Erikson's Theory on psychological development

This paper revisits Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development with particular attention to the adolescent stage, Identity versus Role Confusion, within African contexts. While Erikson’s model has shaped much of developmental psychology, its grounding in Western individualism limits its relevance in collectivist societies such as Nigeria. Drawing from psychology, sociology, and cultural studies, the paper examines how communal values, religion, economic realities, and gender norms influence adolescent identity formation. Through theoretical analysis and cultural illustrations, including rites of passage and the psychosocial challenges of urban youth and adolescents living with HIV, it highlights the communal, spiritual, and contextual dimensions of identity formation in Africa. The paper argues for a culturally responsive reinterpretation of Erikson’s model that integrates indigenous perspectives and reflects the lived  realities of African adolescents. The findings hold implications for psychology education, counseling, and youth development across the continent, calling for a more inclusive and context-sensitive approach to human growth.

Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) stands as a seminal exploration of the human condition within the rigid framework of Puritan New England. Central to its narrative are the intertwined themes of guilt and fate, dramatized through the lives of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. The novel reveals how fate functions not only as a theological and social construct but also as a determinant shaped by individual choices, while guilt emerges as an inward psychological force that profoundly affects identity and destiny. Through the resilience of Hester's resilience, the hidden torment of Dimmesdale, and the portrayal of vengeance of Chillingworth, Hawthorne probes the tension between external determinism and personal agency. The Scarlet Letter itself, along with symbols such as Pearl and the forest, underscores the interplay between shame, guilt, and redemption. By highlighting the destructive potential of unacknowledged guilt and the paradoxical possibility of renewal through suffering, Hawthorne presents a complex moral landscape in which fate is both imposed and self-fashioned. This paper contends that the novel's enduring power lies in its ambivalent portrayal of guilt and fate as dual forces that shape not only individual lives but also communal values, leaving open the question of whether true redemption is attainable.

Autor u ovom istraživanju želi iz vlastita metodoontološkog viđenja razmotriti u današnje doba sve češće korišten pojam mentalnog zdravlja. To se nastoji ostvariti prateći tragove Ericha Fromma u okvirima VII. poglavlja knjige „S onu stranu okova iluzije” (1962), koje upravo nosi naziv „Pojam mentalnog zdravlja”. Ovdje on govori samo o Marxu, koji smatra zdravim čovjekom onoga tko je produktivan i tko se iskreno zanima za svijet, dok bi za Freuda „samo primitivan čovjek mogao biti nazvan zdravim”. Osim svih važnih Marxovih i Freudovih radova, kao i ovoga Frommovog djela, posebna će se pažnja posvetiti i drugim njegovim djelima, poput „Zdravog društva” (1955) i godinu dana kasnijeg „Umeća ljubavi” (1956), ali svakako i rada Herberta Marcusea, posebno u djelu koje je objavljeno u godini (1955) kada i Frommovo „Zdravo društvo” – „Eros i civilizacija”.

Erik Erikson adalah salah seorang teoritisi ternama dalam bidang perkembangan rentang-hidup. Ia dipandang sebagai tokoh utama dalam teori psikoanalitik kontemporer. Meskipun teori perkembangan kepribadian yang dirumuskan Erikson mempunyai kemiripan dengan teori Freud, namun dalam beberapa hal keduanya berbeda pendapat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana individu berkembang secara psikososial melalui tahapan-tahapan kehidupan yang berbeda, serta bagaimana interaksi antara faktor internal dan lingkungan sosial mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian. Menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dan pendekatan library research atau studi kepustakaan. Teori ini pada dasarnya setiap manusia pada tahap ini tidak dapat meng-hindari rasa kepuasannamun juga rasa ketidakpuasan yang dapat menumbuhkan kepercayaan dan ketidakpercayaan.Dalam penelitian ini bayi yang mendapatkan kasih sayang dan perlakuan yang baik maka akan timbul rasa percaya pada orang terdekatnya dan ketika bayi tidak mendapatkan rasa aman maka bayi akan merasakan ketidakpercayaan pada orang tersebut.

The article presents a fresh perspective on thirty as a turning point for societal, institutional, and personal change. The idea is that by thirty one one develops social responsibility, leadership, and identity. Support for this claim comes from philosophical, psychological, cultural, and historical sources. "A fool at forty remains a fool indefinitely" has been updated to reflect contemporary developments. "A fool at thirty is a fool for life," emphasises the need for direction and clarity in one's thirties. This work makes use of Yoruba epistemology, in which "ogbòn" denotes both "wisdom" and "thirty," hence stressing the link between philosophical growth and cultural standards. Erikson's psychosocial theory holds that closeness and generativity arise at the stage of development corresponding to age thirty, therefore supporting this assertion. Historical events occurring in the US, Japan, India, Singapore, and Nigeria show how this temporal marker shapes institutional consolidation or decline. The paper finishes with a case study of Tobros Security and Facilities Management to illustrate the application of ethical leadership through philosophical concepts in business. The essay depicts thirty as an epoch of clarity, purpose, and irrevocable direction, rather than a crisis.

