le long de la frontière ou pour un arbre qui pousse sur la frontière ; la probléma-tique des arbres en surplomb et des fruits qui tombent sur la parcelle voisine. Ce travail vise à présenter la position juridique des arbres en mettant particuliè-rement l'accent sur les arbres limitrophes, tout en identifiant les similitudes et les différences entre les approches juridiques romaines et celles des juridictions contemporaines. De plus, elle mettra en évidence les influences persistantes du droit romain sur la réglementation actuelle concernant les arbres et les droits de propriété associés.

IDI -In-depth Interview IEC -Information Education Communication LMIC(s) -Low-and Middle-Income Countrie(s) NCD(s) -Non Communicable Disease(s) PNCD-Patient of Noncommunicable Disease FPNCD -Family of Patient of Noncommunicable Disease SSA -Sub-Saharan Africa WDA -Women Development Army WHO -World Health Organization Moreover, even though these diseases are not transmissible, they constitute a major cause of untimely and preventable deaths globally . Similarly, these illnesses are becoming the growing health challenges in the developing world due to individuals' lifestyle changes which resulted from the economic development and modernization of these countries . Specifically, tobacco use, poor diet and being physically inactive are the potential behaviour-related risk factors for developing NCDs across the globe . According to WHO's (2013) report, cancer is the most common non-communicable disease in high income countries as compared to other countries. Specifically, cancer is the number one killer in high income countries as it accounts for 37.5% of the total mortality that occurred in 2008. Next to cancer, CVD and diabetes, together, account for 27.7% of the total death in these countries. Besides, 3.4% of mortality that occurred in 2008 in high income countries was due to chronic respiratory conditions . With regard to LMICs, CVD and diabetes accounted for the highest share of mortality in 2008 . Specifically, in low income countries, death from CVD and diabetes account for 27.7% of the total death. However, in lower middle income countries the percentage of mortality from CVD and diabetes goes up to 33.8%. Likewise, in upper middle income countries, mortality from CVD and diabetes account for 36.6%. Following mortality from CVD and diabetes, cancer attributes for 11.4%, 18.6%, and 19.6% of the total deaths in low, lower middle and upper middle income countries respectively. Besides, out of the total mortality in 2008, 5.9% in low, 9.0% in lower middle and 3.4% in upper middle occurred due to chronic respiratory conditions . This can suggest that the rise of these lifestyle illnesses along with infectious diseases bring double health burdens to people who live in developing countries. In the Ethiopian context, the condition seemed to be similar. NCDs are responsible for about half (48.5%) of the mortality that occurred in 2008 . CVD and diabetes accounted for one-fourth (25.4%) of the total death that occurred in 2008. In addition, cancer accounts for 7.1% of the total death whereas 6.2% is attributed due to chronic respiratory conditions. Likewise, according to the annual report of Axum Town Health Office , in the study setting, i.e. Axum town, chronic respiratory diseases were the leading causes of morbidity for three consecutive years. Specifically, chronic respiratory diseases accounted for 31.99%, 29.05% and 29.42%

Przestępstwo zgwałcenia jest jednym z najbardziej elektryzujących debatę publiczną zagadnień prawa karnego. Aby uniknąć negatywnego napięcia między praktyką i dogmatyką prawniczą a intuicjami moralnymi społeczeństwa, wykładnia jego znamion powinna być poddawana systematycznej, zniuansowanej dyskusji, która będzie uwzględniać zmieniającą się obyczajowość. Choć dyskusja na temat adekwatnej penalizacji gwałtu staje się coraz bardziej intensywna, nadal stosunkowo niewielkim zainteresowaniem doktryny cieszy się znamię podstępu w przestępstwie zgwałcenia (ZPPZ). Prezentowany artykuł ma na celu pogłębienie dyskusji odnoszącej się do ZPPZ. Opracowanie zawiera: 1) omówienie stanu literatury prawniczej – na podstawie analizy m.in. dziesięciu komentarzy do Kodeksu karnego – poprzez określenie najczęściej omawianych zagadnień oraz zidentyfikowanie rdzenia poglądów doktrynalnych dotyczących ZPPZ; 2) omówienie ciekawego przypadku wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z 1974 r., który zyskał nieproporcjonalny wpływ na dyskurs odnoszący się do ZPPZ; 3) krytyczne odniesienie się do wybranych poglądów doktryny. W artykule krytykowane są w szczególności: niedostatecznie uzasadnione, choć rozpowszechnione w literaturze, poglądy dotyczące czynników istotnych dla decyzji w zakresie korzystania z wolności seksualnej (koncepcja „błędu istotnego”); nieprzekonujące różnicowanie dokonywanych przez kobiety oraz przez mężczyzn oszustw w zakresie korzystania ze środków antykoncepcyjnych; uznawanie pewnych światopoglądów za „wzorzec kulturowy” – przesądzający kwalifikację prawną, choć wyznaczany arbitralnie. Ze względu na ostatni przytoczony problem w opracowaniu postulowane jest przyjęcie zasady „minimum subiektywizmu”, kontrującej podejmowane w dyskursie prawniczym arbitralne decyzje dogmatyczne i pozwalającej uwzględniać nietypowe stany faktyczne, by bardziej adekwatnie chronić wolność seksualną.

