Fixed Assets

The cost structure of business entities has been changing in the span of time. Costs associated with intangible assets such as software, patents, licenses, copyrights and goodwill became an important item of costs in the recent days. The paper is focused on the evaluation of the share of intangible assets in total assets and the costs associated with intangible assets in business companies operating in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the Czech Republic. The analyzed sample of companies represents two groups of business entities: entities preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRS and the entities preparing financial statement according to the Czech Accounting legislation (CAL). The sample covers period after the mandatory implementation of IFRS for listed companiesstarting in 2005 and ending in 2015. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of intangible assets reporting methodology using criteria as the share of this category in assets of companies, its structure and its changes over time and to identify possible reasons for this situation. The analysis revealed that there is an increasing tendency in volume of IAs in companies listed in Prague Stock Exchange.

santrauka. Straipsnyje atlikta portfelio teorijų analizė. Trumpai aprašyta H. Markowitz optimalaus portfelio sudarymo teorija, aptartas portfelio pasirinkimo procesas, įvardytos pagrindinės mokslininkų siūlomos teorijos korekcijos, patobulinimai, vystymo ir taikymo kryptys. Remiantis literatūros analize, pasirinkta tinkamiausia portfelio teorija tolesnei plėtrai, siekiant ją taikyti aktyviam portfelio valdymui naudojant finansinį svertą. Įvertinti pagrindiniai pasirinktos teorijos netikslumai ir ribotumai siekiant ją pritaikyti tyrimo objektui, pasiūlyti konkretūs teorijos tobulinimo sprendimai ir, remiantis jais, pateikta patikslinta efektyvioji portfelių riba. Atliktas empirinis tyrimas, pagrindžiantis finansinio sverto naudojimo tikslingumą aktyviai valdant investicijų portfelį ir įvertinantis finansinio sverto naudojimo intensyvumą. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais patikslinta efektyvioji riba, pasiūlyta teorinėje hipotetinėje darbo dalyje. reikšminiai žodžiai: kapitalo rinkos modelis, finansinis svertas, efektyvioji riba, aktyvus portfelio valdymas.

Background: In the healthcare service system in the era of health insurance coverage (JKN), the government implemented the drug procurement process based on an electronic catalogue (E-Catalogue) through e-purchasing and non-purchasing methods. The implementation of this system will affect the efficiency of procurement and availability of drugs, which can be assessed through the perception of pharmacists and the implementation of procurement. This study aims to evaluate human resources, budget, regulations, facilities and infrastructure; drug needs planning, drug ordering, contract agreements, delivery or distribution, and the level of drug availability after the implementation of drug procurement with e-purchasing and non-purchasing methods.
Methods: This study was conducted at Dekai Regional General Hospital (RSUD), Yahukimo Regency, from January to February 2023. A qualitative case study was conducted by interviewing five informants as respondents. The informant selection was performed using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using interactive analysis through data collection and conclusion drawing.
Result: The results of this study show that human resources in terms of quantity are still insufficient, the budget is sufficient, but there is still unused funding, the regulations regarding e-purchasing procurement have been understood and implemented, and the facilities and infrastructure regarding internet networks are unstable. Drug needs planning using consumption methods and does not have an Integrated Drug Planning Team, drug ordering takes a long time to be respondent to by suppliers, drug distribution takes a long time from suppliers and the expiration dates do not match the contract, resulting in a shortage of certain drugs at RSUD Dekai. The availability of drugs is not in accordance with the indicators set by the Directorate General of Pharmacy and Medical Devices. In response to this condition, the Yahukimo Regency Government, represented by the Head of RSUD Dekai, decided to use the non-purchasing method for E-Catalogue drug procurement.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study reveals several challenges and issues in the implementation of drug procurement using e-purchasing and non-e-purchasing methods at RSUD Dekai, Yahukimo Regency. This includes a shortage of human resources, unused funding in the budget, unstable facilities and infrastructure, suboptimal drug needs planning, delays in drug ordering and distribution, a shortage of certain drugs, and insufficient drug availability.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Інформація про витрати підприємства, що надається керівництву, впливає на прийняття подальших управлінських рішень. Облік та розподіл загальновиробничих витрат являє собою складний процес. Саме тому правильний підхід до обліку загальновиробничих витрат та вибір необхідної бази їх розподілу є важливою умовою ефективного функціонування кожного виробничого підприємства. У статті досліджено особливості обліку та проблему складності вибору бази розподілу загальновиробничих витрат.

