General Theory of Crime

The concept of dolus generalis, first introduced into the doctrine of criminal law by an article written by H. B. von Weber in 1825, has since been studied by all scholars concerned with criminal law dogmatics and crime theory. Various solutions have been proposed, and it has also been reflected in judicial decisions. However, it cannot be said that this issue —almost as old as the history of modern criminal law itself— has yet been fully resolved. The reason why this topic, epitomized by the septic tank case of the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH), continues to be intensely debated is that this set of events enables the eclectic discussion of the fundamental components of crime theory, namely objective and subjective imputation, through a single case. Thus, criminal law scholars are able to test both the consistency of their own views and those of other authors through this event. In this article, after first defining the concept as it should be understood, I presented the main opinions and criticisms regarding the solutions proposed to address the resulting problems. I then explained the place of the concept in Turkish criminal law and presented my own views on the matter. Finally, after discussing the so-called “reverse dolus generalis” cases and expressing our perspective on them, I concluded the article by offering my final reflections on crime theory within this context.

Formas del dominio del hecho : especial consideraci6n del dominio nfuncionaln del hecho . Problemas de coautoria y de cooperaci6n necesaria~III . Ambito de validez del dominio del hecho : especial con-sideraci6n de la teoria de Roxin sobre los denominados adelitos de deber especificoD -(Pflichtdelikte), «propios de propia manoD y sobre los delitos imprudentes .-IV. Criticas fundamentales a la teoria del dominio del hecho en la doctrina espanola . Ejemplos paradigm;iticos : 1 . La tesis de Rodriguez Mourullo respecto a la autoria mediata : La . El dominio no doloso del hecho . 1 .b . Su concepci6n del delito imprudente . 1 .c . El ejemplo jurisprudencial : un caso de imputaci6n objetiva a la infracci6n del deber de cuidado . 2 . La tesis de Gimbernat sobre la coautoria . 3. Critica y propuesta final .

El objetivo de esta investigación es cuestionar si la presunta apertura dogmática a la realidad social en el funcionalismo penal constituye una función racionalizadora del sistema y garante de los Derechos Humanos, o simplemente una (re)funcionalización y (re)legitimación tecnocrática de la teoría del delito. Se pretende presentar las funciones latentes del funcionalismo dogmático, demostrando que su funcionalización, al menos en nuestra realidad marginal, es problemática, no permitiendo la construcción de una dogmática penal liberadora para contener el poder punitivo; por el contrario, (re)legitima su uso y encubre las funciones reales de la pena. La importancia de la investigación radica en el compromiso con el dilema ético y el uso de la técnica jurídica abstracta a partir de su apertura a los datos de la realidad. Para cumplir con estos objetivos, se lleva a cabo un análisis interpretativo del Funcionalismo Dogmático, desde la categoría de Culpabilidad, que se muestra funcionalmente ambigua al confrontar el discurso oficial y el discurso latente. El hilo conductor del análisis es, por lo tanto, esta misma contradicción, que proporciona el movimiento real del objeto en su lógica operativa. Se adopta el método inductivo, que permite pasar de lo desconocido a lo conocido al avanzar de lo visible (funcionalismo dogmático) a lo invisible (potencial funcional latente).

Biopsychosocial Factors That Discriminate Between White Collar Offenders and Business Professionals by Susan Lynn Zukowski MBA, Lakeland College, 2005 BA, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

