Financial Statement Analysis

Every microenterprise needs to learn and perform basic accounting practices to ensure that their business progress is running smoothly. Besides able to improve the business performance of a company, accounting practices also represent the result of operations of a company, as well as the statement of financial position. Therefore, by understanding financial performance very well might help the microenterprises not only to evaluate and monitor their business activities but also facilitate them in a critical way to make a better decision. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of basic accounting practices among the microenterprises in Batu Pahat. The data were collected among 157 owners of microenterprises. The data were analysed in frequency and percentage form by using The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings showed that most of the microenterprises practiced a very basic accounting system, maintained both cash and accrual accounting and pract...

This book offers a deep and insightful examination of how Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing the modern financial ecosystem. From the rise of algorithmic trading and autonomous investment platforms to cutting-edge fraud detection and credit risk modeling, the book illustrates the profound impact of AI on traditional and digital finance. Readers will gain a practical and technical understanding of how machine learning, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, and generative models are driving innovation in banking, insurance, wealth management, and regulatory compliance. Through real-world use cases, code examples, and architectural blueprints, the book bridges the gap between theory and execution, empowering readers to implement AI strategies in real financial environments. As finance enters a new era defined by speed, precision, and data-driven intelligence, this guide serves as an essential roadmap for professionals and students navigating the AI-powered financial revolution.

Financial ratios are often used in principal component analysis and related techniques for the purposes of data reduction and visualization. Besides the dependence of results on ratio choice, ratios themselves pose a number of problems when subjected to a principal component analysis, such as skewed distributions. In this work, we put forward an alternative method drawn from compositional data analysis (CoDa), a standard statistical toolbox for use when data convey information about relative magnitudes, as financial ratios do. The method, referred to as the CoDa biplot, does not rely on any particular choice of financial ratio but allows researchers to visually order firms along the pairwise financial ratios for any two accounts. Non-financial magnitudes and time evolution can be added to the visualization as desired. We show an example of its application to the top chains in the Spanish grocery retail sector and show how the technique can be used to depict strategic management diff...

Radical increases in the general price level especially due to the oil crisis in 1970s showed the deficiencies in financial statements with historical cost and these statements have been criticized for not providing true and realistic information for the users. There is a general consensus about the fact that financial statements with historical cost are not successful is reflecting the reality and that this inability may be solved by using inflation-adjusted financial statements. Nevertheless this theoreticaljudgment could not be approved -even only in stock marketsby empirical studies on participants of stock markets and prices of stocks. In this context, the aim of our study is to discuss and evaluate for Turkey, the findings obtained from academical accounting studies comparing the efl'ects of the financial statements based . on historical cost on the stock prices with the effects of the inflation-adjusted financial statements in the USA and UK stock markets.

In the era of green finance and sustainable energy markets, preserving the integrity of financial statements is paramount. This paper introduces an innovative approach to financial statement fraud detection through the application of deep learning techniques. We employ a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) to analyze stock market data and identify deceptive practices. Our study meticulously reviews related work, highlighting the critical intersection between financial statement fraud detection and the principles of green energy finance. The Materials and Methods section outlines our data sources, variable selection, and the TCN model's architecture, while the Results and Discussion section presents comprehensive evaluations and comparisons against traditional baselines. Our findings demonstrate the exceptional accuracy and reliability of the TCN model in detecting financial statement fraud, underscoring its potential to instill transparency in energy markets. In conclusion, our research contributes significantly to the promotion of financial integrity and sustainability, offering a powerful tool for investors and stakeholders committed to responsible and ethical investments within the framework of green finance.

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is an emerging technology that facilitates directed searches and simultaneous presentation of related financial statement and footnote information. We investigate whether using an XBRL-enhanced search engine helps nonprofessional financial statement users acquire and integrate related financial information when making an investment decision. We conduct our investigation in the context of recognition versus disclosure of stock option compensation. Our results reveal that many users do not access the technology, but those who do use it are better able to acquire and integrate information. Specifically, we find that when stock option accounting varies between firms, the use of an XBRL-enhanced search engine increases the likelihood that individuals acquire information about stock option compensation disclosed in the footnotes. We also find that XBRL helps individuals integrate the implications of this information, resulting in different investment decisions between individuals who use and do not use the search engine. Our results suggest that search-facilitating technologies, such as XBRL, aid financial statement users by improving the transparency of firms' financial statement information and managers' choices for reporting that information. Our results also reveal that wide publicity about the benefits of using search-facilitating technology may be needed to induce financial statement users to access the technology.

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is an emerging technology that facilitates directed searches and simultaneous presentation of related financial statement and footnote information. We investigate whether using an XBRL-enhanced search engine helps nonprofessional financial statement users acquire and integrate related financial information when making an investment decision. We conduct our investigation in the context of recognition versus disclosure of stock option compensation. Our results reveal that many users do not access the technology, but those who do use it are better able to acquire and integrate information. Specifically, we find that when stock option accounting varies between firms, the use of an XBRL-enhanced search engine increases the likelihood that individuals acquire information about stock option compensation disclosed in the footnotes. We also find that XBRL helps individuals integrate the implications of this information, resulting in different inv...