For vulnerable groups in society, water insecurity and deficient water availability for food production commonly reflect unequal distribution of water volumes, quality, and services within unequal power structures. Water security is necessarily a political dilemma. Policy debates, however, tend to naturalize and de-politicize this concept. Instead of recognizing that water security and distribution belong to the realm of human interests, choices, negotiation, and power plays, they are often represented as following universal economic, legal, and natural-scientific rules. In this context, there is a widespread policy assumption that formally recognizing local, customary water rights is one important element to grant water security for marginalized user groups. This paper challenges this assumption and examines the illustrative case of a Peruvian Andes community, Yanque. We scrutinize formalization policies that claim to enhance water security for marginalized communities regarding (1) material water allocation and (re)distribution and (2) water rulemaking, legitimate authority, and cultural-political organization-both elements that stand central in formalization processes. We discuss the complex relationship between formal and alternative "water securities" and the cultural politics of rights recognition and show that uncritical formalization of local water rights often leads to weakening rather than strengthening local water security.

Марченя П.П. Человек и право в кризисном ритме российской истории: русское правосознание как фактор цивилизационной идентичности [Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция Право как форма бытия человека (к 300-летию И. Канта)] // Юридическая наука и практика: Вестник Нижегородской академии МВД России. 2025. № 1 (69). С. 237–239. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=80629133

L'endettement public massif, surtout lorsqu'il atteint des niveaux records comme en France en 2025 (plus de 115 % du PIB), ne crée pas que des perdants. Il génère aussi des gagnants cachés, souvent liés à des mécanismes financiers complexes et à des acteurs qui savent tirer profit de l'instabilité, de la dette et des produits dérivés, la crise devenant une source de profits colossaux pour certains ; un système qui favorise l'asymétrie des risques Ce jeu économique repose en effet sur une asymétrie fondamentale : • Les États et les citoyens assument le risque systémique (via l'impôt, l'austérité ou l'inflation). • Les acteurs financiers (banques, fonds spéculatifs, investisseurs institutionnels) captent les gains grâce à des produits dérivés, des paris sur la crise, et des mécanismes de sauvetage. En 2025, avec une dette publique record, une instabilité politique chronique et des marchés financiers toujours plus innovants en matière de produits risqués, ce système est plus que jamais à l'oeuvre. La question est : jusqu'où peut-il tenir avant que le « chaos » ne devienne ingérable, même pour ses bénéficiaires ?

Cilj rada je istražiti sporove u svezi s povredom žiga Europske unije (EU) budući da Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) predstoji put usklađivanja propisa s pravnom stečevinom EU. Učinkovit, dobro osmišljen i uravnotežen sustav intelektualnog vlasništva bitan je čimbenik za promicanje ulaganja i gospodarski rast. Povećan broj povreda prava intelektualnog vlasništva, između ostaloga i prava žiga, predstavlja posebnu prijetnju i gubitke za sektore koji koriste te vrste vlasništva. Boljom provedbom prava intelektualnog vlasništva pridonosi se ostvarivanju novih radnih mjesta, poticanju rasta i poboljšanju konkurentnosti, kao i jačanju jedinstvenoga tržišta. Analizirat će se sporovi koji se odnose na povredu žiga EU radi ukazivanja na najbolje prakse u ovom području što može poslužiti za dodatnu specijalizaciju svih dionika koji provode prava žiga u BiH. Ukazat će se na nužnost specijalizacije sudaca u području intelektualnog vlasništva te sustavnog objavljivanja presuda u predmetima povezanima s povredom prava žiga.

