Gross Profit Margin on Sales

This study comparatively analysed Aro-based and hired-labour-based farming systems in Yewa North Local Government Area, Ogun State focusing on the technical efficiency and security perception in both systems. A quasi-experimental research design was employed and data obtained from 12 cassava farms through structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical models were used in analysing the study data. The descriptive statistics include frequency distribution tables, percentages and measures of central tendency while the Stochastic Frontier function and logit regression models constituted the inferential statistics used. The findings revealed that both systems were efficient but Aro-based farms displayed higher technical efficiency (81.50%) compared to hired-labour farms (75.32%). Security perceptions among farmers in the Aro-based farms was stronger, with 73.2% of farmers feeling secure unlike 48.7% of their counterparts in hired-labour systems. Although the Arobased farms showed superior security perception when compared to the hired-labour farming system, the effect was not significant (p<0.05). The study concludes that Aro-based farming is more technically efficient than the hired-labour system. The study recommends the promotion of the Aro-based farming system particularly among cash-strapped farmers in rural settings.

The purpose of this article is to study social responsibility of firm towards shareholders. The study is concentrated on social responsibility of running firm efficiently, offering regular and fair return on capital, safety of capital and capital appreciation. Analysis is done with the help of net profit, Book value per share, dividend per share (DPS), earnings per share (EPS). Finally, the study is concluded that, the firm fulfilled all the responsibilities towards the shareholders except responsibilities with respect to operating results.

This book provides a clear and practical guide to understanding and calculating net salary—the take-home pay after taxes and deductions. It explains the difference between gross and net income, outlines mandatory and voluntary withholdings, and offers examples with calculators to make salary computations simple. Designed for employees and employers alike, it helps readers plan budgets and better understand their payslips.

This study was carried out to determine the economics of vegetable production in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of vegetable farmers, estimate the cost and return of vegetable production, determine the profitability of vegetable production. A multi stage sampling techniques was used to select 112 respondents. Information were collected through a well-structured questionnaire. Data obtained from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Gross margin and Net Farm Income. Regression analysis was used to determine factors influencing the Net Farm Income.  The result showed that 52.7% of the respondents were female, 44.6% were between the age range of 41-50 years with average of 40 years, 60.7% were married and 86.6% of the respondents were literate. The result of the resource use efficiency indicated that farm size and quantity of seed are under-utilized resources. The Net Farm Income realized accounted for ₦5,621,800 and the gross margin analysis revealed a value of ₦80, 437.95 per respondents. The result implies that vegetable production is a profitable enterprise in the study area. The result of regression analysis shows that household size (X4) -1.447, farm size (X5) 2.325, and years of experience (X6) -1.118 were significant at 10% level. Major constraints affecting vegetable production were high cost of labour and poor transportation network. It was recommended that good road networks should be provided by the government to aid easy movement of farm produce to the designated location.

The micro, small and medium enterprises are like a backbone to Indian economy supporting financially as well as generating employment at large. Up to the year 2022 there were more than 633.8 lakhs estimated MSMEs in India (from survey report in the year 2015-16). The Government of India initiated UDAYAM portal and made it mandatory for MSMEs to register business under the same. To conduct an appropriate academic study in the field, it becomes essential to comprehend the actual situation by comparing the estimated number of MSMEs and the actual number of MSMEs. The present study focus on the comparative study between the estimated and actual number of MSMEs in India, for which secondary data from the Census report of the year 2015-16 and the UDAYAM portal web-data upto end of November 2022 was collected. The data was analysed using clusterbar diagram and line diagram. Statistical tools like mean, median, standard deviation and Karl Pearson's Product correlation methods were used in data analysis. The study covered all the 37 states and union territories of India especially related to the number of micro, small and medium enterprises. It concluded that there exist a strong correlation between the estimated and actual number of micro and small enterprises whereas weak correlation between estimated and actual number of medium enterprises in India. Above that the data showed that the estimated figures showed that Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal had the highest number of MSMEs but the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat outnumbered in actual.

The purpose of this research is to know how profitability and liquidity ratios influence the growth of profit of manufacturing companies sector food and beverages listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2010-2012. The variables examined in this thesis are current ratio, quick ratio, cash ratio, gross profit margin, return on asset and return on equity as the independent variables and profit growth as the dependent variable. The collection of secondary data was done by taking it from the financial statements of manufacturing companies of food and beverages sector listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2010-2012. The analysis method used is descriptive quantitative using the program of Eviews 7.0. The results of this research indicates that simultantly current ratio(CR) , quick ratio (QR), cash ratio, gross profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity have significant influence towards the growth of profit. Partially, all the six independent variables have no significant influence towards the growth of profit of manufacturing companies of food and beverages sector listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2010-2012.