The study aimed to investigate the influence of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of theft, fraud, and embezzlement in Mariakani Township, Kilifi County, Kenya. Drawing upon Social Disorganization Theory and Rational Choice Theory, the research sought to elucidate the complex interplay between poverty and criminal behavior within the specific context of Mariakani Township. A descriptive research design was adopted, utilizing guided questionnaires, interview schedules, and analysis of crime reports to systematically explore the research objectives. Sampling procedures involved purposive sampling to select Mariakani Township as the study area, followed by systematic random sampling to ensure unbiased representation of residents. Data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics to summarize quantitative data and thematic analysis to identify recurring themes within qualitative data. The study results revealed a widespread belief (80%) among respondents regarding the correlation between low socioeconomic status and theft occurrence, with a significant portion (73%) reporting frequent encounters with theft-related incidents in economically disadvantaged areas. Similarly, concerning proportions of respondents recognized the influence of socioeconomic status on fraud (74%) and embezzlement (72%), with a substantial portion encountering these crimes frequently (73% for fraud and 41% for embezzlement) in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods. The findings underscore the significant impact of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of economic crimes in Mariakani Township, aligning with existing literature and highlighting poverty as a significant predictor of economic crimes. Addressing these disparities through targeted interventions, such as community-based initiatives, enhanced law enforcement efforts, public awareness campaigns, and policy reforms, will be crucial to effectively mitigate economic crimes and improve the socioeconomic well-being of the community.

Esta pnmen parte lleva por titulo: "Zur Lehre von den Grundeinfheibmgen des Unrechu und seiner Rechtsfnlgen". Esta obn apareció ~610 unos meses antes de que Jhering escribiera sti famoso trabajo en el que por primera vez se hab16 de Injusto objetivo.

Ще з давніх часів суспільство переживає натиски з боку окремих його представників. Їх ми традиційно називаємо злочинцями. Поведінка цих індивідів характеризується специфічним відстороненням від загальноприйнятих норм моралі та правил поведінки у суспільстві, що, зазвичай, призводить до суспільно-небезпечних наслідків. На сьогодні, Кримінальний кодекс України, визначає їх як кримінальні правопорушення та трактує як суспільно небезпечне винне діяння (дія або бездіяльність), вчинене суб’єктом такого правопорушення [1]. При цьому, питання чому люди вчиняють такі правопорушення та чому становляться злочинцями залишається актуальним вже кілька століть поспіль.

Several theoretical approaches (e.g.. psychoanalytic theory, learning Ab5traCt theory, and social-disorganization) h e led criminologists to the belief that harmony in family life prevents delinquency, while disharmony promotes it. Moreover, several studies suggested that there is interaction between the functioning of the family and social chss as causes of delinquency. The present study o f 414 Israeli adolescents reveals neither interaction between family relationships and social cPss, nor any substantive main effect, suggesting that (I) Israel's social conditions render the family a relatively less important role as a crirnogenic agent, and (2) that family life has prevwusly been idealized. and their role

Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del Proyecto Regular de Investigación Conicyt-Fondecyt Nº 1120150, titulado "El Derecho Penal Constitucional como fundamento de los principios, instrumentos y fines del sistema penal. Concepto, alcance y limitaciones en Chile", de quien el autor es investigador responsable.

Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime (GTC) has been one of the most cited and tested theories in criminology. It posits to be in effect transcultural in its application and relevant for any norm-violating behaviors. As most empirical work has been completed in English speaking countries, the current study tested some of the main theoretical postulates in a sample of 214 Argentinean male adolescents, both offenders and non-offenders. More specifically, it tested the relationships between parental practices, self-control, criminal opportunities, and deviance. Findings provide evidence that offenders reported more deviant behaviors and more risk factors than non-offenders. They also provide partial empirical support for the main theoretical propositions. Maternal closeness, support. and monitoring had different effects on self-control and on deviance; both low self-control and opportunities had direct effects of deviant behaviors. Theoretical, research, and practical implications of study findings are discussed.

At the onset of the twenty-first century, egregious criminality by elite status offenders in the corporate milieu has emerged, with significant social and victim impact. Due to the lack of pertinent empirical data, the study of white-collar crime has been relatively more focused on the type of offense rather than the offender. This paper develops a theoretical model, founded on sociological and criminological literature and critically complemented by the principles of Catholic social thought, to understand elite white-collar criminality. We establish that the incentive structure is very different at the elite level than in lower social-economic levels of society. Specifically, we address the significance of socio-cultural influences on the corporate economic environment, assessed with interpretative insight supplied by Catholic social principles, to provide a distinctive view of elite white-collar offenders, with further research and policy implications.