Tempe is a traditional food in Indonesia, which has been recognized to have a high nutrient content and good for health. Nevertheless, until now, tempe is still better known as a cheap food consumed more by rural communities. To improve the competitiveness of micro and small scale industries which produce tempe, applying an hygienic technological innovations and efficient in the production of tempe becomes a necessity. This research aims to generate a model of adoption of technological innovations in micro and small scale of tempe industry, and to find out what factors that motivate as well as inhibit the adoption of technology. The study was conducted on 68 tempe producers whom are members of Koperasi Tahu dan Tempe Indonesia (KOPTI) in the municipality of Salatiga and Boyolali district. The data was collected using combination of several techniques such as FGD (focus group discussion), in depth interview and survey using a questionnaire. In terms of technology adoption rate, the r...

Financial ratios are often used in principal component analysis and related techniques for the purposes of data reduction and visualization. Besides the dependence of results on ratio choice, ratios themselves pose a number of problems when subjected to a principal component analysis, such as skewed distributions. In this work, we put forward an alternative method drawn from compositional data analysis (CoDa), a standard statistical toolbox for use when data convey information about relative magnitudes, as financial ratios do. The method, referred to as the CoDa biplot, does not rely on any particular choice of financial ratio but allows researchers to visually order firms along the pairwise financial ratios for any two accounts. Non-financial magnitudes and time evolution can be added to the visualization as desired. We show an example of its application to the top chains in the Spanish grocery retail sector and show how the technique can be used to depict strategic management diff...

The advent of Financial Technology (FinTech) has revolutionized financial services, with credit scoring at its core for risk control and assessment. Traditional models, such as logistic regression and decision trees, rely on structured historical data, leading to limitations including static predictions, exclusion of unbanked individuals, and modest accuracy (AUC 0.70–0.75). This article explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in credit scoring, leveraging machine learning techniques like random forests, gradient boosting, and neural networks to integrate structured and unstructured data for enhanced predictive power and financial inclusion.
Drawing on empirical research, AI-driven models demonstrate superior performance, achieving accuracies up to 90% (neural networks) compared to 75% for traditional methods, with AUC exceeding 0.85. By incorporating alternative data sources—such as mobile usage, utility payments, and social behavior—AI extends credit access to marginalized populations, reducing defaults and promoting equity for the 1.4 billion unbanked adults globally.
Case studies from microfinance and doctoral findings on over 5,000 loan applications highlight AI's real-time monitoring and explainability via tools like SHAP, addressing ethical concerns. Implications include improved risk management for institutions, regulatory evolution for policymakers, and societal benefits in economic development. Despite challenges like algorithmic bias, AI represents a pivotal advancement for inclusive, efficient FinTech ecosystems.

Penilaian profitabilitas dan tingkat pengembalian ekuitas koperasi dapat diukur dari berbagai sisi yang meliputi masalah permodalan, kualitas aktiva produktif, manajemen, peningkatan, likuiditas, kemandirian dan pertumbuhan dan jati diri koperasi. Dasar teori pada penelitian ini yaitu, akuntansi manajemen, laporan keuangan, macam-macam laporan keuangan, klasifikasi analisis laopran keuangan, analisis ( Du Pont ) , koperasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profitabilitas dan tingkat pengembalian ekuitas pada tahun 2015 dan 2014 yang dilakukan oleh koperasi Credit Union Daya Lestari Samarinda. Du Pont adalah analisa yang menggabungkan rasio-rasio aktivitas dan margin keuantungan atas penjualan untuk menunjukan bagaimana rasio-rasio tersebut berinteraksi untuk menentukan profitabilitas aktiva-aktiva yang dimilki perusahaan. Dalam melakukan analisis tersebut maka dibutuhkan data yang siap untuk diolah. Data yang dibutuhkan pada penelitian ini adalah laporan keuangan kopera...

Most financial statement analyses focus on firms belonging to industries that either contribute significantly to economic figures or posit in a highly competitive business environment. Whatever the motivation may be, financial statement analysis should be made available to all industries for reasons of comparability and benchmarking. So much so to industries that silently propel economic development and growth, which the media subsector is. This research paper aims to analyze the financial statements of two publicly listed companies in the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines in the media subsector's financial statements for the years 2016-2020 using profitability ratios, such as net profit margin return on total assets, return on equity, and basic earnings power ratio. The research employed a quantitative research design that focused on the comparative analysis of the financial statements of the two companies. The data were lifted from the published financial statements of two companies in media subsector. In the analysis of data, mean and standard deviations which were presented using tables and graphs were used to describe the profitability ratios of the two companies. Further analysis was performed using independent t-test to examine significant differences between the profitability ratios of the two companies with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.

There is little evidence available on whether corporate board collaborates or substitutes for strict accounting regulation with respect to misclassification of recurring items to nonrecurring items. Therefore, this study examined whether corporate board of selected nonfinancial firms in Sub-Saharan Africa constrains classification shifting. A sample of 75 quoted non-financial firms from three Sub-Saharan African countries (Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa) was used for the period of ten years spanning 2008 to 2017. The study employed ex-post facto and cross-sectional research design in conducting the analysis. The secondary sources of data were collected from the annual reports of the selected firms and were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation analysis and panel regression analysis. Using a sample of 750 Sub-Saharan African firm-year observations, the result revealed that independent director, board female representative and board financial expertise have negat...