The analysis of operating and financial equilibrium is instrumental for deriving IPPPA. It is developed as a typical method of product or firm level accounting and analysis for effective reporting with clear projections on efficiency, effectiveness of the results in-terms of profitability, social responsibility and values that a firm honors through exploration of a perfect functional relation between the operating results and all of its forces or determinants. The equilibrium and IPPPA analysis disclosed the BER as the centre pin in decision analysis for profitability and value and ensured the concept of BER (breakeven ratio) as the litmus test concept and variable for operating efficiency and financial effectiveness analysis.

The study assessed the effect of farmer field school (FFS) on the livelihood of smallholder cocoa farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was used to conduct the research. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select 160 smallholder rural cocoa farmers who participated in the FFS activities in Kwara State. An interview schedule was used as an instrument for data collection. Data were collected on the socioeconomic characteristics of the smallholder rural cocoa farmers, yield, income, house expenditure, household assets, and the constraints faced by the smallholder rural cocoa farmers. Data collected were analysed using means, frequency counts, percentages, and linear regression at a 0.05 level of significance. The result shows that 91.3% of the respondents were male and also there was an increase of 415kg of cocoa yield after participating in FFS. The result showed participating in FFS activities increased the yield, income, expenditures, and household assets of smallholder rural cocoa farmers. But statistically, there were no significant effects on yield, income, household expenditure, and household assets at p-values of 0.156, 0.892, 0.269, and 0.631 respectively. The findings conclude that FFS activities had no significant effects on yield, income, household expenditure, and household assets and these may be due to inadequate training facilitators faced by the smallholder rural cocoa farmers. The study recommends that the Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture should recruit, train, and retrain more facilitators and set proper monitoring and evaluation processes in other to make FFS activities more functional.

ISO 9000 has become a prerequisite for production and service companies. Several issues have been raised following the positive/negative effect of the ISO 9000 standard. The scholar has explored the significance of adopting the ISO 9000 standard in efforts to explain the companies' improvement in sales and profit. The average income and profit of non-ISO standard companies were significantly lower than that of ISO-certified Chinese companies. On the contrary, average ROS and ROA of ISO-certified companies were significantly lower than in non-ISO companies. The correlation between the profit of operation and ROA was significantly positive. It was noted that there was a reasonable positive correlation between ROS and profit, which was statistically significant. The relation between the educational qualification of employees and ISO adoption status was noted to be statistically significant. The management of non-ISO Chinese firms should adopt the ISO guidelines by implementing the standards. Inefficient utilization of operational facilities and assets in ISO firms was probably the cause of lower ROS and ROA of ISO-certified companies, and the management should focus on the ambiguities. The upcoming study can also include external factors, such as GST to assess the impact on ROS and ROA with structural equation modeling.

ISO 9000 has become a prerequisite for production and service companies. Several issues have been raised following the positive/negative effect of the ISO 9000 standard. The scholar has explored the significance of adopting the ISO 9000 standard in efforts to explain the companies’ improvement in sales and profit. The average income and profit of non-ISO standard companies were significantly lower than that of ISO-certified Chinese companies. On the contrary, average ROS and ROA of ISO-certified companies were significantly lower than in non-ISO companies. The correlation between the profit of operation and ROA was significantly positive. It was noted that there was a reasonable positive correlation between ROS and profit, which was statistically significant. The relation between the educational qualification of employees and ISO adoption status was noted to be statistically significant. The management of non-ISO Chinese firms should adopt the ISO guidelines by implementing the stan...

Health expenditures on profit effect on farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria were examined. Purposive and random sampling procedures were used to select 216 respondents for the study. The average monthly health expenditure and net farm income per farmer were N664 and N17,995.31k respectively. The regression model showed that health expenditure had an inverse relationship with profit. Their total healthcare expenditure was significantly influenced by gender, age, household size, education, income, and cost of medical services. The result of the correlation analysis shows that there is a significant negative relationship between profit and health expenditure of farmers in the study area (r=0.625, p<0.05). It is recommended that more affordable health services should be provided as well as reduced transport costs; price ceilings for healthcare medical services should be introduced.