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development of developing countries such as Bangladesh. However, many SMEs face challenges related to financial sustainability due to inadequate accounting practices. This research examines the significance of accounting for the success and growth of SMEs in Bangladesh, with a focus on its impact on economic decision-making, access to financing, regulatory compliance, and long-term sustainability. The study employs a mixed-method approach, gathering primary data from SME owners and accountants, as well as secondary data from published literature and government sources. The findings indicate that effective accounting systems can significantly improve the performance and growth of SMEs. However, challenges such as a lack of training, limited awareness, and insufficient infrastructure hinder the adoption of these systems. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen the accounting ecosystem for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper provides a unified analysis for the onset of the 1998 financial crisis and the strong economic recovery afterward in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries. Before the crisis a banking failure arose owing to the coexistence of a lemons credit market and high government borrowing. In a lemons credit market low credit risk firms switched from bank to nonbank finance, including trade credits and barter trade, generating an externality on banks' interest rates. The collapse of the treasury bills market in the financial crisis triggered a change in banks' lending behavior, providing initial conditions for banking development.

This paper provides a unified theory to explain the onset of the financial crisis in 1998 and the striking economic recovery in Russia and the former Soviet Union afterwards. Before the crisis, the banking sector in these economies was stuck in a development trap in which the banking sector is separated from the real sector of the economy. The separation between the two sectors arises due to a lemons lending market and due to a large government budget. In a lemons credit market firms may find it cheaper to raise liquidity through non-bank finance (trade credits from other firms) rather than through bank finance. As a result non-bank finance may generate an externality on the lending rates of banks. In equilibrium most firms in the economy rely on non-bank finance and the financial sector focuses on trading government securities. The collapse of the treasury bills market in Russia in the financial crisis of 1998 reversed this process and thus acted as a trigger to pull the economy out of the trap. This has led to the strong economic recovery and provided initial conditions for banking development. Empirical evidence with firm level data from Ukraine in 1997 and with country level data for transition economies support the model's predictions.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper provides a unified analysis for the onset of the 1998 financial crisis and the strong economic recovery afterward in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries. Before the crisis a banking failure arose owing to the coexistence of a lemons credit market and high government borrowing. In a lemons credit market low credit risk firms switched from bank to nonbank finance, including trade credits and barter trade, generating an externality on banks' interest rates. The collapse of the treasury bills market in the financial crisis triggered a change in banks' lending behavior, providing initial conditions for banking development.

суб’єкта – отримання прибутку, оскільки інакше такий суб’єкт господарювання, що не прагне отримувати прибуток, який би зростав з року в рік, просто не виживе у конкурентній боротьбі на ринку. Тому інтерес до проблеми вибору оптимального асортименту з метою отримання максимально можливого прибутку постійно зростає. Визначення величини можливого прибутку підприємства належить до найбільш складних завдань фінансового планування. На величину прибутку впливає багато факторів, що чинять вплив різного характеру. Це ускладнює планування прибутку на базі спостереження за його динамікою у минулих періодах. Використання аналізу чутливості дає можливість прорахувати різні сценарії поведінки результуючого показника – прибутку – та на цій основі приймати виважені управлінські рішення щодо формування оптимального асортименту. Проблемні питання асортиментної політики, їх вплив на майбутній розвиток та конкурентні позиції підприємства розглядались у працях багатьох вчених-економістів, зокрема Н. Кал...

La transición agroecológica en una comunidad rural implica la decisión comunitaria para sustituir tecnologías contaminantes y altamente dependientes de insumos, por otras menos demandantes y de mayor accesibilidad, que permiten el mantenimiento a largo plazo de la capacidad productiva. En el presente trabajo se propone una técnica sencilla para analizar la naturaleza heterogénea del potencial endógeno comunitario frente a una hecho concreto que lo perturba como es la obligada sustitución del Bromuro de metilo, un químico considerado "clave" en la producción de hortalizas. PALABRAS CLAVE: potencial endógeno -transición agroecológica -sustitución de insumos.