Tujuan penelitian ini mendeteksi potensi laba overstated untuk menganalisis laporan keuangan PT. Unilever Indonesia Tbk. Laporan keuangan merupakan hasil pertanggung jawaban manajemen atas penggunaan sumber daya yang dipercayakan kepada mereka. Data laporan keuangan diteliti dan dieksplorasi untuk mencari potensi laba overstated menggunakan indikator yang dikemukakan Tan & Robinson (2014). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa (1) Indikasi pengakuan pendapatan yang agresif pada PT. Unilever tidak ditemukan dan arus kas operasi  berjalan dengan wajar. (2) Dalam konteks penangguhan beban pada PT. Unilever, tidak terdapat amortisasi yang periodenya lebih lama dibandingkan dengan perusahaan sejenis, dan tidak terdapat biaya tangguhan selain pajak di posisi keuangan sebagai aset. (3) Untuk item klasifikasi non-operasi pendapatan, deskripsi operasi PT. Unilever sesuai dengan hal yang semestinya, tidak terdapat item berulang yang termasuk dalam pendapatan. (4) dalam hal kandungan klasifikasi biaya opera...

The paper examines four main sources of financial risk exposure for four banks in the United Arab Emirates during the years 2003 to 2009. It begins by measuring stability levels for different types of financial risks using the coefficient of variation measure. The research then proceeds to investigate the nature of the relationship between financial risk and the actual reported financial performance of each company, namely the return on equity and return on assets. The findings show that all four sources of financial risk showed significant stability while both profitability indicators exhibited significant instability over the same period. Moreover, performance on the return on assets indicator was strongly and positively tied to a company’s return on equity indicator across the four banks but exhibited little or no interconnection with the four types of risks that banks are commonly exposed.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the investment domain has gained significant traction. Yet, the existing body of research remains fragmented, lacking a cohesive understanding of AI's varied forms, functions, and broader implications on the classical financial models and market dynamics. This study addresses this gap by systematically reviewing and consolidating scattered insights on AI applications in investment, organising them into a structured and comprehensive framework for better understanding. A systematic review methodology categorises 12 distinct AI variations based on their specific functions, including predictive analytics for market forecasting, automated trading systems, stock screening tools, and automated technical analyses. The impact of AI is deductively analysed based on a structured understanding of its capabilities, variations, and functional roles, revealing that while AI enhances trading performance through greater efficiency, accuracy, and liquidity, it also presents challenges such as increased market volatility and the potential marginalization of retail investors, often benefiting larger institutions. By synthesising fragmented literature into a cohesive framework, this study offers a clear and organised understanding of AI's diverse applications in investment and their broader implications for classical financial models and evolving market dynamics. It provides critical insights for scholars and practitioners, contributing to the discourse on equitable AI integration and sustainable financial development. This review not only serves as a valuable reference for understanding AI in investment but also establishes a foundation for future research, innovation, and policy exploration in the field.

This paper applies a layer of machine learning technique such as the Bayesian Naïve Classifier (BNC) to enhance the decision making process in the framework of Earnings Manipulation Detection (EMD). It evaluates and competes Manual Auditors' Methods versus a mathematical model in EMD such as the Beneish Model. The Data sets consist of fifty-three (53) Financial Statements acquired from largest corporations over four consecutive years. Using the Beneish model, we classified corporations between manipulators and non-manipulators to establish the training set. The manual audit results for each corporation used to establish a test set as the expert set. In testing for EMD under the mathematical model versus the audit methods, and to evaluate results, a new layer of Machine Learning technique introduced such as the BNC. Our results show that mathematical models outperform auditors. They reveal a classification rate of (86.84 per cent) using the Beneish Model and (60.53 per cent) using Manual Auditors' Methods. Our findings indicate that Manual Auditors' Methods are difficult to detect Earnings Manipulation of Financial Statements. The Main contribution of this research is to use the Machine Learning as a new layer in the Framework of EMD. This approach broadens the scope for auditors, and other financial experts to use Machine Learning with mathematical models through their audit. The results of this study will help regulators and practitioners to detect accounting manipulations and to add value for the auditing, accounting, and financial professions.

In the globalized and accelerated world of our time, it is essential that enterprises have up-to-date information. Only a company that is in possession of the necessary information is able to meet the challenges of business life. One source of public information might be the annual statement prepared and published in accordance with the stipulations of Act C of 2000. The annual statement consists of three parts: the balance sheet, the profit and loss account and the notes to the financial statement. The text-based information of the notes to the financial statement are for the more accurate interpretation of numerical data. The notes to the financial statement of certain market participants (consumers, suppliers, competitors, etc.) might support efficient operation of companies, their proper decision-making and risk assessment. In present study, the notes to the financial statement of companies identifying sports activities (Hungarian NACE 931) as their primary activity were utilize...

SMM ISO 9001:2015 dirancang sebagai manajemen sistem kendali untuk membantu instansi dalam mencapai target pemenuhan harapan dan keinginan konsumen dan stakeholder serta capaian persyaratan aturan dan hukum dalam penerapan untuk produk dan pelayanan. Pada manajemen mutu terkait erat dengan fondasi system mutu. Manfaat penerapan Sertifikasi ISO 9001:2015 membawa keseimbangan positif instansi. Implementasi sertifikasi manajemen mutu juga menekankan pada pelayanan customer centric, kebutuhan konsumen, konsentrasi terhadap harapan konsumen pada SMM ISO 9001:2015 di PT Delta Graha Makmur (Grha Delta). Pengabdian masyarakat ini menawarkan solusi memberikan pemahaman mengenai standard operational prosedur serta menambah wawasan bagi karyawan dalam upaya meningkatkan sistem kerja yang baik. Dengan prinsip perbaikan terus menerus, meningkatkan citra perusahaan, koherensi, efisiensi dan mengurangi pemborosan, serta memaksimalkan kinerja setiap karyawan di lokasi kerja.

