Financial Reporting Transparency

Objective
This study aimed to identify and rank the challenges, key limitations, and maturity strategies of critical accounting and the quality of social benefits using a grounded theory approach. Accounting maintains a high level of accuracy and correctness in its professional services, and its ethical decision-making is necessary to obtain a fair, efficient capital market and optimal allocation of resources (Sepehri & Pak Maram, 2015). In the last twenty years, due to the phenomenon of globalization, the ever-increasing evolution of customer needs, and technological changes, the accounting literature has become highly specialized, and sometimes different parts of it have overlapped with each other, leading to the emergence of new concepts such as critical accounting (Ferri et al., 2016). Critical theory in accounting and its development in the modern era face numerous challenges and complexities. The fact that accountants have an inherent duty to respond to the general public is an inevitable issue and is one of the main principles of impartiality (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2002). In addition, the continuation of the life of any profession and the employment of its members depend on the quality of services, trust, accreditation level, and social and moral capital, each of which is essential to maintain (Rouzbakhsh et al., 2023). The maturity of critical accounting, while evolving democratic processes and institutions, encourages them to promote justice in areas related to the economy, society, and the environment through the focused development of accounting practices and equal accountability to all users of accounting (Sepasi & Ramzani, 2020). In the institutional sense, accounting is usually seen in the exclusive financial accounts of companies or the total national accounts of the government (Perkiss et al., 2022).
Providing social benefits is the main goal of most governments and organizations, and the quality of social benefits is one of the most important dilemmas of human society (Safarzadeh Bandari & Jodaki Chegini, 2021). Accounting information may not be easily thought of as a natural tool for social movements. Critical theory in accounting can best provide an understanding of individuals, organizations, and societies, so it is important to accept a critical perspective in accounting (Baker & Bettner, 1997). Based on this view, the practice of accounting tends to support the economic, social, and political structure, as well as reduce the unequal distribution of power and wealth in society. Scholars question the critical view of the objectivity or neutrality of accounting information, arguing that accounting serves to create or legitimize certain social structures (Mohseni et al., 2018). On the other hand, one of the main goals of financial reporting is to provide useful information for decision-making by stakeholders. For this purpose, it is very important to provide appropriate financial information and solve problems related to the relationship between costs and social benefits (Vafaeipour et al., 2021). Determining the factors affecting the maturity of critical theory in accounting and the quality of social benefits, considering the business environment of companies and their relations with the government and society, is very necessary and important to achieve an effective accounting system for the consolidation of power and wealth in society. Based on this, the current research was conducted to identify and rank the challenges, key limitations, and maturity strategies of critical accounting and the quality of social benefits

Nowadays, consumer contracts, which contain a wide range of contracts, are made in the standard form predominantly. Despite their economic benefit, these contracts have bad result for the consumer, In such a way that the trader, with exploitation of his superior position, arrange an unfair contract to his advantage and to the detriment of the consumer.The law can not be passive against this injustice but legal mechanisms to deal with unfair and one-sided terms of consumer contracts are inefficient, because that provisions, according to the neoclassic economics, believe that informational Asymmetry and Inequality are the main cause of unfair consumer contracts, And so, uses information disclosure strategies as the basic tool to solve the problem of unfair terms of consumer contracts, this approach need to be reviewed and changed. This new approach is taking the advantage of the findings of "behavioral law and economics". Accordingly, the main problem of consumer contracts lies not only in the information asymmetry between the consumer and the trader, but also in the consumer’s real perception and decision-making processes that are affected by cognitive biases and errors. in this article, we will show in a descriptive-analytical way that the EU law approach, which includes the most detailed and advanced regulations in this field, as well as the consumer protection regulations in Iranian law, are based on the information paradigm, derived from neoclassical economics insights and failed in fair and equitable consumer contracts conclusion.

Whereas contracts are the legal tools for the substantiation of economic transactions, in order to respond to the needs of economic actors in accordance with the evolution of economic approaches, they have changed. Developments in economic schools can be classified in one sense in the form of classical, neoclassical and behavioral schools. The main purpose of the study is to examine the developments of contractual justice from the perspective of economic developments in the context of these schools. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical design, the study revealed that commutative and distributive justices are the foundations of contractual justice and complement each other. Commutative justice has always been the basic principle of contract law; however, its scope has expanded beyond the concept of fair pricing in the pre-classical era. Distributive justice, after the advent of neoclassical economics, became more prominent at the same time as the need for government intervention in the economy to address the side effects of a free economy. The school of behavioral economics, by questioning the hypothesis of rational choice and the neo-classical school of economics, raised the need to pay attention to the cognitive biases of individuals in decision-making, especially in the consumer market and in terms of standard terms. It has, despite the optimization of the concept of justice in contracts, at the same time, created fears of excessive government protectionist interventions in contracts. In general, commutative and distributive justice complement each other in establishing contractual justice.