Зазначено, що під виробничо-комерційною діяльністю підприємства слід розуміти діяльність підприє-
мства, яка спрямовується на виявлення та задоволення потреб споживачів через продаж продукції на
ринку з метою одержання прибутку. Проаналізовано, що в умовах ринкової економіки ефективність ви-
робничо-комерційної діяльності підприємства залежить від правильного функціонування механізму по-
вернення вкладених коштів, засобів просування і продажу товарів і послуг. Акцентовано, що одним з
основних шляхів підвищення ефективності виробничої діяльності є запровадження у виробництво но-
вих технологій, сучасних форм автоматизації та інформаційних технологій, які передбачають викорис-
тання досягнень науки та передового досвіду. Досліджено, що витрати є необхідною умовою функціону-
вання підприємства, а їх величина істотно впливає на формування фінансових результатів, а також є
основою для оцінки ефективності діяльності підприємства. Доведено, що ефективна виробничо-комер-
ційна діяльність є найважливішою складовою діяльності підприємства, що забезпечує сталий розвиток
підприємства, є основним фактором забезпечення його конкурентоспроможності, і від її результатів за-
лежить ефективність всієї господарсько-фінансової діяльності.

O mercado de capitalização é formado por dezoito empresas, que -junto com as seguradoras, companhias de Previdência Privada e muitos outros -cumprem a função de investidor institucional. As reservas técnicas que lastreiam suas operações correspondem a ações, títulos da dívida pública, CDBs, títulos imobiliários etc. e formam a chamada poupança financeira. O mercado de capitalização surgiu no Brasil em 1929, com a criação da Sulacap -Sul América Capitalização, na forma de uma caderneta de poupança programada 2 , numa época anterior à institucionalização da indexação em 1964. Em 1933, as operações das companhias de capitalização foram regulamentadas através do Decreto nº 22.456. A partir daí, a demanda por este tipo de poupança explodiu até o final dos anos 40, passando por uma fase de retração até 1963, seguida pela expansão até hoje. Estes movimentos são examinados com mais detalhe numa próxima seção. Este texto tem dois objetivos principais. Primeiro, inspirado num estudo anterior que recuperou e revisou as estatísticas históricas do mercado de seguros 3 , repete o esforço para o mercado de capitalização. O resultado foi a obtenção de uma série ininterrupta para a receita de prêmios e de reservas técnicas da Indústria de Capitalização desde 1939, inclusive para o período 1986-1993, em que as estatísticas disponíveis perdem a consistência devido a elevada inflação e a freqüente troca de moeda. Com esta recuperação, as estatísticas ajudam a esclarecer alguns mitos. A

Розглянуто моделі та методи розробки проектів, планів, програм розвитку соціально-економічних систем. Описано функціональну структуру автоматизованої системи управління розвитком виробничо-економічних систем. Приділено увагу прогнозному забезпеченню. Розглянуто закони та закономірності розвитку техніки. Висвітлено питання формування планів розвитку виробничо-економічних систем, оптимізації типорозмірних рядів продукції, аналізу її конкурентоспроможності, оптимізації планів розвитку об’єктів, що подані алгоритмічними моделями, оптимізації змісту проектів. Описано методики формування програм розвитку тери-торій. Велику увагу приділено розгляду процесів розробки стратегічних планів і проектів на конкретних прикладах.
Навчальний посібник призначено для студентів, аспірантів, фахівців, які вивчають методологію розробки проектів, планів, програм розвитку соціально-економічних систем масштабу підприємства, галузі, території.

This paper investigates earnings management and its long-term consequences in in the industrial sector of the MSM companies over a sample from 2011 to 2020. This study will test the effect of DAC, the most popular instrument employed in accounting practices for earnings management on objective measures: return on assets and profit margin using Eviews 13 software. If you have ever heard of the 'butterfly effect' from chaos theory, then this will give you a grounding to understand just how small changes in your finances can lead to massive unanticipated effects down the road. Further, this study identifies the path through which earning management activities are influenced by governance and transparency of a company affairs by embedding firm size and leverage as moderators. These findings put forward the importance of long-term consequences of the short-term financial decisions, which is of real value to the literature on earnings