PurposeThis study analyses to what extent politicians use public sector entities' financial statements along with the politicians' perceptions of the usefulness of such statements in the politicians' decision-making. The authors analyze financial statements' use and usefulness when the statements are prepared on a modified accrual basis and in the setting where there is the intention of full accrual accounting adoption. In addition, this study provides information about the use of the individual components of financial statements and investigates the reasons why the statements may not be used.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted using a questionnaire. The authors surveyed politicians that are members of Croatian public sector bodies. To conduct this research, the politicians were contacted by telephone over the period from February to April 2022.FindingsThe findings of this study are of potential interest to researchers, regulators and policy makers. T...

This paper provides interesting insights into the practices of banks and institutional setting in Sri Lanka. The sustainability and stability of banks that makes up an economy’s banking system should be sound at all time. This paper aimed at analyzing the determinants of banking sector stability in Sri Lanka. The study used a broad set of macro and bank level data covering 22 commercial banks for the period 1996-2016. The fixed effect GLS panel data model tested in this paper sets the relationship between bank stability measure; Z-score and business environment which includes bank characteristics and the elements of macro environment. The analysis of the study revealed lower level of Z-scores and thus lower level of bank stability, indicating a higher risk associated with the commercial banking sector in Sri Lanka.  From among the variables tested, strong evidence was found for a positive effect of bank efficiency on bank stability and a negative effect of credit growth on bank stab...

Küreselleşme ve özellikle yirminci yüzyılın sonlarında bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinde kaydedilen büyük ilerlemeler, işletmelerin üretim yapılarının değişmesine, pazarlama olanaklarının artmasına, daha yüksek verimlilik ve katma değer potansiyelinin doğmasına neden olmuştur. Öte yandan teknolojinin bir üretim faktörü haline gelmesi; sermaye ve bilgiye olan gereksinimi arttırmış; bu faktörler aranan ve getirisi yüksek olan üretim faktörleri olmuştur.

İşletmeler de değişen işletme çevresine ayak uydurmak zorunda kalmışlar, ancak bazıları, bu değişime adapte olamamışlardır. Başka bir ifadeyle, bazı işletmeler piyasanın doğurduğu artan rekabetçi baskılar karşısında ayakta durabilirken, bazıları piyasadan ayrılmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu durum,
işletmeler için başarılı/başarısız olma kavramlarının önemini artırmıştır. Nitekim değişen ekonomik çevre koşullarına yeniden uyum sağlayamayan işletmeler, ölçekleri ne olursa olsun, finansal başarısızlığa uğramakta ve kısa süre içinde faaliyette bulundukları pazarları terk etmektedirler (Berk, 2003: 479). Bu nedenle finansal başarısızlık, yalnızca araştırmacılar tarafından değil, uygulamacılar tarafından da üzerinde sıklıkla durulan
bir çalışma alanı haline gelmiştir.

Finansal başarısızlık, her ne kadar bir sonucu gösterse de, başarısızlık henüz gerçekleşmeden tahmin edilebilen ve alınacak önlemlerle engellenmesi mümkün olabilen bir olgu olduğundan finansal başarısızlığın önlenebilmesinin başlangıç noktasını, işletmelerin neden finansal başarısızlık içine düştüklerinin belirlenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Neden(ler) doğru tespit edilirse, alınacak önlemler de geçerli ve isabetli olacaktır. Bu yönüyle finansal başarısızlığın nedenleri, alınacak önlemlerden önce gelmektedir. Finansal başarısızlığın önlenememesi durumunda ise, başarısızlığın yalnızca işletme üzerinde değil, işletme dışında da önemli sonuçlar doğurduğu görülmektedir.

Finansal başarısızlık tahminlerinde kullanılan başlıca araç ise, işletmelerin finansal durumunun ve performansını göstergesi olan finansal tablolardır (raporlardır). Finansal tablo kalemlerinden elde edilen anlamlı oransal değişkenler, finansal başarısızlık modellerinin girdilerini oluşturmaktadır.
Fakat finansal tablolardan elde edilen oransal değişkenlerin finansal başarısızlık tahminleri amacıyla kullanılması sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar söz konusu olabildiği gibi, oransal değişkenlerle çalışmaktan kaynaklanan bazı üstünlükler de bulunmaktadır.

“Finansal Başarısızlık ve Finansal Tablolara Dayalı Tahmin Yöntemleri” adlı bu çalışmamız, üç bölümde yapılandırılmıştır. Birinci bölümde finansal başarısızlık kavramı hakkında genel bilgiler yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde finansal başarısızlık tahminlerinde finansal tablolar ele alınmaktadır. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise finansal başarısızlık tahminlerinde başvurulan
yöntemler anlatılmaktadır.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to study the relationship between reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) and headquarters’ innovation, examining potential moderators of such relationship, and to analyze the role of headquarters’ absorptive capacity (AC) and the coordination mechanisms they adopt as antecedents of RKT. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative data were collected from 104 Spanish multinational companies. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. Findings Findings provide the evidence of a positive relationship between RKT and headquarters’ innovation. This relationship is higher when the knowledge transferred from subsidiaries to parent units is of a more tacit nature, and also when the organizational distance between them is larger. The results also show that the parent unit’s AC and the use of mechanisms for coordinating company units can facilitate RKT. Practical implications MNCs that wish to be more innovative should be aware that it is wo...