In recent years, the issue of the position of senior CFOs due to their increasing responsibility regarding monitoring financial reporting and corporate governance systems, has attracted the attention of many researchers and experts. Considering the position and strategic position of CFOs in the economic and financial decisions of the company, it is necessary to understand their role and position in the company's financial reporting process. Therefore, the current research has investigated the relationship between some characteristics of senior CFOs, including their gender, tenure, and audit history with the quality of financial reporting. To measure the quality of financial reporting, was used the optional accruals index (Kasznik model); Also, CFOs in this research mean the highest financial authority of the company. Using a sample of 135 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2021 and using a multiple regression model to analyze the data, the research results show that the increase in tenure and the presence of women as CFO in the company causes reduces the quality of financial reporting. Also, the results of the research regarding the negative impact of CFOs with audit experience on the quality of financial reporting do not have the necessary significance. In total, the obtained evidence shows the significant role of CFOs in the structure of corporate governance and financial reporting, which indicates the need for legislators to pay special attention to this position.

Introduction: Self-assessed health is the most commonly used measure to rate mental health status in the elderly people because this method assesses different aspects of health such as physical health, anxiety, depression, and social function in elderly people. The aim of this study was to study Self-assessed health among elderly people of Shiraz in 2015. Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was performed in 2015. A total of 400 elderly people of Shiraz were included in the study using cluster random sampling method and data (about 8 variables) were collected using a health Self-assessment questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In this study, 60.3% of elderly people reported average health status. There was significant relationship between demographic variables (age, education, employment status, socioeconomic class, and medical history) and Self-assessed health. There was no significant relationship between gender and Self-assessed health. There was significant relationship between sociocultural variables (health behaviors, social support, Self-esteem, communication and intimacy with children and friends (P=0.000) and number of children (P=0.017), and Self-assessed health (P=0.017). Conclusion: Policy makers can design a program called Health Survey of Elderly People and monitor their health status in the society every year and also provide programs tailored to the community conditions and health status of elderly people.

The emergence of the bubble phenomenon in financial markets and its possible burst causes a kind of uncertainty, and causes capital to leave productive markets. Duo to these issues, policymakers seek to plan and implement appropriate policies to deal with the crisis and respond promptly and correctly in these situations to reduce or prevent the adverse effects of that. Considering that the Iranian stock market, like other financial markets in other countries, is not immune from this phenomenon, in this study by using the TVP-VAR model and extracting the impulse- response functions and using quarterly data of Iran for variables like interest rate, gross domestic product, gross domestic product deflator, consumer price index, total stock price index and dividend per share, in the period 2003: 1 to 2019: 3, the effect of the relative size of stock price bubble component on the effectiveness of monetary policy for reduction or eliminating the stock price bubble component is simulated and the results show that when the size of the bubble component is small, compared to the fundamental component, the application of contractionary monetary policy can be effective in reducing the price bubble, but when the price bubble is large, This contractionary monetary policy causes a larger component of the price bubble and makes the situation worse. Furthermore the results show that some variables like interest rate, gross domestic product, gross domestic product deflator, dividend per share and fundamental component of price have had almost stable patterns, but the stock price and its bubble component response to the policy shock have not been stable over time and their negative response to the monetary policy shock, have been decreased over time and in recent years of sample, the stock price response and its bubble component, end up increasing from the first period.

The emergence of the bubble phenomenon in financial markets and its possible burst causes a kind of uncertainty, and causes capital to leave productive markets. Duo to these issues, policymakers seek to plan and implement appropriate policies to deal with the crisis and respond promptly and correctly in these situations to reduce or prevent the adverse effects of that. Considering that the Iranian stock market, like other financial markets in other countries, is not immune from this phenomenon, in this study by using the TVP-VAR model and extracting the impulse-response functions and using quarterly data of Iran for variables like interest rate, gross domestic product, gross domestic product deflator, consumer price index, total stock price index and dividend per share, in the period 2003: 1 to 2019: 3, the effect of the relative size of stock price bubble component on the effectiveness of monetary policy for reduction or eliminating the stock price bubble component is simulated and the results show that when the size of the bubble component is small, compared to the fundamental component, the application of contractionary monetary policy can be effective in reducing the price bubble, but when the price bubble is large, This contractionary monetary policy causes a larger component of the price bubble and makes the situation worse. Furthermore the results show that some variables like interest rate, gross domestic product, gross domestic product deflator, dividend per share and fundamental component of price have had almost stable patterns, but the stock price and its bubble component response to the policy shock have not been stable over time and their negative response to the monetary policy shock, have been decreased over time and in recent years of sample, the stock price response and its bubble component, end up increasing from the first period.