propiedad intelectual no presenta ninguna utilidad social ni económica. Eso sostiene algún grupo actualmente en relación con dicha institución. El presente documento aborda la justificación deontológica de la propiedad intelectual para defender y sustentar una afirmación contraria a la inicial. En primer lugar, desde John Locke se presentará la nada pacífica situación del sujeto creador, posteriormente la tensión entre éste y los sujetos que usan o se sirven del bien creado. El propósito de este texto es presentar una caracterización de los principales elementos a tener en cuenta desde una posición de sujeto que permita contribuir a la discusión actual en relación con la crisis de los fundamentos de la propiedad intelectual.

La Décision n°42/CNO/RIC/2022 du Conseil National de l’Ordre des Avocats en RDC impose une attestation préalable pour plaider hors ressort. Si cette mesure poursuit des objectifs légitimes de discipline et de traçabilité, sa mise en œuvre introduit une territorialisation de la robe contraire au statut national de l’avocat et porte atteinte au droit de la défense. L’exigence d’autorisation préalable, lourde et inadaptée, apparaît en décalage avec les exigences contemporaines de modernisation. L’article plaide pour un passage à une logique de notification et de contrôle a posteriori, appuyée par un registre numérique national, afin de concilier discipline ordinale, indépendance professionnelle et effectivité du droit de la défense.

Fecha de recepción: 11/06/2024 Fecha de aceptación: 15/07/2024 SUMARIO: 1. Introduction. 2. AI wrongs. 3. What are punitive damages? Its nature. 4. When? Cases to be awarded. 5. How? Its assessment. 6. To whom? The beneficiary. 7. Concluding remarks. RESUMEN: La tecnología e inteligencia artificial (IA) demuestra que en ciertas circunstancias los remedios tradicionales, enfocados en la compensación dineraria, son insuficientes. Ante ello, es necesario otros remedios como los daños punitivos, para lograr una disuasión general e incluso el castigo. En este ensayo, la discusión se enfoca en cómo el legislador podría incluir los daños punitivos en una jurisdicción del Civil Law (qué, cuándo, cómo y a quién). Entonces, se retoma el debate en torno a los daños punitivos enfocado en el problema más disruptivo de la actualidad.

This article critically examines Rwanda’s transitional justice mechanisms in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, situating them within the broader debates on accountability for international crimes and reconciliation in post-conflict societies. It explores the hybrid framework Rwanda adopted, which combined international criminal prosecutions through the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), domestic trials in national courts, and community-based Gacaca tribunals. Each of these mechanisms was designed to respond to the unique challenge of addressing over 120,000 genocide suspects while simultaneously rebuilding a shattered society. The article argues that Rwanda achieved an unparalleled scale of accountability, reduced prison overcrowding, and created unprecedented platforms for truth-telling and reconciliation. However, these achievements were accompanied by serious challenges, including procedural shortcomings, corruption, inadequate reparations, and gender justice gaps. By reflecting on Rwanda’s experience, this article contributes to the understanding of how post-conflict societies can navigate the complex balance between punitive and restorative justice, accountability and reconciliation, and efficiency and fairness. It concludes by offering recommendations for strengthening future transitional justice mechanisms, particularly in relation to inclusivity, gender sensitivity, and reparations.

This article examines whether the separation of powers is effective in the United Kingdom and Sri Lanka by comparison of key statutes, and case laws, from the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and the creation of Supreme Court strengthened judicial independence while leaving fusion between executive and legislation state organs, comparing to Sri Lanka, where the Court using writ jurisdiction to check executive and legislative abuse, yet emergency powers, presidential pardon, and political pressure limit proper separation. The analysis checks for clearer safeguards for independence to make separation of powers.