Employee performance has a huge effect on success of modern organization. Employees are considered as backbone for any organization that cannot be emulated from the competition, therefore employee performance should be considered major valuable resource. This study has focused on the banking sector where employees’ performance having huge impact on organization. For this purpose, we chose two banks from Pakistan for acquisition, one is Bank Islami Pakistan Ltd and second KASB Bank were chosen, their acquisition took place on 8th of May 2015. In this study, the employees’ performance was examined on the bases of few factors like an organizational cultural change, communication between the acquirer and target bank, organizational change managed by the acquirer firm, and job satisfaction of both the acquirer and the target banks’ employees. We collected the Primary data by using the questionnaire methodology where we collected data from 200 respondents of both banks r...

This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT Mayora Indah Tbk during the 2020-2024 period using profitability ratios as the primary indicators. The ratios analyzed include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Gross Profit Margin (GPM). This research employs a descriptive quantitative method using secondary data obtained from the company's annual financial statements, accessed through the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Ratio calculations were conducted using Microsoft Excel for efficiency and accuracy, and supported by validity testing using SPSS, which confirmed the validity of the data used. The analysis results show that all four profitability ratios experienced fluctuations throughout the study period. ROA and ROE declined in 2021-2022 but improved in 2023-2024. NPM saw a significant drop in 2022 but recovered in the following years. A similar pattern was observed in GPM. These findings reflect challenges in the company's operational efficiency but also demonstrate its ability to improve financial performance and management. Therefore, this study recommends the optimization of business strategies and more efficient management of assets and capital to enhance profitability sustainably.

With the rapid advance in artificial intelligence and cloud technology, financial advising has, until recently, been considered well outside the stance of technology-founded approaches. However, in recent years, a plethora of applications capturing these new technology opportunities have sprung up. Additionally, the respect for the traditional user bases of financial advising is very high and based on years of building convincing deals. Also, the prospective partnership with the traditional value chains implies the continued existence of the consumer base (Asatryan, 2017; Chang et al., 2017; Munoko et al., 2020). With this new robust and configurable AI literature, various opportunities arise. This includes investing opportunities but also creates a problem space. Traditionally, these agents, i.e., the software applications powered by AI technology and acting as financial planners, wealth management specialists, agents, or even just assistants, have been trained, used, or prepared in particular programs. They are pre-configured for similar market conditions, risk profiles defined by or very close to their respective investments and wealth management firms, or just the tools they were designed for. Quantitative advisory, i.e., assisting or even automating the decision process in financial dealing. This includes alternatives such as investment and wealth management but also loans and consumer financial products. Particularly the quantitative part of this approach, including risk prediction, risk assessment, prediction of financial product performance, and transaction actions based on the risk and audit levels, has been very Deep Science Publishing

The contribution of micro enterprises (MEs) is essential towards economy development in Malaysia. MEs provided job opportunities to the people, especially to those with low-incomes, and also offer more affordable goods and services to the public. Despite having advantages, current MEs are still unrecognised and it is hard to see positive development in terms of growth. This study aims to explore the current accounting record keeping practices among MEs owners in Kelantan, Malaysia, and the extent of use of accounting information in the business decision making. The data was collected through random sampling method of survey questionnaires to 500 micro-business owners, however only 150 were agreed to involved, given a response rate of 30%. Descriptive analysis was applied and the findings of this study revealed that the majority of the MEs owners do not keep complete accounting records with some of them not keeping any record at all. It shows lack of accounting knowledge and existence of unused accounting information in the business. This study recommends the development of a simple accounting module for MEs and provides training and continuous support to help the MEs. This study also recommends that the regulators enforce mandatory record keeping to improve accounting practices in Malaysia.

The research comprises the importance of the accounting information provided in the financial statements with the purpose of having an effective and efficient decision-making process. The accounting information has to be clear, accurate and precise in order to present an objective and real image of the company. At the same time, the financial statements have the role of illustrating the company's financial position, performance, as well as the flows occurring in the company's cash. The major strength in the decision-making process of an organization would be a well-projected management plan, and a well-defined strategy. The research aims to outline and present the role of the financial statement in the complex decision-making process inside a company. The analysis is focused on examining and interpreting how much is the predicted variable influence by the independent ones, as well as establishing the relationship between them.