Die Diskussion um Subjektivierung tendiert dazu, die Individuen als Opfer zu fokussieren und sich auf Organisations-, Kultur- und Diskursanalysen zu beschränken. 
Der Beitrag schlägt eine sozialstrukturelle und -psychologische perspektivenerweiterung vor. Die Konzepte der Distinktion und der symbolischen Gewalt erlauben eine genauere Sicht auf milieuspezifische Voraussetzungen, Bedeutsamkeiten und Wirkungen der Subjektivierung im flexiblen Kapitalismus. Narzissmustheoretische Konzepte erweitern das Verständnis der besonderen Attraktivität von Subjektivierungsdiskursen aufgrund ihrer bezogenheit auf die widersprüchliche Psychodynamik von Ohnmacht, Omnipotenz und angst. Diese Perspektivenerweiterung verspricht 
nicht zuletzt eine bessere reflexion der Macht- und Herrschaftsverwobenheit der Subjektivierung im interesse ihrer emanzipatorischen Potentiale.

Roald Dahl's novel, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was published in 1964. One of the most beloved fictions of children's literature even after 60 years, the novel has undergone multiple adaptations on screen. While Charlie and the Chocolate Factory can be considered a didactic text of contemporary times (post-industrialization) for children, an adult reader would discern a clear satire of the capitalist world and colonial enterprise. On the surface level, Roald Dahl, through the character of Charlie, imparts gentle values of politeness, sharing and caring, and choosing family over material things like chocolate or money, however, on a deeper level, one can easily situate this light-hearted fiction in the backdrop of capitalist and colonialist discourse. Before analyzing any cultural product, it becomes necessary to look into the socio-political background of the text to better understand the situations that influenced the author. Federick Jameson, a Marxist literary theorist, in his theory of Political Unconscious, proposes that even in cases where the writer did not intend to be biased toward or critique any political ideology, the writing is not entirely divorced from the influences, and nor should be the reader. He calls history "a ground and untranscendable horizon " symbolizing that literature can 1 not exist in a vacuum. As Steven J. Venturino puts it rightly, "All texts are fundamentally 2 "bothered" by the historical reality that allows them their very expression since it is a historical 2 Notes by Steven J. Venturino, aprofessorintheory.com On dialectic and genre (chapters 1 and 2)

**Abstract** 
*How Understanding Psychological Legacies Can Improve Mental Health and Family Dynamics* by Helen Parker-Drabble explores the impact of intergenerational psychological inheritance on mental health and family relationships. The paper blends genealogy, psychology, and personal storytelling to demonstrate how patterns like depression, anxiety, and addiction are passed down through generations. Using key psychological theories—such as attachment theory and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)—the author illustrates how unresolved trauma can shape familial behavior and emotional patterns. Through the case study of her own Parker family, Parker-Drabble highlights cycles of trauma and resilience, offering practical steps for family historians to uncover psychological legacies and break negative patterns. 

This innovative approach encourages genealogists to view family history not only as a collection of facts but as a tool for healing and personal growth. By identifying recurring themes and sharing family stories, individuals can foster empathy, resilience, and healthier relationships. The paper concludes with actionable strategies to reflect on inherited emotional patterns and create a positive legacy for future generations. 

For more information, visit [www.helenparkerdrabble.com](http://www.helenparkerdrabble.com).

The Author discussed in his article the problem of ethic foundations of pro moters of psychohistory. He argues that psychotherapeutic inclinations of scholars resulted in the alienation of this approach within historical sciences, what — in the end — did not prevent psychohistorians from becoming active outside the closed circle of the discipline.

The following essay analyzes a significant Baroque substrata underlying The Scarlet Letter, taken up, among other things, in relation to the momentous Puritan legacy that is an essential element of Nathaniel Hawthorne's literary work. In particular, the paper focuses on analyzing crucial and minor Baroque topoi represented in the novel, such as metamorphosis, relativism and ambivalence of reality, anxiety and the obsession with death. Furthermore, the article investigates the role of sharp chromatism within The Scarlet Letter, the use of typical Baroque symbols, such as the ellipse and the maze, and the fundamental role of distinctive Baroque tropes, that is, metaphor and antithesis. In order to examine the aforementioned Baroque elements, the present essay refers to the theoretical framework drawn up by Raymond Williams in his classic work Marxism and Literature (1977). That theoretical model, elaborated by Williams on the basis of Gramsci's concept of hegemony, aims at describing social and cultural practices and phenomena as dynamical interaction between "residual," "dominant" and "emergent" components. While the "dominant" represent the core of the cultural triad, the "residual" and the "emergent" situated on its periphery are likewise essential for a persuasive dynamic description of literary phenomena at any given moment. The following article interprets the echoes of the Baroque literary tradition in the novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne as belonging to the domain of "residual" and hence effectively formed in the past, but still active in the cultural process as an effective element of the present.