The chapter ‘Pragmatic Encroachment, the Problem of Sufficiency, and Legal Reasons’ explores the intricate relationship between practical and epistemic justification. It begins by reconstructing a distinctive formulation of the Unity Thesis—often associated with Pragmatic Encroachment in epistemology—which posits an intrinsic link between epistemic and practical reasoning. According to this thesis, epistemic justification is subject to a pragmatic condition. The chapter then critically investigates the implications of this view within legal theory, examining how this version of the Unity Thesis shapes discussions on legal standards of proof, particularly in their application to concrete cases, and how it bears upon the prevailing view that legal norms constitute protected reasons for action.

This open access book introduces the first systematic approach to the debate on the unity or fragmentation of practical reasoning and its profound implications for legal philosophy. Bringing together some of the foremost legal philosophers from the Hispanic-Latin world, the book presents a thoughtful dialogue with the Anglo-American literature, making it of interest to scholars from both cultural traditions. Although the topic is rarely discussed explicitly and systematically, it is pivotal to ongoing debates about legal normativity, the nature of law, legal authority, and the rationale behind legal decisions. This book fills this gap by providing a comprehensive perspective that illuminates the intersections between the philosophy of law and the philosophy of practical reasoning. It analyses law from the perspective of the agent and offers deep insights into critical issues in the field of law. The volume is divided into four parts. The 1st part addresses the question of the nature of reasons and the unity of practical and theoretical reasoning. The 2nd part deals with the question of whether practical reasoning works in a unified or fragmented way. The 3rd section examines the autonomy of legal normativity in relation to morality and other normative domains. In the 4th and concluding section, the authors analyse the implications of the thesis of the unity of practical reason for legal decision-making and the authority of law.

Nominative laws—laws named after particular victims of violence or injustice such as Martyn's Law, Sarah's Law and Awaab's Law—have become increasingly prominent in the UK. In this article, we offer the first sustained attempt to explore this phenomenon and its social, political and legal significance. Two contributions are made. First, we demonstrate the breadth of nominative laws via an original typology organised around their four primary ambitions: rights, obligations, protections and punishments. Second, we situate these laws within relevant social and political dynamics, including the rise of populism, expectations of performative justice, and social memory. In doing this, the article argues that nominative laws are important for what they create and close down. On the one hand, they offer new opportunities for marking injustices and accelerating political action. On the other, they risk foreclosing space for political debate and contestation.

FinMaP-Working Paper No.46 -P a g e | 2 This paper applies Markov-switching multifractal (MSM) processes to model and forecast carbon dioxide (CO2) emission price volatility, and compares their forecasting performance to the standard GARCH, fractionally integrated GARCH (FIGARCH) and the two-state Markov-switching GARCH (MS-GARCH) models via three loss functions (the mean squared error, the mean absolute error and the value-at-risk). We evaluate the performance of these models via the superior predictive ability test. We find that the forecasts based on the MSM model cannot be outperformed by its competitors under the vast majority of criteria and forecast horizons, while MS-GARCH mostly comes out as the least successful model. Applying various VaR backtesting procedures, we do, however, not find significant differences in the performance of the candidate models under this particular criterion. We also find that we cannot reject the null hypothesis of MSM forecasts encompassing those of GARCH-type models. In line with this result, optimally combined forecasts do indeed hardly improve upon the best single models in our sample.

In the current global political arena, liberal democracies face significant strain due to the rise of populist movements, challenges to constitutional integrity, and the gradual erosion of the rule of law. Populism, frequently marked by anti-elitist discourse and direct engagement with "the people," poses a threat to institutional checks and balances, jeopardising the stability of democratic systems. This scholarly investigation examines the processes by which populist leaders challenge constitutional principles, the implications for legal governance, and the strategies that can enhance democratic resilience. Through a comparative analysis of case studies from Europe, Latin America, and Asia, this paper elucidates the dynamic interplay between populist influences and institutional protections, offering valuable insights into preserving democratic vitality in the 21st century. 1. Introduction Democracy, understood as a governance model defined by free electoral processes, political diversity, and the safeguarding of individual liberties, has faced considerable pressure in recent decades. 1 Although democratic systems exhibit resilience, they remain susceptible to both internal and external forces. A prominent challenge is populism a political approach that juxtaposes "the virtuous people" against "the corrupt elite." This phenomenon often coincides with constitutional crises and efforts to undermine the rule of law, evident in judicial overreach, media manipulation, and assaults on autonomous institutions. This study addresses the following research inquiries: 1. How does populism engage with constitutional integrity and the rule of law? 2. Which institutional mechanisms are most vulnerable to populist pressures? 3. What measures can democracies adopt to bolster their resilience against authoritarian tendencies? These questions are contextualised within ongoing theoretical discourses on democratic decline, populist governance, and institutional architecture. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Populism Populism remains a multifaceted concept, typically interpreted as a political style or strategy that prioritises direct representation of "the people" in opposition to elite factions. Scholars such as Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser distinguish