Для компаний, основным видом деятельности которых является производство и реализация тепло-и электроэнергии, состояние и эффективность использования материально-технической базы представляются важнейшими факторами конкурентоспособности. Своевременное обновление и совершенствование производственных фондов имеет важное значение и для жизнеобеспечения территорий, которые такая компания обслуживает, особенно в условиях Севера. Однако, несмотря на значимость данного фактора, актуальной проблемой является постоянное снижение качества материально-технической базы ресурсоснабжающих компаний, ее устаревание и медленные темпы обновления. В данной работе представлено исследование, позволяющее ответить на вопрос, почему так происходит, посредством анализа хозяйственной деятельности, динамики воспроизводства и эффективности использования основных фондов одной из ведущих энергетических компаний Республики Саха (Якутия). Проведенное исследование позволило сделать конкретный вывод: финансовые возможности энергообеспечивающей организации по обновлению своей материально-технической базы крайне ограничены. Причинами недостатка финансовых ресурсов являются низкая рентабельность, обусловленная высокой себестоимостью деятельности и спецификой северного региона, а также высокая долговая нагрузка. Недостаток свободных средств делает обновление невозможным такими темпами, чтоб они обгоняли темпы устаревания используемого оборудования, или невозможным в принципе в условиях современной денежно-кредитной политики. Пример рассматриваемой организации является показательным, так как проблема обновления производственных фондов характерна для отрасли в целом и сохраняется на протяжении длительного времени. Чтоб ее решить, необходимы комплексные меры и совместные усилия государства и бизнеса.

This study investigates the determinants of profitability for industrial firms in Oman. Therefore, a sample of 17 industrial companies listed on Muscat securities market covering the period from 2006 till 2013 is utilized. Results from the panel ordinary least squares model reveal a positive and statistical significant relationship between profitability, the firm size, growth, fixed assets and working capital. On the other hand, the average tax rate and the financial leverage variables show a negative relationship with profitability. However, this relationship is significant only for the financial leverage variable. The study concludes that large growing firms with efficiently managed assets improve revenue and ultimately enhance profitability.

El objeto de estudio de esta investigacion consistio en analizar las estrategias financieras de inversion operativa, fija y total e identificar su impacto en el desempeno financiero representado por el crecimiento en ventas, utilidad de operacion y utilidad neta de las empresas del sector de la transformacion que cotizaron de forma constante durante el periodo del 2000 al 2012 en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. La tecnica de Datos de Panel, se aplico para determinar la relacion matematica que ejercen los factores independientes sobre los factores dependientes. Las variables consideradas en el modelo matematico, fueron identificadas y elegidas de las teorias y estudios empiricos de investigaciones previas que se analizan y comentan en el marco teorico. Los resultados indican que existe una relacion positiva entre las estrategias de inversion y el desempeno financiero, razon por la que es necesario administrar de forma eficiente las estrategias financieras de inversion.

This paper aims to explore the importance of the direct-payments scheme as a tool for supporting the sustainable development of agriculture in Poland, and to assess the effects of the 2015 Common Agricultural Policy reform in this context. In particular, the study attempts to investigate the impact of different fund-allocation criteria on the regional distribution of direct payments. The research employs a simulation method in the form of variant analysis (the “what if” model) – a mathematical method with elements of statistical description, based on the complete dataset. For the purposes of one of the variants, a multi-criteria composite indicator was constructed, including stimulants and destimulants of the level of environmental sustainability of agricultural plant production. The analysis was conducted at the NUTS 2 level (voivodeships). The timeframe of the study covered the period 2010–2019. The data published by Statistics Poland and the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture were used as the source material. The analysis indicated that the 2015 Common Agricultural Policy reform redistributed public funds away from sustainable agricultural management principles. Applying some basic sustainability criteria in order to internalise environmental externalities would lead to a radical redistribution of first-pillar Common Agricultural Policy payments. The paper concludes that a real greening of the European Union’s agricultural policy is a task still to be accomplished.

The main goal of performing a maintenance program is increasing of the benefit and process reliability without any negative effect on personnel safety and environmental concerns. Risk based maintenance road map reduces fault occurrence probability and as a result reduces effects of equipment failure happening (economical, environmental effects). This type of risk based planning helps much in making right and economic decision making. This paper introduces risk based maintenance plan for selected instruments in Sarkhun and Qeshm gas threatening company. By designing of an adaptive preventive maintenance strategy as an inspection program and obtaining an optimum checking interval devices risk will be reduced.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan antara pengukuran aset tetap menggunakan cost model dengan revaluation model pada PT Mulia Industrindo Tbk serta mengetahui dampaknya terhadap laporan keuangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif komparatif dengan membandingkan pengukuran aset tetap menggunakan cost model dan revaluation model. Objek penelitian ini adalah PT Mulia Industrindo Tbk khususnya laporan tahunan tahun 2008 sampai 2012. Data yang diambil merupakan data sekunder berupa laporan tahunan objek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan revaluasi pada aset tetap memberikan beberapa pengaruh terhadap laporan posisi keuangan karena meningkatkan nilai aset dan ekuitas, memperkecil laba kotor perusahaan pada laporan laba rugi, meningkatkan nilai ekuitas pada laporan ekuitas, berpengaruh positif dan negative terhadap rasio keuangan, serta memperbesar aset pajak tangguhan dan liabilitas pajak tangguhan perusahaan.