Firm size is still an interesting topic regarding its role in moderating factors that affect share prices. Therefore, the goal of this study is to determine how firm size affects the relationship of profitability, as measured by Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Operating Profit Margin (OPM), and Net Profit Margin (NPM), on share prices of manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sector from 2016 to 2019. Based on the purposive sample technique, 40 observations from 10 companies were chosen. AMOS 24 software was used to do the investigation using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. In the initial model, it is clear from this analysis that OPM and Company Size significantly affected stock prices. At the same time, there is no significant effect of GPM and NPM on share prices. The second model demonstrates that firm size can moderate the relationship between GPM and OPM on share prices. However, this study cannot prove that firm size can moderate the effect of NPM on share...

This study aims to determine the effect of financial ratios such as current ratios, debt to assets ratio, gross profit margin on changes in earnings in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this research is food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique was using purposive sampling method. Based on purposive sampling from 40 companies, it was obtained a sample of 19 companies that met the criteria. The research data is secondary data obtained from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (www. Idx.co.id) and ICMD 2016-2017. Testing the research hypothesis used multiple linear regression analysis techniques (Multiple Regression Model), with the application tool SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). The results of this study indicate that there is no significant effect between Current Ratio, Debt to Assets Ratio and Gross Profit Margin on partial changes in earnings, so it can be concluded tha...

Cassava is one of the fastest expanding staple food crops in cassava-consuming countries and has continued to gain prominence among farmers while the industrial demand is also rising consistently. The study was carried out with the intention of examining rural women's involvement in various cassava value chain activities and identifying the factors that hinder their active involvement in cassava value addition. The study employed descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage counts, mean, and likert scale) in the analysis. From the results obtained, more rural women were involved in the processing of cassava and marketing of the products while they really engaged families or hired labor in the planting and harvesting. The identified constraints facing the respondents were low returns (profit), lack of access to institutional credit, lack of farmland, theft, lack of storage facilities, and distance to market. The study recommended that government and the cassava industry stakeholders should support the rural women involved in the cassava value chain adequately as it would not only generate more profit for the women but also create more jobs for the youths and bring foreign exchange to the government.

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos pieno sektoriaus įmonių finansinė veikla ir ją lemiantys veiksniai. Finansinė veikla matuojama pagal Ekonominės pridėtinės vertės (EVA) rodiklį, darbo jėgos produktyvumą, pajamas iš eksporto, bendrąjį pelningumą ir skolos kaštus – kaip nepriklausomus kintamuosius, veikiančius finansinę veiklą. Analizės rezultatai parodė, kad EVA (kaip finansinės veiklos rodiklis) svyruoja tiriamuoju laikotarpiu ir tam tikru metu tam tikrose įmonėse jai būdingas priešingas trendas. Nustatyta, kad pajamos iš eksporto ir bendrasis pelningumas turi reikšmingą teigiamą poveikį EVA (finansinės veiklos rodikliui)The article analyses the Lithuanian dairy sector companies’ financial performance and its determinants. Economic value added (EVA) is employed in the paper as a measure of financial performance and labour productivity, revenue from exporting, gross profit margin and cost of debt are used as independent variables to identify determinants influencing performance. The...

Financial distress is a condition when a company experiences an inability to fulfill all financial obligations in the long term. This study analyzes capital structure, female directors, liquidity, and profitability predicting the possibility of financial companies in the 2018-2020 period experiencing financial distress. The research population is financial companies operating on the IDX in the 2018-2020 period with as many as 105 companies. Determination of the sample used is purposive sampling method with the results of 46 companies. The research analysis technique is panel data regression with the best fixed effect model. Based on the analysis results show that the capital structure has a significant effect on financial distress where the higher the company's leverage will cause financial distress. While female director, liquidity, and profitability have no significant effect on the company's financial distress. It is expected that the company will always pay attention to the level of use of leverage so that it can maintain the optimal condition of the company's cash. For future research, it is possible to add variables such as inflation rate, interest rate, tax, firm size, growth sales which can affect financial distress.

Financial distress is a condition when a company experiences an inability to fulfill all financial obligations in the long term. This study analyzes capital structure, female directors, liquidity, and profitability predicting the possibility of financial companies in the 2018-2020 period experiencing financial distress. The research population is financial companies operating on the IDX in the 2018-2020 period with as many as 105 companies. Determination of the sample used is purposive sampling method with the results of 46 companies. The research analysis technique is panel data regression with the best fixed effect model. Based on the analysis results show that the capital structure has a significant effect on financial distress where the higher the company's leverage will cause financial distress. While female director, liquidity, and profitability have no significant effect on the company's financial distress. It is expected that the company will always pay attention to the level of use of leverage so that it can maintain the optimal condition of the company's cash. For future research, it is possible to add variables such as inflation rate, interest rate, tax, firm size, growth sales which can affect financial distress.