La Corte di cassazione afferma che, nell’ipotesi di successione normativa riguardante un reato abituale, la nuova legge più severa può trovare applicazione solamente se, dopo la sua entrata in vigore, il reo commette una serie di atti suscettibile di assumere un’autonoma rilevanza penale. Premessa una breve ricostruzione della giurisprudenza di legittimità relativa al tempus commissi delicti dei reati di durata, il contributo analizza la posizione espressa dalla sentenza alla luce del principio di irretroattività della legge penale. La conclusione è che la suprema Corte ha enucleato una soluzione capace di mediare fra le opposte esigenze di garanzia e di difesa sociale.

Nella sentenza in commento, la Corte di cassazione conferma alcuni orientamenti relativi alla consumazione del reato attualmente disciplinato dall'art. 44, lett. b), T.U. Edilizia. Dopo un breve panoramica della normativa in tema di abusi edilizi, il contributo analizza l'impostazione accolta dalla giurisprudenza di legittimità , per giungere alla conclusione che questa non appare dotata di un solido fondamento dogmatico e risponde soprattutto alla volontà di spostare in avanti il dies a quo della prescrizione.

Penal a la luz del análisis de un precedente jurisprudencial 1 María Alejandra Provítola* RESUMEN La completa o genuina sujeción a la ley solo existirá cuando el juez, además de considerar la letra del texto legal, también observe su finalidad, siendo que lo contrario constituiría una mera sujeción aparente que, llegado el caso, podría implicar una desviación de poder por parte del juzgador 2 La aplicación de la analogía dentro del límite constitucional no conllevaría conculcación alguna del principio de legalidad, siendo que la importancia de su análisis radica en que la ley penal tiene una función decisiva en la garantía de la libertad, por lo que sin una ley previa, que haya declarado previamente punible un hecho no puede merecer una pena del derecho penal, siendo indiscutida la jerarquía constitucional de este derecho. .

Penal a la luz del análisis de un precedente jurisprudencial 1 María Alejandra Provítola* RESUMEN La completa o genuina sujeción a la ley solo existirá cuando el juez, además de considerar la letra del texto legal, también observe su finalidad, siendo que lo contrario constituiría una mera sujeción aparente que, llegado el caso, podría implicar una desviación de poder por parte del juzgador 2 La aplicación de la analogía dentro del límite constitucional no conllevaría conculcación alguna del principio de legalidad, siendo que la importancia de su análisis radica en que la ley penal tiene una función decisiva en la garantía de la libertad, por lo que sin una ley previa, que haya declarado previamente punible un hecho no puede merecer una pena del derecho penal, siendo indiscutida la jerarquía constitucional de este derecho. .

Desistimiento activo y desistimiento pasivo Consideraciones sobre el rendimiento de la distinción entre tentativas acabadas e inacabadas Sumario-La distinción entre tentativas inacabadas y acabadas encuentra actualmente un respaldo evidente en el Derecho positivo español, al sugerirla la propia definición legal de la tentativa. No puede extrañar, pues, que tales categorías transiten plácidamente, sin apenas contestación, tanto por nuestra literatura jurídica como por las decisiones de nuestros tribunales. Sin embargo, resulta dudoso que a dicha clasificación, de base naturalística, puedan asociársele auténticas consecuencias necesarias en el ámbito dogmático (sin perjuicio de que, naturalmente, los términos puedan usarse en un sentido descriptivo, aludiendo a la realidad que convencionalmente se les decida asociar). Este trabajo, tras revisar en lo imprescindible el origen de la distinción, se centra en el más destacado de aquellos pretendidos efectos dogmáticos, el de su correspondencia con una determinada forma (pasiva o activa) de desistimiento, alineándose con las posturas que le niegan a dicha clasificación cualquier valor dirimente en ese campo. También se analiza, en relación con la forma del desistimiento, la proyección de la distinción en relación con estructuras que en realidad no fueron consideradas al diseñarla, como la comisión por omisión, los delitos de mera actividad o determinados supuestos de plurintervención en el delito.