Recientemente, ha cobrado una particular relevancia dentro de la agenda pública nacional la importancia de que la administración del patrimonio inmobiliario federal en México cada vez sea más transparente y esté apegada a las mejores prácticas internacionales. Los retos y desafíos que existen para lograr una administración eficaz, moderna y transparente del patrimonio inmobiliario federal será un tema de creciente interés en los próximos años, dado que el inmueble público trasciende en el tiemp

A contabilidade internacional surge para definir metodos de adaptacao aos padroes internacionais a partir da contabilidade local, num processo de harmonizacao. A proposta e que os principios basicos que norteiam a contabilidade sejam comuns a fim de facilitar cada vez mais a troca de informacoes entre diferentes mercados globais. O seu estudo tem sido essencial, pois possibilita a simplificacao de informacoes economicas entre o mercado.

A contabilidade internacional surge para definir métodos de adaptação aos padrões internacionais a partir da contabilidade local, num processo de harmonização. A proposta é que os princípios básicos que norteiam a contabilidade sejam comuns a fim de facilitar cada vez mais a troca de informações entre diferentes mercados globais. O seu estudo tem sido essencial, pois possibilita a simplificação de informações econômicas entre o mercado.

El presente trabajo aborda la valuación de un inmueble antiguo en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí y el cual consta de tres capítulos. El capítulo uno consta de un glosario de los términos y conceptos básicos que se utilizaron en el presente trabajo, para darle una mejor comprensión a este. De esta manera puede ser consultado por cualquier persona que le interese saber cómo se desarrolla un avalúo. El capítulo dos se refiere a las normas y criterios de cómo deben ser clasificados y cómo deben ser conservados los monumentos antiguos. Y de quién debe ser la responsabilidad para realizar esto. Ya que en muchas ocasiones los propietarios de los inmuebles antiguos no les dan la importancia que tienen para el entorno y la historia de una región y es cuando es aplicada la ley de conservación de este tipo de inmuebles, porque le da al Estado o la Federación, según sea el caso, tomar el control del inmueble debido a su relevancia histórica. En el capítulo tres se desarrolla el avalúo comercial de una Edificación Antigua integrando el valor intangible monetario, utilizando los criterios principales de la Carta de Venecia traducidos en una tabla de valor. Y como resultado nos da un avalúo con el valor intangible integrado de dicha edificación antigua.

Ces exemples, fournis à titre purement indicatif, montrent un format de présentation possible Directives pour l'établissement des états financiers du CGAP, version provisoire du 1 er déc. 00 , page 3 Ces exemples, fournis à titre purement indicatif, montrent un format de présentation possible de l'information requise par les directives. L'emploi de ces formats types n'est pas obligatoire. Ces exemples, fournis à titre purement indicatif, montrent un format de présentation possible de l'information requise par les directives. L'emploi de ces formats types n'est pas obligatoire. Les directives demandent la présentation d e certaines informations qui ne figurent habituellement pas dans les états financiers. La plupart des IMF sont des institutions sortant de l'ordinaire en ce sens qu'elles poursuivent une mission sociale en procédant à des opérations financières, souvent-au moins pendant un temps-grâce à des dons ou des ?prêts subventionnés. Elles emploient, par ailleurs, généralement des méthodes de prêt très différentes de celles auxquelles ont recours les banques plus traditionnelles. C'est pourquoi, pour juger de la situation financière d'une IMF, il faut disposer de certaines informations que n'ont pas à fournir les institutions traditionnelles, telles que les informations sur les ?subventions en nature, l'?état des impayés pour le ?portefeuille de prêts, et autres éléments dont la présentation n'est pas requise par les normes comptables internationales (IAS). Les directives énoncées ci-après sont accompagnées d'une brève explication des raisons pour lesquelles l'information demandée est importante. Les lecteurs qui souhaiteraient obtenir de plus amples détails peuvent se reporter aux manuels d'analyse financière traitant des IMF. 3 Liens avec les audit externes. Il est fortement recommandé aux IMF de soumettre chaque année leurs états financiers à un audit extérieur, d'autant plus que les bailleurs de fonds l'exigent fréquemment. Il est toutefois important qu'elles suivent les présentes directives même si leurs états financiers ne sont pas audités, lorsqu'il leur faut décrire leur situation financière, au moyen de ces derniers, à des entités extérieures telles que des bailleurs de fonds et d'autres investisseurs. Le conseil d'administration et les directeurs des IMF décident euxmêmes des directives à respecter pour la présentation des états financiers à usage interne. 3 Au nombre des ouvrages de référence qui peuvent être consultés figurent le manuel de la Banque inter-américaine de développement intitulé Technical Guide for the Analysis of