This research analyzes the jurisprudential dialog that the Mexican Supreme Court of Justice has held with the CIDH around the economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR), as well as some interpretations of the CADH and other international human rights treaties, referring to the DESC in Mexico. Keywords: CIDH, DESC, jurisprudential Dialog, Supreme Court of Justice of Mexico.

In this text, I aim to link Sellars’s view on intention with a fundamental Hartian insight: that a normative domain cannot be fully understood without considering the perspective of its participants.

Following this insight, I delve into how the communal aspects of our intentions can make room for a legal point of view that is distinct from the moral one, thereby opening the door to a defence of the fragmentation thesis. To this end, I first outline some basic issues regarding the connection between intention and practical reason (section II). I then present some ideas about the structure and logic of intentions (section III) in order to advance to a theory of we-intentions that explains the point of view of moral agents (section IV). Finally, following the Kantian spirit of Sellars’s project, I apply this schema to legal agency and indicate the consequences for the discussion addressed in this book (section V).

The essay outlines the key events of the Crusade against Aragon in 1285, focusing particularly on naval confrontations, especially the significant battle that occurred near the Formigues Islands. In addition to acknowledging Roger de Lauria, the mastermind behind the victory, the author also highlights other skilled Catalan naval commanders who excelled in maritime combat. The effective combination of crossbowmen and almogavars—elite commando-style fighters—consistently led to triumphs, even when faced with numerical disadvantages.
Keywords: Roger de Lauria, Pedro the Great, Philip the Bold, Catalan crossbowmen, almogavars, triremes

Knjiga/monografija o prirodi i djelovanju Visokog Predstavnika (High Representative) u BiH.
Ključna teza glasi da je riječ o sui generis tiranijskoj funkciji s izrazito lošim i štetnim posljedicama po BiH u svakom smislu. Poglavlje 5 nudi neka rješenja u neizravnom obliku, kroz prezentaciju Sofoklove Antigone.
Ovo je predposljednja verzija za koju ovom prilikom tražim komentar (a i mogući izdavači mogu se javiti u inbox). Unaprijed zahvaljujem.

Cruelty in matrimonial milieu is criminally prohibited offence. The offence being cognizable and non-bailable vests enormous powers in the hands of police and complainant as well. Police can cause havoc under the guise of policing such cases. Judicially noticing such 'police attitude' different guidelines have been laid in different context which have become contextually contrary. The aim of the paper is to address the omnipresent power of the police to police section 498A cases which power has been judicially cut to size. * Assistant Professor Law, Shahji Law College, Shivaji University, Kholapur (India). Author may be contacted at prof_praveenpatil@rediffmail.com 1 rd Section 498A of IPC, 243 Report, 2012, Law Commission of India, at 2 2 Ibid. 3 th Compounding of (IPC) Offences, 237 Report, 2011, Law Commission of India, at 16 INTRODUCTION Several enactments and provisions have been brought on the statute book during the last two or three decades to address the concerns of...

This study is organized around two questions: When is the state authority legitimate? And who has the morally legitimate authority to punish so-called criminals? Through a critical analysis of some philosophical accounts of state authority and legal punishment, the thesis argues that neither the state authority in general enjoys a moral foundation, nor the state punitive authority. Behind this critical conception lies some ontological and normative principles that together are called the negative and diarchic idea of authority. According to the ontological principle, any political community is so deeply plural and divided, mainly between the elite's desire to dominate and the citizens' desire not to be dominated, which makes the foundations of authority indeterminate. Another ontological principle is that radical plurality makes human action unpredictable and irreversible. This ontology gives rise to two normative principles, i.e., the right not to be dominated and the normative powers of forgiveness and promise. The second normative principle specifically is capable of suspending the state's punitive authority. Corresponding to this notion of authority and after a critical revision of retributivist and consequentialist accounts of criminal justice as two forms of criminalizing individuals and unpredictability and irreversibility of human actions, a version of abolitionism and restorative justice is set forth that envisages a tripartite structure of criminal justice system (composed of community members, social movements and civil organizations, and state officials and legal professionals). This structure potentially serves as a context in which citizens can develop normative powers of forgiveness and promise.