Resumen**: Este trabajo se ocupa de dos cuestiones que atañen a sendos límites, inferior y superior, de la tentativa. En relación con el primero, se analiza como cuestión específica el inicio de ejecución en las tentativas acabadas, examinando para ello los posicionamientos que han defendido el establecimiento en estos supuestos de un criterio propio y distinto del utilizado para las tentativas inacabadas. En el segundo ámbito, el trabajo concreta el concepto de tentativa terminada y clarifica qué pertenece en realidad al mismo intento punible, precisando de este modo hasta cuándo se puede desistir válidamente de él. Las aportaciones contenidas en el estudio interesan, pues, tanto a la habilitación o apertura de la posibilidad de desistir como a su preclusión o cierre. Palabras clave: Inicio de ejecución en la tentativa, tentativa terminada.

Two themes, coercion and social support, have emerged over the past two decades in criminology that can be used to build a new integrated theory of crime. The authors provide a review of recent theoretical developments in criminology to demonstrate that two interconnected themes provide the basis for a new consensus in theory and crime policy. With some important exceptions, coercion causes crime and social support prevents crime. The authors develop a theory of differential social support and coercion that integrates concepts from a broad range of criminological theories. Implications of this integrated theory for public policy are explored.

This essay aims to develop two criteria to evaluate the correctness of legally-describedconduct model and the exception model in its treatment of actio libera in causa. These criteria evaluate how these models regulate the paradigmatic cases of this figure and its consistency with the legal-penal norms that regulate the application of the deserved punishment. In the elaboration of the argument, an analytical reconstructive method is used for the development of the concepts to be examined and devising the critique of the explanatory models of actio libera in causa. First, a broad concept of actio libera in causa is elaborated to make plausible criticism that is then formulated. Second, these models are evaluated according to the utility condition and then according to the adequacy condition, concluding that both models fail to satisfy these conditions. It is concluded that, as conceptual models, they are deficient because they tend to exclude as cases of actio libera in causa some ca...

The general theory proposes that self-control exerts a relatively stable effect on behaviors across the life course. Most studies have examined the stability of self-control itself, rather than whether it leads to persistent patterns of offending that differ between low and high self-control groups. This article examines this alternative idea of stability by tracing patterns of offending over time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child and Young Adult Data, we find that the level of childhood self-control predicts deviance in every age group. The patterns of offending indicate there are stable differences, with low self-control leading to involvement in a greater range of deviant behavior at every age. The theoretical and policy implications of this stability are discussed.

The important contributions made by Richard Quinney to the study of corporate crime and the sociology of law, crime, and justice have influenced the development of the concept of state-corporate crime. This concept has been advanced to examine how corporations and governments intersect to produce social harm. State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one or more institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with one or more institutions of economic production and distribution. The creation of this concept has directed attention to a neglected form of organizational crime and inspired numerous empirical studies and theoretical refinements.

El presente libro está compuesto por una docena de artículos que, desde perspectivas teóricas diversas, se han ocupado de analizar la problemática figura del desistimiento de la tentativa. El orden en el que aquí se presentan las contribuciones seleccionadas no es aleatorio; por el contrario, responde a un hilo conductor que pretende transitar los problemas desde lo más abstracto hacia lo más concreto.

El apartado primero agrupa dos artículos que analizan el instituto del desistimiento de la tentativa con base en la teoría de las normas. En los cinco artículos que componen el apartado segundo, el lector encontrará un análisis detallado de algunos de los problemas más importantes de la dogmática del desistimiento y la tentativa. En el apartado tercero se analizan algunos de los problemas que puede plantear la figura del desistimiento en el marco de la dogmática de la intervención delictiva (concretamente, para los casos de pluralidad de intervinientes en el hecho punible). En el cuarto y último apartado del libro se incluyen dos artículos que “bajan” la dogmática abstracta de la tentativa y el desistimiento a temas más concretos y vinculados al Derecho penal económico y de la empresa.