Differences in interests related to taxation between the government and companies are still a current issue. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of managerial and financial competencies on tax avoidance in Indonesian manufacturing companies. 149 financial statements of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange were used to compile the data. Panel data regression with a random-effects model was used to test and analyze the data. The findings revealed that financial challenges and managerial ability had a detrimental impact on tax avoidance, but there was no influence between the audit committee on tax avoidance. As for the control variable, there is a positive influence between profitability on tax avoidance, and there is no influence between leverage on tax avoidance.

The significance of sustainable cocoa production has been widely studied using various methods and models, however, the farmers’ viewpoints on cocoa certification programme remained largely unexplored. This study attempts to examine the perceptions of farmers on certification programme towards sustainable cocoa production in the South-West, of Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedures were used to collect primary data through the aid of a well-structured questionnaire from three hundred and sixty (360) cocoa farmers (certified and non-certified) in Ondo, Osun and Ogun States. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean and percentage as well as Independent T-test were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the majority (68.9%) of the respondents were male, and also married which implies that they have access to family labour. The main reason why non-certified cocoa farmers did not participate in the programme is due to inadequate awareness, while the major bodies creatin...

Financial stability in the Malaysian Islamic banking sector is a popular issue that should be given attention by all financial service practitioners, including bank management, regulators, and popolicymakersIn this regard, Islamic banking institutions are stable not only in terms of their ability to be resilient, but also in their financial stability when it concerns their smooth functioning as effective intermediaries. However, to achieve the goals for stability, the Islamic banking sector often faces a mismatch between assets and liabilities, which may contribute to financial instability. Based on the above-mentioned issues and problems, the objective of this study is to describe the asset and liability management practices in Malaysian Islamic banking institutions. To achieve these objectives, the study used methods of estimation on a panel data set (a combination of time series and cross-section) which contains 211 observations from 16 Islamic banks (full-fledged Islamic banks) in Malaysia from 1997 to 2016. The model estimation results showed that the profitability of Islamic banking is influenced by various factors such as asset quality, liquidity, financing, credit risk, deposit ratio, zakat, other liabilities, and capital adequacy. The study found that the asset quality ratio variable has a positive relationship with the profitability of Islamic banking, while the total asset ratio variable has a negative relationship. The liquidity ratio variable, on the other hand, has a positive relationship with the profitability of Islamic banking. The article concludes that these findings have implications for the management of assets and liabilities in Islamic banking,

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs, and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.

This study evaluated the impact of cocoa resuscitation programmes on farmers’ livelihood in South West, Nigeria. Before and after evaluation model combined with project participants and non-project participants’ model were used to established impact of the programme on participants’ livelihoods. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. A total of 240 farmers were interviewed. Focus group discussion was also held in some of the villages selected. Th e major cocoa intervention programmes carried out were distribution of free cocoa seedlings to farmers and training on cocoa rehabilitation techniques (coppicing, phase replanting, selective tree replanting, chupon regeneration, and complete farm replacement). Cocoa resuscitation programme had made significant impact in increasing the revenue of participating farmers (t = 3.106; p≤0.05). Higher proportion (77.5%) of the participating farmers find it very easy to access modern farm tools and seedlings, about 20...

The ability of companies in determining suitable financial policies to make investment opportunities is one of the most principal factors for the companies' growth and progression. Adopting a debt policy or a capital structure is considered as a momentous decision that influences the companies' value. This paper is aimed to investigate the probable relationship between debt policies (including Current Debt, Non-Current Debt, and Total Debt) and performance of Tehran Stock Exchange Companies. The regression model is applied to investigate the relationship between the performance indicators and debt ratios. In this research, financial performance indicators are considered as Gross Margin Profit, Return on Assets (ROA), Tobin's Q Ratio, and Debt Ratios (Current Debt, Non-Current Debt, and Total Debt). "size" and "growth rate" are considered as control variables. Results show that an increase in current debts, non-current debts, and total debts has a negative influence on the corporate performance. It was also found that companies that merely attempt to create assets through debts, without any attention to the company size and other important factors, are not able to have an excellent performance.