تغییر اقلیم یکی از چالش‏های اصلی در مدیریت و برنامه‏ریزی منابع آب است. در نظر گرفتن عدم قطعیت‏ها می‏تواند تصویر دقیق‏تری از وضعیت سیستم ارائه دهد. در پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی عدم قطعیت شاخص‏های عملکرد مخزن سد نمرود واقع در حوضۀ حبله‌رود تحت تأثیر تغییر اقلیم در دورۀ آتی (2021ـ 2040) انجام شده است. به این منظور، با استفاده از خروجی مدل گردش عمومی EC-EARTH تحت دو سناریوی انتشار RCP4.5 و RCP8.5 و به‏کارگیری مدل LARS-WG6 ریزمقیاس‌نمایی آماری برای دورۀ آتی انجام شد. رواناب حوضه در دورۀ آتی با مدل هیدرولوژیکی IHACRES برآورد شد. در ادامه، با در نظر گرفتن ورودی‏های آیندۀ متغیرهای اقلیمی، تغییرات نیازها محاسبه شد. مدل‏سازی سامانۀ منابع آب با استفاده از مدل WEAP انجام شد. درنهایت و بر اساس تغییرات جریان رودخانه و با به‏کارگیری روش مونت‏کارلو، عدم قطعیت عملکرد مخزن سد نمرود تحت شرایط حاضر و تغییر اقلیم ارزیابی شده و راهکارهای انطباقی کاهش تقاضا (تأمین 85 و 70 درصدی تقاضای کشاورزی) بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقادیر شاخص پایداری مربوط به سناریوی کاهش 30 درصدی تقاضای کشاورزی تحت سناریوی انتشار RC...

Background: Unexpected events and disasters are often uncontrollable events occurring around the world، including Iran. Health care delivery centers، especially hospitals play the most important role in treating injured and wounded people and accomplishing the mission in the time of crisis. They need to be in a proper level of readiness.This study aimed to evaluate the readiness of hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences for dealing with crisis and disaster. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in six hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2011. Data is collected using checklist that it’s the reliability and validity was estimated at an acceptable level. The gathered information was analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 16. Results: In all of six hospitals، reception units only meet 30% of standards and were the least ready for dealing with disasters. There was an average level of readiness ...

A corrupção e a evasão e fraude fiscais contam-se entre as práticas das empresas que mais influenciam a confiança que os cidadãos têm nestas. O recente Edelman Trust Barometer – Global Report, de 2017, questionou “o que podem as empresas fazer que mais prejudicaria a sua confiança num mundo melhor?” (Edelman, 2017). Entre as três ações mais indicadas pelos respondentes contavam-se o pagamento de subornos a funcionários públicos para ganhar contratos e a transferência de lucros entre países para evitar o pagamento de impostos.

Talvez por isso a corrupção e o comportamento tributário sejam dos assuntos recentemente objeto de mais esforços para reduzir o desfasamento entre as expetativas dos cidadãos quanto aos comportamentos das empresas e as práticas efetivas destas, quer por governos e organizações da sociedade civil, quer por empresas. No caso das empresas, o combate à corrupção e o comportamento tributário têm até sido considerados por alguns como a nova vaga da responsabilidade social das empresas (KPMG, 2013).

O conceito de transparência tem sido central em recentes desenvolvimentos na regulação do relato empresarial. Um exemplo é a publicação de um relatório sobre os pagamentos feitos pelas multinacionais às Administrações Públicas (RPAP) dos países em que têm atividades, por país e por projeto. Podendo um RPAP ser de natureza voluntária, este tipo de relato ganhou saliência fruto da obrigação imposta muito recentemente pela União Europeia (UE) e pelo Canadá a certas empresas dos setores da indústria extrativa e da exploração de floresta primária. O RPAP é uma forma de “relato por país de operação” (country-by-country reporting) (Longhorn et al., 2016; Murphy, 2016; Wójcik, 2015), resultante em grande medida das preocupações de organizações da sociedade civil a propósito dos fenómenos da corrupção, do poder das multinacionais e da responsabilidade ambiental (Wójcik, 2015). Murphy (2016) considera que a reivindicação do relato por país de operação se baseia na ideia de que a globalização não beneficia todos, e que alguns países e partes importantes da população mundial foram prejudicados na sequência do aumento do poder das multinacionais.