The current quantitative study aimed at examining the effects of Low Self-Control, Negative Interpersonal Relationships, and Depression on social control of trolling and flaming behaviours among Iranian users. A self-made questionnaire which went through validity and reliability assessment, was administered, and 989 participants filled it out. After conducting confirmatory factor analysis, and validity assessment of the measurement model, a full latent variable model was drawn up employing Maximum Likelihood estimation, and Bootstrap. The model was non-recursive as Low Self-Control, Negative Interpersonal Relationships, and Depression variables were non-recursive and had reciprocal relationships. The results showed that Low Self-Control increases Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours, and also Depression, and Negative Interpersonal Relationships. Low Self-Control acts as a mediator between Depression and Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours, and also between Negative Interpersonal Relationships and Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours through Depression. The results also demonstrated that Depression has no direct effect on Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours, but it has an indirect effect through Low Self-Control, on Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours. Negative Interpersonal Relationships have also no direct effect on Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours, but they have an indirect effect through Depression, and Low Self-Control, on Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours. The important contribution of the current study is the recognition of the role of self-control as a mediator among examined variables. The findings of this study can be employed to devise new policies and initiatives to socially control the Trolling/ Flaming Behaviours, without applying coercion.

En el presente trabajo pretendo abordar la cuestion de cuales son los principales fundamentos teoricos de los que parte Jakobs a la hora de formular su sistema de la teorfa del delito. Opino que estos se hallan, en el fondo, en la teoria de la sociedad de Niklas Luhmann, ya que Jakobs parte de como es la moderna sociedad contemporanea para proponer un concepto de Derecho penal funcionalista, o sea, un sistema funcionalista de la teoria del delito. Lo que es el Derecho penal esta determinado por la funcion que cumple en el sistema social, e incluso el propio Derecho penal es considerado como un sistema autonomo, es decir, un subsistema autorreferente y autopoietico, dentro del sistema mas amplio de la sociedad. La opinion que acabo de exponer no parece ser compartida por toda la doctrina penal espanola ya que, como tendremos ocasion de comprobar mas adelante, hay autores que, siendo grandes conocedores de la teorfa de la imputaci6n de Jakobs y habiendo realizado magnfficos estudios sobre la misma, pretenden presentar el modelo dogmatico-penal propugnado por Jakobs como una especie de prolongacion o continuacion de la obra de su maestro, Welzel, en la medida en que aquel se habrfa inspirado en algunos de los plan

This paper elaborates on Merton's theory of anomie, while aiming at the enhancement of our understanding of processes conducive to corporate deviance. It attempts to consolidate points made by theorists operating in diverse, often considered as conflicting, orientations or perspectives. A "synthetic" or "integrated scheme" is, thus, put forward, which can help appreciate the background against which corporate deviance is likely to occur. Moreover, it is argued that contemporary societies are inherently conducive to anomic trends. Such trends bring about not only lower-class deviance and crime-to which anomie theory has been traditionally appliedbut also high-class and corporate deviance. Against claims by some scholars that the former is a matter of greater concern, it is suggested that the latter is at least as serious a problem and that it has significant implications for the social order.

SUMARIO: Introducci6n .-l. La formulaci6n de la idea de adecuaci6n social en Welzel. a) Concepci6n original. b) Desarrollo posterior del concepto en Welzel. c) Constelaciones de casos. d) Recepci6n. 2. Adecuaci6n social e imputaci6n objetiva : Vila adecuaci6n social como «segundo pilam en la teoria de Welzel?-1. ZConcepto normativo o mero t6pico? La adecuaci6n social en el tipo. 2. Digresi6n: ZLa adecuaci6n social como causa de justificaci6n? 3. Adecuaci6n social y lado subjetivo del delito. a) ZTiene «sentido» s6lo el hecho doloso? b) ZAdecuaci6n social igual a deber objetivo de cuidado? 4. Teoria de la acci6n y adecuaci6n social. a) LDos pretensiones incompatibles? b) Salto en el tiempo. 5. La adecuacidn social como precursora de la normativizaci6n del tipo objetivo .

Desde la perspectiva de la reforma del proceso penal latinoamericana, explicamos lo referente a un «modelo imputativo», dado que, el delito al ser definido como la imputación de la inobservancia de la norma de comportamiento, encuentra su pragmática en un proceso penal donde la fiscalía al formular imputación no solamente está formalizando la investigación preparatoria sino que está formando el objeto del procesopenal; es decir, desde la imputación podemos transitar del Derecho penal sustantivo al procesal y como es una imputación desde los hechos se requiere de una «teoría pragmática del delito»; tránsito y contenido que se desarrolla en el presente estudio.