This study examines the impact of e-banking services on the financial performance of selected private commercial banks in Ethiopia. It focuses on the roles of ATM, POS, Internet Banking (IB), Debit Card (DC), and Mobile Banking (MB) services. Financial performance is evaluated using Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as key indicators. A panel dataset was collected from six purposely selected private commercial banks: Awash Bank S.C., Bank of Abyssinia, Dashen Bank, Cooperative Bank of Oromia, United Bank, and Zemen Bank S.C., covering the period from 2018 to 2023. Utilizing a quantitative approach and employing both descriptive and explanatory research designs, the study applies fixed and random effects regression models estimated with E-Views 13. The findings indicate that POS terminals have a significant negative effect on both ROA and ROE, suggesting that investments in POS infrastructure may not be generating the expected financial returns. In contrast, ATMs, debit cards, and internet banking services exhibit a significant positive impact on both profitability measures, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing bank performance. Interestingly, mobile banking shows a mixed effect; it positively influences ROA but negatively and significantly affects ROE, indicating potential inefficiencies or cost challenges in mobile banking deployment. This study contributes original insights to the existing literature by providing context-specific findings from Ethiopia, particularly regarding the differing effects of mobile and POS banking services compared to previous research. It enriches the discussion on the strategic role of digital banking technologies in shaping the financial outcomes of banks operating in emerging markets.

This report provides a comprehensive equity valuation of Amazon Inc. using both intrinsic and relative valuation methods. The intrinsic approach applies Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) modeling through Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) and Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE), incorporating a full financial forecast from 2024 to 2028. The relative valuation includes Comparable Company Analysis and Precedent Transaction Analysis to benchmark Amazon's valuation multiples against peers and past market transactions. Key metrics such as WACC, beta, and financial ratios are used to assess Amazon’s risk profile, performance, and future potential. The final analysis suggests an implied share price with a 43% upside, resulting in a Buy recommendation. This self-directed research demonstrates applied financial modeling skills and analytical rigor in line with professional valuation practices.

16 co-operative banks are working in Uttarakhand and for the purpose of this study five major co-operative banks have been selected. These five selected banks are Uttarakhand State Co-operative Bank, Nainital District Co-operative Bank, Dehradun District Cooperative Bank, Kurmanchal Bank and Almora Urban Co-operative Bank. To fulfill the objectives, annual reports of co-operative banks of Uttarakhand have been collected from the head office of the banks. In this paper assets, total income, total expenditure and net profit for the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 of co-operative banks of Uttarakhand have been described. This study is useful for understanding the cooperative bank's assets, income, expenditures and income.

Il contributo si propone di indagare la tematica della invalidità della delibera assembleare di approvazione del bilancio, con particolare attenzione dei profili di specialità della relativa disciplina normativa. L’indagine, in particolare, prende spunto dagli orientamenti della giurisprudenza formatisi negli ultimi anni in punto di interesse all’impugnativa, legittimazione ad agire, compromettibilità delle impugnative delle delibere di approvazione del bilancio e ne analizza (anche criticamente) i profili di maggior interesse.

Türkiye'de finansal ve finansal olmayan sektör firmaları ile hane halkının varlık ve yükümlülük dolarizasyonu önemli ölçüde artmış ve dolarizasyon işletmelerin finansman kararlarında dikkate alınan önemli bir değişken haline gelmiştir. Çalışmada Borsa İstanbul'da (BİST) işlem gören imalat sanayi işletmelerinin dolarizasyon eğilimlerinin finansman tercihleri üzerine etkisine odaklanılmakta, işletmelerin varlık ve yükümlülük dolarizasyon seviyelerinin işletme finansmanında tercih edilen kaynağın çeşidini, vadesini ve temel finansman kurallarına uyumunu etkileyip etkilemediği hipotezleri test edilmektedir. Panel veri analizinden elde edilen sonuçlar, işletmelerin yükümlülük dolarizasyonu arttıkça finansman politika tercihinde uzun vadeli finansal borç kullanımına yöneldiği, varlık dolarizasyonu artan işletmelerin ise borçlanmadan ziyade öz sermaye ile finansmanı tercih ettiklerini göstermektedir. Çalışmanın tali sonuçlarında ise firma piyasa değeri değişkeni (FPD) borçlanma ile ilgili tüm değişkenleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı negatif, öz sermaye ile ilgili değişkeni ise anlamlı pozitif etkilemektedir. FPD değerindeki artışın işletmelerin öz kaynakla finansman eğilimine pozitif katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Firma büyüklüğü değişkeni ise tam tersi şekilde borçlanma ile ilgili değişkenleri anlamlı pozitif özsermaye ile ilgili değişkenleri ise anlamlı negatif etkilemektedir. Firma büyüklüğü borçlanma ile finansman tercihini uyarmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları yükümlülük dolarizasyonunun varlık dolarizasyonuna göre finansman politika tercihleri üzerindeki etkisinin daha güçlü olduğu yönündeki kısıtlı literatürü desteklemektedir.

Prema zakonu o računovodstvu Republike Srbije, sva privredna društva su u obavezi da sastavljaju redovne finansijske izveštaje. U redovne finansijske izveštaje ubrajamo: bilans imovine i obaveza, izveštaj o rezultatu, izveštaj o promeni na kapitalu, izveštaj o ostalom rezultatu, novčanom toku. Finansijski izveštaji pružaju neophodne informacije o imovini, obavezama, kapitalu, prihodima, rashodima, gotovini, eksternim i internim korisnicima. Cilj istraživanja je da prikažemo značaj i važnost sastavljanja kvalitetnih finansijskih izveštaja. Predmet istraživanja je finansijski izveštaji preduzeća Jaffa. Preduzeće Jaffa Crvenka je uzet kao primer kako domaća preduzeća mogu da sastave jasne, tačne i blagovremene finansijske izveštaje. Rezultat istraživanja je pokazao da nije dovoljno sastavljati samo tradicionalne finansijske izveštaje, već je potrebno pružati i dodatne informacije iz nefinansijskih izveštaja, a sve sa ciljem zadovoljenja informacionih potreba različitih stejkholdera.