O propósito desta breve nota é apresentar o Relato de Pagamentos a Administrações Públicas, dar conta dos principais esforços para que este relato e a transparência tributária se tornem o “novo «normal»” (Owens, 2015), e indicar alguns bons exemplos de RPAP.

Objectives: Agency problems arise as a result of the conflict of interests between managers and shareholders. Auditing is considered as an effective way to limit the power of managers in contractual relationships. The basis of this paper is examining the role of funding constraints in changing the interactive effect between managers' over-confidence and auditing fees. Method: The data of the companies, listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2006 to 2016, have been extracted and the combined data regression model has been used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results indicate that excessive self-confidence and financial constraints lead to changes in audit fees. Also, the results indicate that financing constraints have a significant effect on the joint interaction of management`s over-confidence and the audit fees.

Objective:The results of recent studies propound the view that employees play a pivotal role in the corporate operations as it is assumed that highly educated employees provide managers with more informative information; which in turn, the increased quality of the managers' information will lead to an improved earnings prediction. The present study sets out to investigate the association between the employee quality and the quality of the managers` earnings forecast in the firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, during the period 2013-2017. Method: In doing so, the education level is adopted as the proxy for employee quality. Besides, the management earnings forecast errors and accuracy indices are employed to measure the quality of managers` earnings forecast. The research hypotheses are built upon a sample of 84 listed firms and then tested using the multivariate regression model, based on panel data. Results:The findings reveal that there is a significant negative correlation between employee quality and earnings forecast error. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between employee quality and earnings prediction accuracy. In other words, the quality of the company's employee improves the quality of the managers` earnings forecast.

Speed estimation is one of the important parameters in navigation of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). Varied underwater speed sensors exist that they use of different technologies for measuring of an underwater speed. For example, ultrasonic, electromagnetic, optical and paddlewheel speed sensors and Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) are used for water speed measuring. The purpose of the article is designing and manufacturing of a differential pressure based speed sensor that measures an AUV speed by using of Bernoulli's low. For analyzing of the proposed sensor, it is tested in the towing tank of the National Iranian Marin Laboratory (NIMALA). For determining of the sensor measurement accuracy, the sensor data is compared with an accurate speedometer that is installed on the towing tank. With analyzing of the results, the sensor accuracy is 0.05 (m/sec) in speed range 0.5-4.5 (m/sec).

Objective: This research is in the field of corporate governance and behavioral finance. Conflicts of interest between directors and shareholders create agency costs for shareholders' equity that are borne by shareholders. Two sources of this conflict are managerial optimism and managerial myopia. Managerial optimism is favorable if it is about the manager's personal ability or about market conditions, but entrepreneurs and executives are often hurt by optimism bias. On the othe hand, myopic managers avoid spending on activities that benefit the company in the long run, such as research and development, because of their attitudes toward short-term profits or other factors such as short-term institutional investors. Expenditures in research and development activities are serious drivers of innovation in the company that contribute to the company's competitive advantages and sustainable economic development. Accordingly, there is an argument that in the country's economic environment, regulatory stimuli including corporate governance, audit quality and competitive environment of the company can create transparency and effective supervision to cause a fundamental limit on managers' unethical behaviors such as myopic and optimistic behaviors. Methods: for this purpose, According to different considered theories, six hypotheses are developed and data on 155 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period between the years 2008 to 2017 are analyzed. In this study, a multivariate regression model has been used to analyze the test of research hypotheses. The research method using Panel data method with fixed effects approach and using logistic regression are tested. Results: Findings showed that audit quality has a negative and significant effect on unethical behaviors of management and causes limitations in opportunistic behaviors of management. There is an argument that audit quality has a positive and significant effect on the quality of