Seit einigen Jahren stellt eine bedeutende und wachsende Zahl von Stimmen in der Literatur die klassischen kriminalpolitischen Ambitionen der Straf‐ rechtswissenschaft in Frage. Deren Bemühungen, einen materiellen Verbre‐ chensbegriff zu entwickeln, um dem Gesetzgeber Grenzen zu setzen, würde von einem radikalen Mangel an demokratischer Sensibilität zeugen. Ziel meines Beitrages ist es zu zeigen, dass die Kritik auf einem Missverständnis der Ansprüche der wissenschaftlichen Kriminalpolitik beruht und dass die Strafrechtswissenschaft weiterhin die Legitimität von Strafgesetzen jenseits verfassungsrechtlicher Grenzen hinterfragen sollte. Damit maßen sich die Strafrechtswissenschaftler nicht eine Macht an, die ihnen nicht zusteht, son‐ dern leisten einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur demokratischen Praxis der Strafgesetzgebung.

My first reading of Theft of a Nation was last year when Gregg Barak was awarded the 2012 outstanding publication from the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C). The nomination of the book received by NW3C's Research Consortium gave high praises to the work-with good reason. Barak's important contribution reminds of us of the disturbing reality of the ongoing, often ignored, blatant financial crimes occurring at troubling rates nationally and globally. While Barak addresses the complexity of financial wrongdoing and regulation, or lack thereof, in an insightful manner, I chose to focus this commentary on his analysis of victimization. In early research, white-collar crime literature decried the vast and unknown financial, physical, and emotional harm to victims as the greatest travesty, yet with little acknowledgement of victimology. Barak and other prominent scholars, to their credit, are attempting to improve our understanding of victimization by focusing on the target of the harm beyond macro-level social constructs and vague damage estimates (see e.g., Ganzini,

We present a reflexive paper assignment calling for students to report on their own family and/or personal experiences in order to answer the question, “From where does the greatest harm arise?” We find that, through the process of answering this question and sharing findings in class, students’ conception of criminality is broadened. Institutional forms of deviance and white-collar crime come to be understood as the real commonplace sources of harm while street crime is seen to be less common than typically imagined. The book The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class and Criminal Justice by Reiman and Leighton informs this assignment. The authors make the case that the criminal justice system presents to us a carnival mirror-like image of what causes the greatest harm to the society. The criminal justice system, through its policies and procedures, leads the public to conceive of only a narrow and distorted depiction of criminality. The typical crime is thought t...

Cuando se habla de tentativa inidónea parece que ha de partirse del término "tentativa"; pero la tentativa es ya un delito y, si se estima que la inidoneidad impone la imposibilidad de ejecución o de producción del delito -a que se refería el Código penal español derogado en 1995 (1973) en su artículo 52.2-, se puede entender en base a ello cómo buena parte de la doctrina ha preferido utilizar la denominación "delito imposible"!; si bien el término "imposible" asociado al término "delito" -como en el Código penal anterioral de "tentativa"2, tendría que hacer referencia a la imposibilidad de, no ya de carácter delictivo de la conducta, sino de la verificación del resultado pretendido3. Se habla, por tanto, de tentativa inidónea o delito imposible cuando la consumación del delito