Objetivo: Determinar en qué medida la aplicación de la auditoria de prevención tributaria incide en el pago del Impuesto General a las Ventas en empresas de calzado en Trujillo en el año 2017. Método: El tipo de investigación fue cuantitativa. Se trabajó con la información de tres empresas de calzado de la Asociación de Pequeños Industriales y Artesanos de Trujillo. Se aplicó la técnica de encuestas por cuestionario, análisis documental y entrevista a los contadores de cada empresa. Resultados: La auditoría de prevención tributaria en las empresas de calzado disminuyó en un 66,7% tanto en el incumplimiento tributario del Impuesto General a las Ventas; como en las fiscalizaciones de la Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administración Tributaria del año 2017. Conclusión: La auditoría de prevención tributaria aplicada a empresas de calzado de Trujillo disminuyó de manera significativa el déficit de pago del Impuesto General a las Ventas del año 2017.

The financial performance of a company can be predicted using various methods, one of which is linear regression and exponential smoothing. This study aims to predict the financial performance of PT Astra International Tbk using linear regression and exponential smoothing methods, as well as combining both methods to obtain more accurate predictions. Financial data from PT Astra International Tbk from 2012-2021 was used in this study. The results of the prediction with linear regression show that the current ratio has the lowest MAPE, while exponential smoothing shows that the debt to equity ratio has the lowest MAPE. In the combination of both methods, the lowest MAPE was obtained in predicting total asset turnover. In the discussion, factors that affect the financial performance of PT Astra International Tbk are discussed for each predicted financial ratio. In conclusion, the combination of linear regression and exponential smoothing can improve the accuracy of financial performan...

The main goal of every company is to get the maximum profit. Besides that, when the company has reached a mature phase, the most difficult thing is how the company maintains its existence, stability, and faces competitors, so that the company can still be favored by investors. There are many factors that can affect a company's value, including DER and interest rates. The purpose of this study is to determine how the influence of these two factors on company value. The statistical analysis method used is panel data regression. Panel data regression analysis is a combination of cross section with time series data. Researchers are interested in examining the value of companies in the tourism sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2013-2017. DER has no significant effect on stock prices. Interest rates have a significant effect on stock prices. DER and Interest Rate have a significant effect on Stock Prices.

The purpose of this research paper is to analyse and compare the effect of dividend announcements on normal and abnormal stock returns of companies in sectoral form. Design/Methodology: Based on sample of 25 companies belonging to different sectors mean closing prices, 20 days pre and 20 days post dividend announcements were compared using event window study. The significance of difference

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether working capital management affect the performance of non-financial listed firms in Pakistan. Panel econometric technique namely pooled ordinary least squares is used to estimate the relationship between working capital and firm performance. Data were taken from the annual reports of non-financial firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan during 2007-2010. Three performance measures namely gross profit margin, return on asset, and return on equity are used to estimate the impact of working capital variables such as average age of inventory, average collection period, and average payment period. Empirical results indicate that average age of inventory is positively related to gross profit margin and return on asset, whereas it is negatively related to return on equity but the relationship is found insignificant. Although the relationship is insignificant but positive sign may be because of increasing sales which leads to higher profit and thus fewer inventories. Average collection period is significantly and positively related to gross profit margin and return on assets. This finding shows that management of receivables has a positive impact on firm performance. Moreover, it confirms the prediction that reduction in average collection period improves the accounts receivable turnover which in turn positively affects the firm's profitability. Although average collection period is positively related to return on equity but the relationship is found insignificant. Average payment period is positively related to gross profit margin and negatively related to return on asset but the relationship is found insignificant. However, average payment period is positively and significantly related to return on equity.

Professor, MBA Department & Principal Investigator, Project: DST/NSTMIS/05/04/2017-18, Andhra Loyola Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vijayawada, India. Associate Professor, Montessori Mahila Kalasala, Vijayawada, India 3 Co-Investigator, Project: DST/NSTMIS/05/04/2017-18, Vijayawada, India ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of M.G. Metallic Springs Private Limited. M.G. Metallic Springs Private Limited is a Small Enterprise located in Anantapur d...

In this study, we empirically investigate the effect of working capital management on firm’s financial performance in an emerging market. We hypothesize that working capital management leads to improved profitability. Our data set consists of firms listed in the Cyprus Stock Exchange for the period 1998-2007. Using multivariate regression analysis, our results support our hypothesis. Specifically, results indicate that the cash conversion cycle and all its major components; namely, days in inventory, days sales outstanding and creditors payment period - are associated with the firm’s profitability. The results of this study should be of great importance to managers and major stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and financial analysts, especially after the recent global financial crisis and the latest collapses of giant organizations worldwide.