Moumeni, A., V. Arazi, M. Rostami and N. Fathi. 2020. Assessment of genotype × environment interaction and grain yield stability of selected aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in northern region of Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 22(3): 305-320. (In Persian). For sustainable rice production in Iran the optimum use of production resources and the reduction of production costs are the two important issues. In this situation, water availability is a major limiting factor in sustainable rice production. Hence, changing of rice production system from lowland irrigated to aerobic production system, which is based on dry-seed sowing in non-puddled and non-satuared soil, is main goal in the national research plan. Six selected aerobic rice genotypes from preliminary yield trials together with two local checks of rice including; Neda, as tolerant and Tarom, as susceptible cultivars to aerobic conditions were evaluated using randomized comlete block design with three replications in Mazandaran and Golestan, Iran, provinces for three years from 2013-2015. Simple analysis of variance for each location showed significant differences among rice genotypes for all traits. Combined analysis of variance for grain yield was performed. There were highly significant differences for main effect of genotype, year × location and year × location ×genotype interactions effect. Grain yield stability analysis through AMMI and GGE bioplot methods indicated that aerobic rice cv. Vandana with an average grain yield of 2760 kg.ha-1 over all environments had high and grain yield with yield stability. This cultivar was also close to ideal rice genotype with lower plant height (98.8 cm) and phenology (97.0 days to 50% flowering), followed by the other two aerobic rice genotypes; G2 (IR78908-193-B-3-B) and G6 (IR80508-B-194-3-B) with high grain yield over all environments. Therefore, these aerobic rice genotpes were selected and could be used in the national rice breeding programs or recommended for being grown in aerobic rice production system in Mazandaran and Golestan province under water-shortage conditions.

Moumeni, A., V. Arazi, M. Rostami and N. Fathi. 2020. Assessment of genotype × environment interaction and grain yield stability of selected aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in northern region of Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 22(3): 305-320. (In Persian). For sustainable rice production in Iran the optimum use of production resources and the reduction of production costs are the two important issues. In this situation, water availability is a major limiting factor in sustainable rice production. Hence, changing of rice production system from lowland irrigated to aerobic production system, which is based on dry-seed sowing in non-puddled and non-satuared soil, is main goal in the national research plan. Six selected aerobic rice genotypes from preliminary yield trials together with two local checks of rice including; Neda, as tolerant and Tarom, as susceptible cultivars to aerobic conditions were evaluated using randomized comlete block design with three replication...

Objective: Individual characteristics of chief executive officers, CEOs, such as reputation and job security may eclipse their behavior and types of decisions in the organization, and thereby affect the transparency of financial reporting. In this research, the influence of reputation and CEOs’ job security on the transparency of financial reporting has been examined. Taking into account research constraints, 110 companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, over the period 2010-2016 have been surveyed.
Methods: To measure the reputation variable we used the media coverage of CEOs, to measure the variable of CEOs’ job security we used the two indicators of sales volatility coefficient and CEOs’ tenure, and to measure financial reporting transparency we used a multidimensional criterion covering a wide range of concepts related to the transparency. Data collection source consists of companies' financial statements, reports of board activities and independent auditor, as well as the news agency affiliated to the TSE. In this study due to controlling the effects of years and industry, fitting of model was done in a cross-sectional framework, and then, robust standard error method was used to test the hypotheses.
Results: The results showed that the CEOs’ reputation has positive significant impact on the transparency of financial reporting. Also, there is a positive non-significant relationship between the variables of sales volatility coefficient and the CEOs’ tenure as the indicators of job security and transparency of financial reporting, respectively. Finally, the results showed that reputation and job security (sales volatility coefficient) have positive and significant effect on transparency of financial reporting, simultaneously.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested investors and financial information users pay attention to the reputation of CEOs, and if necessary, to the reputation and CEOs’ job security, simultaneously, in assessing the transparency of financial reports of the TSE companies.

This study examines the explanatory power of accounting information, including operating, investing and financing activities, in forecasting variations in GDP or economic growth. In this approach, GDP has been broken down into four main economic sectors (agriculture, services, oil, and industry and mining) to forecast economic variables. The large number of unknown impact factors, and the presence of non-linear relationships between accounting and economic data have led this study to use multiple combinations of artificial intelligence models of neural networks, genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. The results of the models over the years 2006 to 2016 showed that the hybrid model of neural network and particle swarm optimization (HANNPSO) has more accurate forecasting than the hybrid model of neural networks and genetic algorithms (HANNGA). The findings also showed that the effectiveness of operating activities, especially accounting earnings, in forecasting GDP is more than that of financing and investment activities. In addition, the results indicated that among the economic sectors, the relationship between accounting information and the industry and mining sector is considerably high. The main consequence of this study is the existence of effective link between accounting and economic information that must be included in the economic and financial decisions.