Estas directrices fueron elaboradas en consulta con profesionales e instituciones donantes que son miembros del CGAP. El 22 de junio de 2000 los países miembros donantes dieron su aprobación para que se distribuyera esta versión preliminar de las directrices. Una vez que las directrices hayan sido aplicadas en la práctica a principios del 2001, se publicará la versión definitiva. El CGAP está integrado por los organismos bilaterales de asistencia externa de 16 países:

COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACCOUNTING BY BRAZILIAN COMPANIES LISTED www.rco.usp.br No Brasil, o processo de convergência às normas internacionais de contabilidade teve início com as alterações da lei das Sociedades Anônimas (6.404/76), promovidas pelas leis 11.638/07 e 11.941/09. A legislação fiscal brasileira sempre influenciou a prática contábil. Contudo, a nova legislação possibilitou a separação de critérios contábeis e fiscais para a avaliação patrimonial. O presente estudo visa responder a seguinte questão: Será que as empresas, diante de uma situação de alteração da legislação e normatização vigentes, porém com a possibilidade de adotar práticas alternativas, adotariam estas novas práticas, em detrimento das antigas, promovendo uma contabilidade de fato e de direito plenamente idênticas, no tocante aos critérios de depreciação? Para atingir este objetivo, um estudo empírico sobre as empresas brasileiras listadas na BM&F Bovespa foi realizado. Os resultados indicaram que um percentual elevado de empresas adotaram as novas práticas. No entanto, ainda foram identificadas empresas que utilizam as taxas fiscais para apuração da depreciação de ativos imobilizados.

Un experto valuador me argumentó recientemente que
«la información sobre los precios de los inmuebles en
Venezuela está deficitaria por la opacidad
1 en datos de
ofertas y registros», al respecto le respondo que lo que
señaló lo he escuchado reiteradamente por parte de
valuadores venezolanos, con lo cual no puedo estar de
acuerdo.
También he escuchado y leído que algunos utilizan el
«método de Chauvenet»
2 asegurando que es la base de
sus avalúos, con lo cual tampoco estoy de acuerdo,
porque es solo una prueba para identificar datos atípicos,
el método es el Comparativo de Datos de Mercado3
.
Hace mucho ruido escuchar sobre la opacidad de los
datos, que pudiera ser una verdad del tamaño de una
catedral, pero se debe demostrar con números y no solo
basarse en una apreciación personal, en una vivencia, en
una visión en el momento. Para llegar a una opinión
insesgada4
, hay que investigar, pero no todo el mundo
está dispuesto a ocupar su tiempo ni está preparado para
ello.

Providing farmers with effective risk management tools and increasing the productivity of factors of production, while limiting negative effects on the environment, is an important challenge for the current EU agricultural policy. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the relationship between crop insurance and land productivity in the context of environmental effects. The study covered farms with crop insurance participating in the Polish FADN system. The article uses the TOPSIS method of organizing objects. We classify farms in terms of land productivity and examine the relationship between these results and the value of insurance coverage. In our conceptual and empirical framework, we recognize that there is a mutual relationship between crop insurance, land productivity and the environment. Our empirical results show that the level of insurance coverage may support the increase in land productivity, indirectly affecting the environment. Farms with the highest prod...

El articulo busca desarrollar una propuesta viable para que pequenas y medianas empresas que realizan operaciones comerciales e industriales en la provincia del Guayas, puedan obtener una opcion de financiamiento a traves del mercado de valores ecuatoriano, considerando especificamente las Bolsas de Valores de Guayaquil y Quito. El estudio plantea la obtencion de una muestra representativa de Pymes que permitio recabar informacion sobre diferentes variables de analisis, mismas que ayudaron a describir el estado actual de las pymes y por consiguiente conocer cuales han sido las principales fuentes de financiamiento utilizadas para la compra de activos fijos enfocados en incrementar su productividad y lograr asi exportar a mercados en los cuales el Gobierno Nacional mediante el Instituto Promotor de Exportaciones e Inversiones PRO ECUADOR ha establecido una Oficina Comercial en el Extranjero (OCE).