According to the Law on Accounting of the Republic of Serbia, all companies are obliged to compile regular (annual) financial reports. Regular financial statements include: balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity, statement of other results, cash flow. The financial statements provide the necessary information about assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses, cashflow, external and internal users. The aim of the research is to show the significance and importance of compiling quality financial reports. The subject of the research is the financial statements of the Jaffa company. Jaffa Crvenka was taken as an example of how domestic companies can compile clear, accurate and timely financial reports. The result of the research showed that it is not enough to compile only traditional financial reports, but it is also necessary to provide additional information from non-financial reports, all with the aim of satisfying the information needs of various state ho...

This article provides a critical assessment of the effects of mergers and acquisitions on the financial stability of banks in Zambia, with a specific
focus on Atlas Mara Bank as a case study following its merger with BankABC and Finance Bank Zambia. Additionally, it evaluates the financial
performance of commercial banks within the Zambian banking sector. The study examines the organizational structure and operations of Atlas
Mara Bank post-merger with Access Bank and analyses how this consolidation has influenced the bank’s financial outcomes. Through the analysis
of various financial ratios and the application of event study methodology, quantitative assessment, historical data collection, and sample selection,
the research investigates the impact of mergers and acquisitions on acquiring firms during both pre- and pot- merger phases. These methodologies
aim to mitigate endogeneity bias and enhance the reliability of insights regarding financial performance in Zambia’s banking sector. Furthermore,
the study explores the integration process, structural transformations, and operational efficiencies achieved after the merger. Key findings indicate
improvements in financial performance, market expansion, and customer service. The report concludes with strategic recommendations for
enhancing operational effectiveness and resilience. These significant findings provide deeper insights into the profitability implications of such
strategic transactions within Zambia’s banking industry, contributing to a broader understanding of mergers and acquisitions dynamics with
potential applications for future decision-making.

The financial market is changing rapidly, and to sustain themselves in this dynamic investment world, investors need to adopt various strategies. Traditional investment tactics rely entirely on human intuitions and historical data, which may fail to keep pace with the ever-changing nature of investment. If someone fails to adopt the need-based strategies, they will be kept in the market. Investors need more complex tools and approaches to make sound investment decisions and withstand the fluctuating market environment. Technology has made it easier by providing these tools to analyze large amounts of data and identify trends, thus crafting prudent investment strategies. One of the blessings of technology that is changing the investment world dynamically is artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this research aims to investigate the multifaceted role of Artificial Intelligence in investment strategies, emphasizing its predictive capabilities, data management efficiencies, user engagement enhancements, practical applications, and emerging trends. This paper employs a qualitative approach with a significant focus on existing literature and case study analysis to give a comprehensive overview of the impact of AI on investment strategies. The analysis reveals that integrating AI into investment strategies is redesigning the investment landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities such as improved predictive capabilities and risk management, which help make informed decisions. The study's finding provides valuable insights for investors and financial institutions seeking to optimize their strategies with AI in an increasingly data-driven investment environment.

This research proposes for international analysis, a methodology for measuring the level of financial stability in any country in the world. In this sense, it has been inspired on the financial analysis model that modern financial theory generally recommends. This research is quantitative, cross-sectional, it is non-experimental and descriptive. It is quantitative because it provides numerical results. It is cross-sectional because it used economic indicators corresponding to the year 2010. It is non experimental because the sources of data have not been manipulated and have been obtained from good qualified sources of information. It is descriptive because this research figures out why some countries like China and Russia are better prepared to resist financial and economic disturbances that may happen in the future. In other hand it explains why countries like Greece, Ireland and Portugal have been subjected to face an acute financial and economic crisis, from an innovative point of view based in the financial statement analysis.

The digital era is a marketing activity by using digital technology to achieve, change, lead to the customer and maintainit. Its main purpose is to promote the brand, build preference and increase sales through various digital marketing. Thedigital era goes hand in hand with technological developments, making it more choice in choosing a marketing channel.Also in line with changes in consumer behavior. One that marks the development of the digital era is the emergence ofonline marketing, where the marketing of this model complements existing conventional marketing, like face to faceinteraction between producers and consumers no needed again to reach agreement. In specially products or services,more producers are complementing their marketing with online media. Especially is a creative business that held byyoung people, because they are more aware and understand with this media, like facebook, twitter, instagram, and othersin marketing products or services. This research is a survey ...

This paper is an analysis of the environmental profit and loss (E P&L) accounts from two European firms, Puma and Kering. It starts by describing the purpose of an E P&L, its objectives and its limits.

The paper then talks about the PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) methodology, a methodology which has been instrumental at preparing both E P&Ls. It also provides a discussion on the global reporting initiative (GRI), an key organization in the sustainability discussion. This organization indeed provides the world’s most widely used standards for sustainability reporting.

Later, the paper moves to the two case studies, Puma and Kering. In both cases, findings are discussed. In addition, the paper also shows how to monetize the environmental impact a firm may have on society, and shows some of the limits of the sustainability reporting.