In this study, rural women's contributions to ensuring food security at the home level in the study area are examined. 120 rural women were chosen using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected with the aid structural questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Food security index. Results revealed that the majority of the rural women were married with an average age of 40 years and were into food production with less than 3 hectares of land having difficulty accessing credit facilities. The result revealed 63.3% of the rural women were food insecure despite their active engagement in farm and off-farm activities but their income is still low. Poor and low-income of rural women indicate a negative relationship with the status of food safety and food expenditure. Results showed that rural women's top priorities in ensuring food security for the household in the study area were decreasing child malnutrition, which had a mean score of 2.47, food processing and meal preparation, which had a mean score of 2.40, ensuring the wellbeing of the entire household, which had a mean score of 2.36, and purchasing a variety of food items for consumption, which had a mean score of 2.05. Additionally, the majority of rural women experienced difficulties ensuring the food security of their households. It suggested that the difficulties faced affect rural women's contribution to household food security.

One of the most significant root crops in Nigeria and mainly in Imo State is cassava. Evidently, throughout the past fifty years, both the area of land cultivated and yield per hectare have consistently increased. Nigeria has been leading as world's top producer of cassava for several decades, with an average output of 63,001,531 million tons and 8,737,846 ha of harvested land in 2022. This crop not only contribute to the share of agriculture in State and National economy, but possess a great potential in reducing pervasive food insecurity, unemployment and have comparative advantage to compete in a liberalized economy. Despite all this potential, not much has been empirically done to explain the economics of cassava production at households. It was against these backdrops that the study was undertaken. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of respondents. The sample size comprised ninety (90) cassava farms. A structured questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools, and gross income analysis. Result show that the mean age was 47.00 years. Greater proportions (73.33%) were female. Majority (76.67%) were married, with an average household size of 6 persons. The mean educational level and farming experience were 12 years and 28 years, respectively. Average farm size and annual farm income were 1.42ha and ₦500,500.00 ($1,203.65) respectively. Reasonable proportions (81.11%) were members of cooperative societies. Result shows that 25.10 tonnes of cassava were produced from 1.42ha per farming session. Positive net farm return and return per capita invested were ₦288,503.33 ($693.82) and ₦3.64 ($0.0088) respectively. This is an indication that for every naira earned as revenue from the cassava production enterprise, 3.55 kobo is returned to the farmer as net farm income. Farmers identified inadequate production capital (98.89%) and limited availability of farmland (88.89%) as the constraints that negatively affect their production capacity. It was therefore recommended that farmers, particularly on their own, should judiciously pool productive resources together through a strengthened cooperative society group, as this would enhance bulk purchase/buying of cassava production inputs in the area.

Rapid technological developments make the capital market create various opportunities or alternatives for investors. On the other hand, companies seeking funds must compete in obtaining funding from investors. One way for companies to get funding is by issuing and selling company shares to investors on the stock exchange. As with the problem formulation, the purpose of writing this thesis is to provide empirical evidence about the effect of changes in Current Ratio (CR), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), Gross Profit Margin Ratio (GPM), and Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT) in predicting profit changes in automotive sub-sector manufacturing companies for the next one year. The target population of this study is all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange. The automotive sub-sector and reported in 2018 to June 2020, with purposive sampling technique, the research sample was obtained as many as 12 automotive companies. The data analysis tool used in this research is m...

Como se conoce, una de las facultades que posee laAdministración Tributaria (SUNAT) es la determinaciónde la obligación tributaria en base presunta.En esta oportunidad, se propone un nuevo procedimientode presunción, basada en el análisis de losdocumentos e información de las propias empresasfiscalizadas. De esta forma, estaríamos respetandolos principios de capacidad contributiva y realidadeconómica de los contribuyentes.Este procedimiento sería adicional a lo señalado enel numeral 1 del artículo 93° de la Ley del Impuestoa la Renta, que establece la “Presunción de ventas oingresos adicionando al costo de ventas declarado oregistrado por el deudor tributario, el resultado de aplicara dicho costo al margen de utilidad bruta promediode empresas similares”. En muchos años de mi laborcomo auditor tributario, he podido comprobar que alaplicarse esta presunción, generalmente los importesdeterminados como ingresos omitidos son por montosmuy elevados, alejándose de la realidad económica de...

The Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia is a region of high rural poverty and low agronomic productivity, with crops grown using traditional management practices which are labor-intensive and uneconomical. Poor agronomic productivity is largely caused by unintentional, inefficient management practices which are exacerbated by labor shortages caused by increased migration away from rural areas as households require additional income from remittances. These labor shortages increase the cost of hiring labor, further contributing to low gross margins from cropping systems. The climates, soils and available water across the region indicate that, with improved management practices, this region has the potential to produce high yields for low production costs and labor requirements, ensuring high gross margins for smallholder farmers. We conducted on-farm participatory trials to compare the performance of traditional and improved conservation agriculture-based sustainable intensification management practices to understand which used less labor, had lower production costs and returned higher gross margins to smallholder farmers. Our study showed that compared to traditional management practices, conservation agriculture-based sustainable intensification practices reduced both labor use and total cropping system production costs by around 40% and increased gross margins by up to 25%. Trials were conducted on over 400 farms and thus our results are both statistically rigorous and representative of a range of common crop production management across the Eastern Gangetic Plains. These results show there is potential to increase livelihoods and reduce the impact of labor shortages for smallholder farmers living in diverse climatic, edaphic and social circumstances across the region. They have broader applications in labor-constrained smallholder cropping systems throughout South Asia and worldwide.

As an industry that has an important role for other industrial sectors, the plastic and packaging industry is the supply chain for consumer products. Behind the high industrial growth and the potential is still large, there are problems with plastic waste, consumption power, and changes in people&#39;s lifestyles that can affect the growth of the plastic and packaging industry. This study aims to determine how much impact the NPM (Net Profit Margin), GPM (Gross Profit Margin), TAT (Total Assets Turnover) on Profit Growth in the plastic and packaging industry sub-sector companies listed in IDX (Indonesia Stock Exchange) for the period 2014 to 2018. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling in order to obtain a sample of 11 companies from a population of 12 companies. In the study the method of data analysis used the multiple linear regression analysis techniques by processing data using Eviews 8, because the data i...

Manufacturing of EOT crane is combination of a multitasked project in an organization. Hence combination of management of man, material and machine is a tedious and complex task as EOT as it needs proper scheduling in order to deliver the crane before the due date[6,7]. Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time. By analyzing the process at macro level one prepare network diagram and by the means of project management one can reach to area of improvement for better management of resources.

This paper analyses the impact of profitability ratios on the annualized returns on some selected companies listed in Nifty energy. The main objective of this paper is to study whether the ratios have any impact on the profitability. Four companies listed in Nifty energy index are selected. These are, Reliance, Tata Power, PowerGrid Corporation, and NTPC. Five profitability ratios are selected. These are ROA (Return On Assets), ROE (Return On Equity), ROCE (Return On Capital Employed), Dividend yield and Asset turnover ratio. The time period of the study is five financial years starting from April 2017 to March 2022. Paired sample t-test is used to test the hypothesis after checking the normality of distribution of data by using Shapiro wilk test.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether working capital management affect the performance of non-financial listed firms in Pakistan. Panel econometric technique namely pooled ordinary least squares is used to estimate the relationship between working capital and firm performance. Data were taken from the annual reports of non-financial firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan during 2007-2010. Three performance measures namely gross profit margin, return on asset, and return on equity are used to estimate the impact of working capital variables such as average age of inventory, average collection period, and average payment period. Empirical results indicate that average age of inventory is positively related to gross profit margin and return on asset, whereas it is negatively related to return on equity but the relationship is found insignificant. Although the relationship is insignificant but positive sign may be because of increasing sales which leads to higher profit and thus fewer inventories. Average collection period is significantly and positively related to gross profit margin and return on assets. This finding shows that management of receivables has a positive impact on firm performance. Moreover, it confirms the prediction that reduction in average collection period improves the accounts receivable turnover which in turn positively affects the firm's profitability. Although average collection period is positively related to return on equity but the relationship is found insignificant. Average payment period is positively related to gross profit margin and negatively related to return on asset but the relationship is found insignificant. However, average payment period is positively and significantly related to return on equity.

Fixed asset turnover and leverage to profitability to audit opinion, this study is using more manufacturing firm in consumer goods sub-sector and has been listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for 2011 to 2015 period and found 140 firms, the determination of selected sample using a purposive sampling, the tests have conducted to determine the effect of working capital turnover, fixed asset turnover and leverage and profitability to audit opinion as a moderating variable. The results indicate were 99 firms meet the population target, multiple linear analysis test with 5% significance level, the result concludes that: (1) working capital turnover has an effect to profitability, (2) fixed asset turnover has an effect to profitability, (3) leverage has no effect to profitability, (4) going concern cannot moderate the working capital turnover to profitability, (5) audit opinion may moderate the influence of fixed asset turn over to profitability and (6) audit opinion cannot moderate l...

Manufacturing of EOT crane is combination of a multitasked project in an organization. Hence combination of management of man, material and machine is a tedious and complex task as EOT as it needs proper scheduling in order to deliver the crane before the due date[6,7]. Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time. By analyzing the process at macro level one prepare network diagram and by the means of project management one can reach to area of improvement for better management of resources.