A convergência da contabilidade aos padrões internacionais por meio das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) trouxe significativas alterações na legislação brasileira. Dentre elas, ocorreram modificações no que tange às subvenções e assistências governamentais (SAGs), com a publicação do Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 07 (2010). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar o nível de evidenciação das SAGs das empresas que integram os setores da BM&FBovespa em conformidade com o Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 07 (2010). A pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva e documental, com abordagem predominantemente quantitativa com análise de dados por meio de estatística descritiva e entropia informacional. A amostra utilizada é não probabilística e intencional, sendo constituída por 144 empresas listadas em 9 setores. O nível de evidenciação foi obtido por meio da coleta de dados no Balanço Patrimonial e nas Notas Explicativas de cada empresa, referente ao ano de 2010 e, posteriormente, analisado com base nos itens que compõe as variáveis da pesquisa elaborado em consonância com o CPC 07 (2010). Os resultados

A convergência da contabilidade aos padrões internacionais por meio das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) trouxe significativas alterações na legislação brasileira. Dentre elas, ocorreram modificações no que tange às subvenções e assistências governamentais (SAGs), com a publicação do Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 07 (2010). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é verificar o nível de evidenciação das SAGs das empresas que integram os setores da BM&FBovespa em conformidade com o Pronunciamento Técnico CPC 07 (2010). A pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva e documental, com abordagem predominantemente quantitativa com análise de dados por meio de estatística descritiva e entropia informacional. A amostra utilizada é não probabilística e intencional, sendo constituída por 144 empresas listadas em 9 setores. O nível de evidenciação foi obtido por meio da coleta de dados no Balanço Patrimonial e nas Notas Explicativas de cada empresa, referente ao ano de 2010 e, posteriormente, analisado com base nos itens que compõe as variáveis da pesquisa elaborado em consonância com o CPC 07 (2010). Os resultados

Santo (Ufes) completou vinte anos de existência. Fundado pelos professores Paulo Nakatani e Fabrício Augusto de Oliveira, o grupo teve, ao longo de sua existência, a participação de diversos docentes, alunos e servidores técnico-administrativos. Com o objetivo de analisar a conjuntura econômica nacional, com foco sobre as áreas de inflação, nível de atividade, empregos e salários, política monetária, política fiscal e setor externo, foram produzidos 57 boletins, até o momento. Essa produção foi primeiramente coordenada pelos professores Paulo Nakatani, Fabrício Augusto de Oliveira, Helder Gomes, e pela professora Ana Carolina Giuberti. Entre 2014 e 2019, o grupo foi coordenado pela professora Neide César Vargas. Durante toda a sua história, passaram pelo grupo cerca de mil estudantes e mais de mil ouvintes, somando mais de duas mil pessoas que tiveram contato com a forma de fazer uma análise de conjuntura com qualidade, atestada por residentes no Espírito Santo, nos demais estados da federação e mesmo fora do país. Os boletins são produzidos pelos estudantes do curso de graduação em Economia da Ufes, sendo corrigidos e supervisionados pelos professores, cada um responsável por uma das referidas áreas da conjuntura econômica. Com essa perspectiva metodológica inovadora, o grupo consegue conciliar ensino, pesquisa e extensão, uma vez que o trabalho é divulgado em reuniões semanais e também pela internet.

This study investigates whether Australian targets manage their earnings during takeover bids. A sample of 65 firm-years that were subject to takeover offers during the period 1999-2003 is selected. Each treatment firm-year is matched by industry and size with a control firm-year not subject to a takeover bid. Three Discretionary Accruals models are used: the DeAngelo (1986) model, the Jones (1991) model and the modified Jones (1995) model. The results are reasonably consistent among the three models. They indicate that "accept", but not "reject" firms manage earnings to support directors' recommendations. A RE-EXAMINATION OF AUSTRALIAN EVIDENCE OF DIRECTORS' RECOMMENDATIONS ON TAKEOVER BIDS AND MANAGEMENT OF EARNINGS * indicates significance at the ten percent level ** indicates significance at the five percent level *** indicates significance at the one percent level