Within the widespread discussions taking place around global warming, this paper offers a methodology that society would be better off implementing to make progress in this direction.

The presented article is a summary of theoretical approaches for evaluating the results of the organization in accordance with the reflection of performance and performance measurement, as well as its reporting in financial statements, which are in the sense of Slovak legislation, the final reflection of the organization. The company has its attributes, and all the attributes affect individual indicators of financial analysis and they are the following: production program, the technology used, the complexity of products, participation of nature, technology and man, the composition of products, method and all operate in a three-balance system: cash-flow-balance sheet-profit and loss statements. In this context, it is necessary to monitor the performance in the organization, which has a direct impact on sales and revenues and then on the overall economic result, which is the main indicator of the successful operation of the company. The transformation process indicates the process and transformation of inputs into a process towards its results, and the interconnection of the three-balance system points to the importance of three types of statements, as follows: profit because of management from the profit and loss statement is also a source in the balance sheet, the result from the cash flow statement represents assets in the form of cash in the balance sheet. All three statements provide relevant data for the financial analysis of the organization.

The presented article is a summary of theoretical approaches for evaluating the results of the organization in accordance with the reflection of performance and performance measurement, as well as its reporting in financial statements, which are in the sense of Slovak legislation, the final reflection of the organization. The company has its attributes, and all the attributes affect individual indicators of financial analysis and they are the following: production program, the technology used, the complexity of products, participation of nature, technology and man, the composition of products, method and all operate in a three-balance system: cash-flow-balance sheet- profit and loss statements. In this context, it is necessary to monitor the performance in the organization, which has a direct impact on sales and revenues and then on the overall economic result, which is the main indicator of the successful operation of the company. The transformation process indicates the process an...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming investment strategies by enhancing decision-making, risk management, and portfolio optimization. These technologies analyze vast amounts of financial data, identify patterns, and generate predictive insights that help investors make informed decisions. AI-driven algorithms can detect market trends, assess sentiment from news and social media, and execute trades with precision. Additionally, ML models continuously adapt to changing market conditions, reducing human biases and improving efficiency. From robo-advisors to hedge funds leveraging deep learning, AI is revolutionizing asset management, offering more accurate forecasts and smarter trading strategies that redefine traditional investment approaches. The significance of researching the influence of AI and machine learning in investment strategies lies in their transformative impact on financial markets. Machine learning models improve risk assessment, portfolio optimization, and predictive analytics, reducing human bias and enhancing efficiency. As AI reshapes investment landscapes, understanding its implications is crucial for investors, financial institutions, and policymakers. This research provides insights into AI's potential benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations, ensuring its responsible integration into investment strategies for more informed and effective decision-making. First, a comprehensive literature review will be conducted to understand existing AI-driven investment models and their impact. Data collection will include historical market data, AI-generated trading patterns, and performance metrics of AIbased funds. Statistical and econometric models will be applied to compare AI-based strategies with traditional investment methods. Additionally, expert interviews and case studies of leading AI-powered hedge funds will provide insights into real-world applications. Ethical considerations, algorithmic biases, and regulatory challenges will also be examined. The results will be analyzed using performance metrics like return on investment (ROI), Sharpe ratio, and drawdowns. This mixed-methods approach will offer a comprehensive understanding of AI's role in modern investment strategies. Alternative taken as AI

Financial statement frauds (FSF) are becoming rampant phenomena in current economic and financial landscapes. One of the ways to curb FSF is to detect them early so that preventive measures can be applied. This study aims to empirically investigate the abilities of two financial-based models namely the Beneish's M-score and Dechow's F-score, to detect and predict FSF for Malaysian companies. In addition, this study compares the accuracy including the error rates between the two models. Financial data of Malaysian listed companies from 2001 to 2014 are used using a matched pair in this study. The findings reveal that both Beneish and Dechow models are effective in predicting both the fraudulent and non-fraudulent companies with average accuracy at 73.17% and 76.22%, respectively. The results also indicate that Dechow F-score model outperforms the Beneish M-score model in the sensitivity of predicting fraud cases with 73.17% compared to 69.51%. On the efficiency aspect, the Dechow F Score model is found to have lower type II error (26.83%) than Beneish M Score model (30.49%). This finding suggests that Dechow F Score model is a better model that can be used by the regulators to detect FSF among companies in Malaysia.

Financial statement frauds (FSF) are becoming rampant phenomena in current economic and financial landscapes. One of the ways to curb FSF is to detect them early so that preventive measures can be applied. This study aims to empirically investigate the abilities of two financial-based models namely the Beneish's M-score and Dechow's F-score, to detect and predict FSF for Malaysian companies. In addition, this study compares the accuracy including the error rates between the two models. Financial data of Malaysian listed companies from 2001 to 2014 are used using a matched pair in this study. The findings reveal that both Beneish and Dechow models are effective in predicting both the fraudulent and non-fraudulent companies with average accuracy at 73.17% and 76.22%, respectively. The results also indicate that Dechow F-score model outperforms the Beneish M-score model in the sensitivity of predicting fraud cases with 73.17% compared to 69.51%. On the efficiency aspect, the Dechow F Score model is found to have lower type II error (26.83%) than Beneish M Score model (30.49%). This finding suggests that Dechow F Score model is a better model that can be used by the regulators to detect FSF among companies in Malaysia.