Hazard and Operability

Petroleum refineries are multifaceted and complex systems that perform multiple phase operations characterized by a high level of risk. The size and complexity of petroleum refinery, together with the nature of the products handled, require Hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodology. HAZOP is one of the best tools used in various oil refineries globally based on guidewords for all hazardous conditions with strong recommendation. The application of HAZOP has been demonstrated in the condensate oil exploration unit, based in Sindh. In this research paper about 12 deviations were documented with 34 possible causes and 46 predicted consequences. However, to make the system hazard free 3 nodes were selected on the piping and instrumentation diagram of condensate splitter, based on selected nodes 48 actions were proposed in counter of the deviations.

A HAZOP involves a systematic and detailed review of a process by a multi-disciplined team, preferably led by an experienced person independent of the facility being studied. For a process plant, it involves studying the process line by line, the equipment item by item and the plant as a whole. The HAZOP uses a brainstorming approach around a series of guide words designed to qualitatively identify possible deviations from normal operation and their possible impacts. Responsibilities are assigned to investigate possible solutions for each problem found. Guidance is given on study procedure and prerequisites for an effective HAZOP, including team selection, information requirements and record keeping. The section concludes with a brief discussion of non-traditional HAZOP equivalents. KEY MESSAGE  To be effective, a HAZOP must be systematic, detailed and conducted by a balanced team with an experienced leader.

Petroleum refineries are multifaceted and complex systems that perform multiple phase operations characterized by a high level of risk. The size and complexity of petroleum refinery, together with the nature of the products handled, require Hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodology. HAZOP is one of the best tools used in various oil refineries globally based on guidewords for all hazardous conditions with strong recommendation. The application of HAZOP has been demonstrated in the condensate oil exploration unit, based in Sindh. In this research paper about 12 deviations were documented with 34 possible causes and 46 predicted consequences. However, to make the system hazard free 3 nodes were selected on the piping and instrumentation diagram of condensate splitter, based on selected nodes 48 actions were proposed in counter of the deviations.

Looking at flood risk management developments that have lately taken place in the Netherlands, the emergence of a virtual liking of disaster preparation measures is perceptible. Investments in multilayer safety projects are one of the most popular outlets of this trend. Multi-layer safety has raised several discussions about its cost-efficiency. This paper contributes in these discussions by clarifying the economic implications of multi-layer safety from a rational perspective.

Abstract
The banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily urbanized areas on a global scale.
Urbanization and the strategic location that the water entity projects in relation to the global market
have consequently led to a high concentration of the world’s biggest cities (Nicholls, 1995) 1, and a
considerable proportion of the global gross domestic product (GDP) (Turner et al.,1996) 2. In a
resolute attempt to regain control, intense urbanization lead to intense anthropic activities –
destruction of saltmarsh, construction of artificial barriers, storm-breakers which affect the ecologic
response of the natural processes reducing the adaptability range and exposing the coastal/estuarine
territory to flooding risk, beach erosion, storm surges, saltwater intrusion and siltation (Turner,1996) 3.
Facing climate uncertainty, assessing levels of vulnerability is subjected to limited measuring, hence
economic impacts are hard to grasp and can result in lack of engagement for investing in protective
measures. In the case of the United Kingdom, the Environment Agency’s funding for maintaining
flood assets has fallen by 14% nationally, while other current trends in the energy field are attracting
increasing capital. As a consequence, the Greater Thames Estuary region which currently contains 1
million properties would result in direct damage of at least £ 97.8 billion at 2003 prices in case of
inundation (Dawson, 2005) 4. Considering this scenario, the economic implications reach further when
applying this reasoning through time and performance of the current defense mechanism. Hence, the
paper will introduce the economic factor and merge it with progressive system evaluation in time,
aiming to justify that an energetic productive capacity would close the loop of a self-financing flood
protective cycle. Consequently, it will focus on revealing methods and variables for quantifying and
qualifying economical impacts of risk vulnerability, building towards a potential integrated approach
for investment that militates for a multifunctional flood defense infrastructure.

This paper will describe the extraction of biogas from the fermentation of water hyacinth by using anaerobic bioreactor type of semi - batch. The process of providing nutrition in a bioreactor of this type, conducted periodically to maintain the continuity of the production of biogas. Bioreactors are used there are 2 kinds of bioreactor without bioreactor with a stirrer and stirrer (a part of the development of bioreactor). Stirrer used to maintain the homogeneity of the substrate in the bioreactor, because the process of extracting biogas running very slow and takes place in a long time. The stirring process can make a mixture of substrates in the bioreactor became homogeneous, so it can affect the biogas production process.
Results of the experiment showed that stirring periodically on anaerobic bioreactor can increase the production of biogas (less significant) compared to the bioreactor without stirring