El objeto de estudio de esta investigacion consistio en analizar las estrategias financieras de inversion operativa, fija y total e identificar su impacto en el desempeno financiero representado por el crecimiento en ventas, utilidad de operacion y utilidad neta de las empresas del sector de la transformacion que cotizaron de forma constante durante el periodo del 2000 al 2012 en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. La tecnica de Datos de Panel, se aplico para determinar la relacion matematica que ejercen los factores independientes sobre los factores dependientes. Las variables consideradas en el modelo matematico, fueron identificadas y elegidas de las teorias y estudios empiricos de investigaciones previas que se analizan y comentan en el marco teorico. Los resultados indican que existe una relacion positiva entre las estrategias de inversion y el desempeno financiero, razon por la que es necesario administrar de forma eficiente las estrategias financieras de inversion.

O processo de evidenciacao contabil constitui elemento basico para reducao de assimetria informacional e auxilio dos diversos usuarios, sobretudo externos, na tomada de decisoes, e isso explica a maior pressao por disclosure âmbito da convergencia das normas de contabilidade para um padrao internacional, uma vez que os stakehoders necessitam de conhecimentos relativos a diversos elementos patrimoniais e de resultados, tais como os imobilizados, objeto de interesse dessa pesquisa. Utilizando a base de dados das empresas do setor de Utilidade Publica listadas pela B3, o objetivo deste estudo e avaliar o nivel de aderencia das empresas do setor aos requisitos de evidenciacao estabelecidos pelo Pronunciamento CPC 27 referente aos seus ativos imobilizados, no decorrer dos exercicios financeiros de 2014 a 2018. A pesquisa descritiva, possui carater quantitativo-qualitativo, procedimento documental, recorrendo a um checklist , baseado no CPC 27, contendo 20 itens para a coleta de dados qua...

Purpose-The current research examines the effect of life cycle stages on capital structure of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Research design, data, methodology-By aid of 685 year-company data, which collected from financial statements of companies during 2006-2012, first, the companies, are classified into three groups including companies in growth, maturity and decline stages. After removing the companies, which were not in accordance with life cycle model, 86 companies were selected to test two main hypotheses of the research. Results-The results show that the capital structure of the sample companies is different in various life cycle stages. More investigation by LSD test also revealed that the total debt to total assets ratio means of the companies in growth stages were significantly different from those companies in maturity stages and those in growth stages had high level of debt to assets ratio. Conclusions-The result showed the average amount of the working capital for companies in three stages are significantly different and due to high level of operation of the companies in maturity and decline stages, these companies held high amount of working capital than those in the growth stages.

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the importance of securing assets in an effort to prevent fraud in the public sector. This research has an urgency and effort on the importance of administration and legal protection of fixed assets in the public sector. This study uses information obtained directly from 60 employees who work at the KBB Regional Finance and Asset Agency (BKAD). The method of analysis in this study uses regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that asset security has a positive effect on fraud prevention. This shows that the better the implementation of fixed asset security, the better the fraud prevention that can be done.

The fulfillment of government duties and activities in the building of facilities/infrastructure and services for the community is supported by the acquisition of excellent products and services that are free from fraud. This research intends to investigate the relationship between the quality of the goods/services procurement committee, its income, and it is ethical standards for procuring goods/services on the incidence of goods/services procurement fraud in the West Java Provincial Government. A quantitative descriptive methodology was used in this investigation. The t-count is less than the negative ttable, and the t-table's comparison with the t-count yields findings with a significance level o less than 0.05, according to data from the hypothesis test. According to the study's findings, there is a significant negative relationship between goods/services procurement fraud and the income variable of the goods/services procurement committee, the quality variable of the goods/services procurement committee, and the ethics variable of the goods/services procurement committee.

The appraisal procedure for works of art is practiced setting import tariffs without there being a specific regulation in the National Appraisal Regulations of Peru for such a process. This research analyzes the problem of calculating economic value for this type of asset, noting that at the beginning of the procedure the legal definition of a work of art must be included. It also analyzes the objective and subjective appraisal models, the requirements for the appointment of the expert and those requested for the technical appraisal report, ending with the positions regarding the results of the appraisal and the responsibilities of the expert.
For the general analysis, two phenomenological instruments have been used: the individual semi-structured interview applied to Peruvian experts with experience as officials in the institutions in which the research is carried out, and a focus group, where the interview has been collective with participants. international with experience and regulatory appraisal accreditation in Colombia.