recommended that the federal government establish stricter limits on the number of hours that high-school students can work during the school year. It is also plausible, however, that the risks associated with intensive school-year work are a methodological artifact. Jessor and colleagues (Donovan and Jessor, 1985; Donovan, Jessor, and Costa, 1988; Jessor and Jessor, 1977) have argued that diverse expressions of problem behaviors among adolescents such as drinking and drug use, sexual misbehavior, and delinquency and premature entry into the labor force constitute a "syndrome," that is, a set of behaviors with a common cause (Jessor, Donovan, and Costa, 1991: 117). They further argue (Donovan and Jessor, 1985: 891) that the cause of these different but related behaviors is an underlying individual trait of unconventionality. A propensity to be unconventional is established relatively early in life and is characterized by a concern with personal autonomy and a general disdain for society. Along similar lines, Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) argue that delinquency and other analogous behaviors appearing in adolescence (such as promiscuous sex, smoking, and dropping out of school) are related because they are the ongoing reverberations of low self-control. Low self-control is established in childhood and reflects an inability to defer immediate gratification. Although intensive employment during the school year is not as obviously selfdestructive as violence or drug use, those who are unwilling to wait until summer or until their education has been completed to enter the labor market can also be seen as acting impulsively, with their sights on the short-term benefits of working (e.g., making immediate money or spending time away from parents), rather than considering the long-term implications of intensive employment for their academic success. Empirical research indeed indicates that preexisting differences between those who work long hours while still in school and their counterparts who do not work are consistent with the theories of Jessor and colleagues and Gottfredson and Hirschi. Prior to their employment, intensive workers have lower grades, reduced educational aspirations, spend less time on homework, and are less involved with school activities than nonworking or moderately working youth. They have more distant and hostile relationships with parents, they are more involved with delinquent and \\server05\productn\C\CRY\45-1\CRY106.txt unknown Seq: 4 9-FEB-07 16:30

En este trabajo se defiende que el fundamento de punibilidad de la tentativa y su comienzo es idéntico en la tentativa idónea y en la tentativa inidónea. Se considera punible la tentativa inidónea, inclusive la no peligrosa para el bien jurídico, en aquellos casos en que el quebrantamiento del rol contenga un mínimo de racionalidad. La mínima racionalidad se vincula al concepto normativo de persona en un concreto ámbito de ejecución (sistema concreto de comunicación) al objeto de delimitar comportamientos con sentido criminal de los irreales, supersticiosos o auténticamente impunes. La principal conclusión de este trabajo es que la peligrosidad para el bien jurídico únicamente incrementa el quantum del quebrantamiento normativo, mientras que el fundamento de punibilidad está más ligado a la imputación objetiva de la ejecución típica.

Perceived self-efficacy is often held to be the most focal mechanism of human agency. It has shown strong potential to explain action in multiple areas highly relevant to understanding crime, at least when the concept is formulated in close connection with the conditions that characterize the criminal acts it is supposed to explain. This article introduces the concept in the context of white-collar crime. To advance our understanding of how opportunities for such crime work, self-efficacy is defined with regard to one’s ability to control others’ impression of financially relevant information, or what is called dramaturgical self-efficacy. The presentation of this concept and its various elements is illustrated with contemporary empirical cases of white-collar crime and is preceded by a discussion of how opportunity structures and perceived self-efficacy have been understood in previous research relevant to the field. The article also discusses how the concept can be further develop...

We examine whether economic crimes are committed to fund drug addiction and/or to fund a hedonistic lifestyle. To address motivation, we estimate reciprocal relationships between economic crime and drug use and between economic crime and hedonistic activity generally. Analyses are based on event calendar data collected from 715 male offenders. Both simultaneous (within-month) relationships and effects involving a 1-month lag are examined. Offenders were more likely to engage in property crime and drug dealing during months in which they used hard drugs, marijuana, and alcohol, and when they engaged in more frequent unstructured socializing. The results from lagged models suggested that hedonistic activities lead to economic crime and economic crime creates opportunities for more frequent hedonistic activity.

Como, teniendo en cuenta el tiempo del que dispongo, me veo obligado a limitar necesariamente el cfrculo de temas que puedo tratar en mi conferencia, y toda vez que en las comunicaciones que se (*) Conferencia que el autor pronunci6, el 3 de octubre de 2000, ante el pleno del simposio <qCrisis del Derecho penal y de las ciencias criminales?», que, organizado por la Fundaci6n Alexander von Humboldt, se celebr6 en Bamberg (Alemania) entre los dias 1 y 5 de octubre de dicho ano. Esta conferencia coincide tambi6n, en to fundamental, con la que expuse en espanol en el Congreso Internacional «Modernas tendencias en la ciencia del Derecho penal y en la criminologiao, que, organizado por