Objective: In this research, different methods of measurement of reporting transparency are identified by reviewing the literature. The methods are ranked by applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process, (AHP).
Method: The methods of measuring reporting transparency in this study are the Transparency Index in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, the Bushman et al (2004) framework, and the S&P criterion. A sample of 20 financial managers and experts was selected, and a questionnaire was distributed among them. Then, the experts' views were analyzed by Expert Choice software.
Result: Findings indicate that among qualitative properties related to the measurement of reporting transparency, reliability is in the highest rank and timeliness and relevance in the next, respectively. Also, the final analysis showed that the Transparency Index in the TSE is ranked first, the Bushman et al (2004) framework is second, the S&P criterion is third and earning quality is fourth.
Conclusion: According to the results, it can be argued that based on the experts' view, the best method of measuring report transparency are the Transparency Index in the TSE the Bushman et al method (2004), and the S & P benchmark. It is due to the simplicity and easy availability of that benchmark, while other methods require more indicators and analyses.

Introduction This research studies the impact of economic behaviors on trust (and distrust) as a socio-cultural indicator of the behavior of the participants of an economic partnership. It also tries to analyze the role of the time variable in changing interpersonal trust. There are series of conventions, rules, and habits within a society that shape economic transactions and facilitate the maintenance of trust. These series are vital for the boom of commodity exchanges or the emergence of cooperatives. The relation between social context and economic transactions is multi-layered and multifaceted and is a key factor in explaining the economic dynamics of a region or country. Also, economics consider the contract as the business commitment of individuals and organizations to each other; however, without internal and external control restrictions, commercial contracts do not have full operational guarantees. Hence, theorists believe that strong trust is one of the best alternatives to costly contracts. Trust can also be known as a backup and even a strong alternative to the law, and also as a contract monitoring tool. Trust is influenced by various variables, including the time factor. Scientists believe that trust changes in frequent interactions over time and place. The main question of this research is how interpersonal economic behaviors ultimately lead to the breakdown of business and economic treaties. Also, how do the unregistered relationships, especially interpersonal trust, distrust, and interest-seeking, manifest themselves in the behavior of businessmen? And what is the role of time in trust changes? In this research, the trust had been separated on 3 levels based on Lewicki and Bunker's approach. First, Calculus-based trust (CBT) that operates on cost-benefit dichotomy. As long as the cost of cutting off economic activities is more than short-term benefits, the contract may be ongoing. Second, knowledge-based trust (KBT) is based on the ability to understand others to predict their behavior. Even if prediction conditions are not available at times, repetitive interactions and multiple relationships will increase the perception of individuals from the other side. Third, identification-based trust (IBT) that is based on increasing the identification of the other side. Accordingly, individuals are inclined to recognize the desires, intentions, and values of each other because they know that they have common interests and it is very important in maintaining interaction and communication to identify whether the interests of individuals are protected by the other side. In addition to the levels laid out in the Lewicki and Bunker's theory, affection-based trust (ABT) was also presented by McAllister which was historically ignored by researchers. McAllister claims anger as an example and believes that, as a rule, anger is one of the main emotional experiences arises in the process of breaking trust. Therefore, in all interactions, including economic interactions, emotional connections are found in interpersonal relationships.

Stakeholders use different types of information to evaluate companies. Companies are required by various institutions, including stock market regulatory and standard developers, to report information. Previous studies examine value relevance of non-financial and financial performance measures separately.This study examines this relationship simultaneously. For this purpose, the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 1390 to 1394 are used. The results indicate that the difference between measures is a good indicator to assess the company's future performance. Especially in cases where a large difference is detected. This means that the higher the difference, the weaker the future performance of the companies. The distinction between start-ups and mature companies showed that this index can indicate a company's future performance, while for startups this indicator does not show a strong performance. Given that the effect of the difference evaluated on the Company's future performance may be abnormal returns for shareholders. Results indicate that market participants, use the criteria for evaluating the performance and the value of companies. It is associated with market efficiency.

Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the relation between financial reporting quality and debt maturity structure with investment efficiency of the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, Dechow and Dichev's (2002) accrual quality model is employed as a proxy for the financial reporting quality, and short-term liabilities to total liabilities ratio is used to measure the debt maturity structure. A sample of 92 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2014 is selected, and multiple regression model based on panel data techniques is also used to test the research hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis, there is a positively significant relation between financial reporting quality and firm's investment efficiency. Also the results of the second hypothesis indicate that there is a positively significant relation between debt maturity structure and firm's investment efficiency. Finally, the third hypothesis documents that the short term liabilities may account for the weak relation between firm's financial reporting quality and the investment efficiency.

Keywords: financial reporting quality; Debt Maturity Structure; investment efficiency