This research paper investigates the behavior of non-financial firms towards trade credit demand in a developing economy while focusing on firm-bank relationship. We have analyzed data from 2005 to 2011 for 220 listed non-financial firms, including manufacturing and services industries. This study reveals that joint board of directors of a firm and a commercial bank leads to easy availability of bank loan and thus decrease firm’s demand for trade credit. Moreover, some control variables like fixed assets, inventory and size has been found significant for trade credit demand.

This research study has tried to examine the association between the working capital and corporate performance in the textile sector of Pakistan. Textile sector is one of the major sectors in Pakistan which have crucial contribution in the economy. Secondary data was gathered and used for the evaluation of the relationship between the working capital and corporate performance in the textile sector of Pakistan. Data was collected from the annual reports of the companies published during 2008-2012. Regression Model is used for the analysis of the gathered data. Results revealed that average collection period and operating cycle are positively associated with the corporate performance of the organizations in Pakistan. Corporate performance is measured through return on equity and firm size is positively associated with the return on equity. Leverage is negatively linked to the return on equity in the textile sector of Pakistan. Overall it has been observed that working capital and corporate performance are linked and have significant impact on the textile sector of Pakistan.

The paper attempted to investigate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the Swiss banking sector, through the elaboration of solid econometric approaches focusing on solid scientific methodologies: effectiveness and efficiency. The two concepts make up a widespread in econometric literature, primarily to account for the performance determinants and optimal operating. In the empirical investigation, we used data covering many financial and macroeconomic data about the Swiss banks sector in overall, focused on the period 1988 to 2011. We proceeded to build a reliable econometric model, according with the bulk of papers interested in the issue of the determinants of profitability of banks. The empirical investigation described the acting of these financial institutions by adopting rigorous econometric methodology. Thus, the paper shed the light on the determinants of the profitability of Swiss banks, provides obvious explanation and bear out several conclusions in favour of the Swiss banks. In fact, the present paper underlines that banks in Switzerland are acting with efficiency and thus, it consolidates the reputation of the Swiss banking sector in the world.

This paper investigates the determinants of trade credit extended by listed manufacturing firms in Pakistan. Dynamic panel model is estimated by applying system GMM one step and two step estimators on the financial data of 327 manufacturing firms listed in PSX Pakistan for the period 2005 to 2015. Results of the study reveal that trade credit policies of firms are dynamic instead of static. Firms have the target level for trade credit extended and make partial adjustment over time to reach at its optimal level. However, the speed of making adjustments is relatively low due to high cost of making adjustments. Positive and significant relationship of trade credit extended with credit received from suppliers and banks indicates that listed manufacturing firms are following the credit redistribution hypothesis. Further, it is also observed that sales growth and market power of firms have significant and negative effect whereas inventory and relative liquidity position have significant and positive effect on the trade credit extended by listed manufacturing firms. Overall findings of the study suggest that managers should consider changes in the financial characteristics of their firms while making partial adjustments in the trade credit policy. For future research, investigation of the effects of customers' characteristics and financial development on the trade credit extended by listed manufacturing firms is proposed.

The aim of this research project to examine the impact of financial leverage (debt ratio) on financial performance (return on asset) of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. The study focus on pharmaceutical listed companies on Karachi stock exchange for the period of 2005-2014.In this research select the 100 % papulation to find out the impact of financial leverage on financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan and pharmaceutical companies consist of 9 firms. Secondary data collected through companies Annual reports and financial statements. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis were used to find out the relationship and impact of financial leverage on financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan. Debt ratio (DR) used as an independent variable and return on asset (ROA) used as an dependent variable along with current ratio (CR), size (SI) and asset turnover used as control variable. Results of study indicate that the...

The main goal of the accounting department in the company is to prepare the reliable financial statements in order to make their valid balance sheets, income statements and cash flow statements. This paper attempts to analyze the financial statements and measure the performance in terms of assets utilization and profitability. In detail the research methodology used is exploratory research for the study that has focused on the past and present performance of Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP), Ranipur (Haridwar). The study purely relies on secondary data, which were collected for a period of seven years (2007-2013) from the audited annual reports of the company and the data provided for the purpose of effective periodical analysis. To achieve the research goal five categories of the financial ratios were utilized for testing the study’s hypothesis. Profitability ratios, leverage ratios, Profit margin ratios, Return on Investment, Return on equity. This study reveals that financ...