This Essay elaborates in three ways the call for a renewal of social science approaches to international law advanced by Daniel Abebe, Adam Chilton, and Tom Ginsburg. First, while we affirm the importance of what they call the "scientific method" of hypothesis testing, we argue that it can and must be complemented by several other well-institutionalized social science approaches to international law. Second, we loosen the conventional "internal"/"external" distinction in legal scholarship and make the case that conceptualization and empirics are integral to both approaches. Third, we propose that the full promise of social science approaches to international law can only be realized when the international is held in dynamic and temporal tension with the national and local. Expanding scholarship on transnational legal orders and ordering brings theory and research on international law (including conventional "internal" approaches) into productive engagement with growing bodies of socio-legal research and scholarship (the so-called "external" view), with mutual benefits for both. The Essay illustrates the promise of the transnational legal order framework with two illustrations, one from international trade law through the World Trade Organization and the other from international commercial law created and promulgated by United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.

O trabalho procura identificar e caracterizar as funções sociais da cidade, previstas no art. 182 da Constituição Federal. O desenvolvimento e o conceito de cidade são estudados, bem como a organização política do município brasileiro e a legislação urbana. Identificam-se três grupos de funções sociais da cidade: funções urbanísticas, de cidadania e de gestão. São convencionadas como funções sociais urbanísticas: habitação, trabalho, lazer e mobilidade; funções de cidadania: educação saúde, segurança e proteção; e as funções de gestão: prestação de serviços, planejamento, preservação do patrimônio cultural e natural, e sustentabilidade urbana.

Taking a seminar in 2024 as a starting point, this report contains some reflections about discussions relating to civil law in post Soviet states.

#CivillawAlmaty #Международнойнаучнопрактическконференции #цивилистическихчтений #цивилистическихчтений2024

Linguagem é a primeira grande área da capacidade cognitiva humana para a qual estamos começando a obter uma descrição que não é exageradamente simplificada. Graças ao trabalho de linguistas transformacionais contemporâneos, 1 uma descrição muito sutil de ao menos algumas linguagens humanas está sendo construída. Algumas características dessas linguagens parecem ser universais. Onde tais características revelam-se "específicas a uma espécie" ["species-specific"] -"não explicáveis sob alguns fundamentos gerais de utilidade funcional ou de simplicidade que se aplicariam a sistemas arbitrários que servem às funções da linguagem"elas podem lançar alguma luz sobre a estrutura da mente. Embora seja extremamente difícil dizer em que medida a estrutura, assim iluminada, revelarse-á uma estrutura universal da linguagem, por oposição a uma estrutura universal de estratégias gerais de aprendizagem inatas. 2 O próprio fato de que essa discussão possa acontecer é testemunho da riqueza e generalidade do material descritivo que os linguistas estão começando a fornecer, e também testemunho da profundidade da análise, à medida que as características que aparecem como candidatas a características da linguagem "específicas a uma espécie" não são, em nenhum sentido, características superficiais ou fenomenológicas da linguagem, mas residem no nível da estrutura profunda.

An emphasis on democracy is typical of action research. Therefore, theories of modern democracy can be applied within the field of school development through action research. According to Jürgen Habermas, the promotion of democratic will-formation requires the promotion of free and rational communicative action that is as free from manipulation as possible. Under ideal communicative conditions, consensus is achieved dialectically through the force of a better argument. The principles of rational argumentation have been developed in detail in Habermas's publications on discourse ethics and in The Theory of Communicative Action. He has recently developed his approach in a book entitled Between Facts and Norms, to which theorists of action research have so far paid little attention. In this book Habermas examines the possibilities for bridging the gap between actual norms and social acceptance of norms in modern society. In traditional society there was no gap between the facticity and the validity of a norm. In modernity, by contrast, a norm is considered valid only if it has been agreed on in free communication between all parties concerned. Action research can support the formation of communication mechanisms that advance collective discursive will-formation. In this sense, Habermas's recent theorizing offers interesting viewpoints on action research.