This essay examines the concept of the "Final Girl," first introduced by Carol J. Clover in 1987, through the lens of psychosocial development, focusing on the progressive attributes of the character trope beyond its traditional association with virginity. Drawing on Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development, the essay explores the psychological crises faced by three Final Girl figures—Laurie Strode from Halloween (1978), Ellen Ripley from Alien (1979), and Margot from The Menu (2022). Each character's journey is contextualized within their developmental stage, focusing on identity, trust, and independence, while contrasting their actions with the self-interest of other characters and societal expectations. Ultimately, the essay argues that the Final Girl’s strength lies in her ability to overcome betrayal and isolation, emphasizing her as a complex, evolving figure in horror cinema.

Manusia merupakan makhluk sosial yang memiliki potensi yang tidak terbatas. Karena dapat tumbuh baik secara fisik maupun psikologis, manusia disebut sebagai makhluk eksploratif. Manusia merupakan makhluk prospektif karena memiliki berbagai keterampilan bawaan yang dapat dikembangkan secara nyata. Lebih jauh, karena biasanya membutuhkan bantuan dari sumber luar agar dapat tumbuh dan berkembang, manusia disebut sebagai makhluk yang memiliki asas ketidakberdayaan. Bantuan yang dimaksud adalah berupa arahan dan bimbingan. Harapan dasarnya adalah bahwa setiap bimbingan dan arahan yang diberikan untuk mendukung perkembangan tersebut akan sesuai dengan tuntutan manusia, yang merupakan kualitas bawaan yang telah tersimpan. Akibatnya, arahan yang tidak sesuai dengan potensi.
Karena masa dewasa, yang juga disebut masa remaja, berakhir pada masa remaja. Manusia menunjukkan tanda-tanda kedewasaan yang jelas bahkan sebelum mereka mencapai masa dewasa. Tingkat perkembangan spiritual ini menunjukkan bahwa orang telah memahami tujuan keberadaan mereka. Dengan kata lain, individu telah mulai memilih nilai-nilai atau norma-norma yang mereka yakini bermanfaat bagi mereka dan mereka berusaha untuk menegakkan pilihan-pilihan ini.

Film adaptations are challenging and tricky for filmmakers in many ways. Good films based on famous and popular literary works provide the filmmakers with much fame and profit whereas a poor adaptation can result in loss in both monetary form and fame. Despite knowing this, filmmakers continue to produce films based on literary pieces, and with the passage of time and with advancement in technologies, film adaptations have improved to a great extent. British novelist Roald Dahl's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has two film adaptations which are Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971) directed by Mel Stuart and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) directed by Tim Burton. These two films are adapted in two different ways incorporating sociopolitical, psychological and, to some extent, technological issues. The paper investigates these issues that have been given new meaning departing from the textual dimension of the novel using the semiotics of film.

This paper aims at investigating the concept of identity crisis in post WWII American literature as a manifestation of the individuals' troubled identity of the time. It takes Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958) as a central literary body that elucidates the work’s purpose. The main focus is to analyze the protagonist Holly Golightly’s identity crisis through Erik Erikson’s theory of psycho-social stages of development and centers its attention on two particular stages namely, identity vs. role confusion and intimacy vs. isolation. This research helps the reader to understand the struggles faced by the protagonist in maintaining her stable identity as well as her difficulty in establishing long-term relationships with the other characters throughout the novella. In short, this study concludes that Holly’s failure to achieve a strong ego identity and her inability to forge solid interpersonal relationships contribute to her crisis of identity. Thus, her eventual escape serves as a symbol of her alienation.
Keywords: alienation, distantiation, identity crisis, intimacy, isolation, role confusion.

"Boanerges" (p ISSN 3025-3934, e ISSN 3025-3020) is an official school journal that emphasizes research, development, and innovation in the field of education. Its goal is to shape an outstanding generation through effective and up-to-date learning. Each edition of this journal features a variety of articles written by educators, students, researchers, and education practitioners. The article content covers topics in Social Sciences and Humanities such as Literary Criticism, Linguistics, and Anthropology, as well as efficient Sciences, Mathematics, and other subjects. "Boanerges" presents the latest research results, character-building, and provides valuable insights to readers to enhance the quality of learning in schools. The journal presents case studies and best practices from various fields of study, creating a positive and effective learning environment. Additionally, this journal provides a space for educators and students to share their experiences in facing challenges and achieving success in the education process. There are also book reviews on the latest literature relevant to the field of education. With an innovative spirit, "Boanerges" serves as a source of inspiration to seek new ways to advance the education system, promote collaboration, and enhance the abilities and creativity of students. Each issue of "Boanerges" becomes a valuable source of knowledge for educators, school leaders, researchers, and education practitioners in creating an inclusive, innovative, and high-quality results-oriented learning environment, with the hope of making a positive impact in shaping the next generation ready to face future challenges.

Generativity has recently received increasing attention as a key contributor to healthy aging. Personal resources and social expectations are shown to influence the desire to be generative and that generativity affects later-life health. However, whether generativity has a mediating role in linking its driving factors and health, and how gender may affect these pathways, is underexplored. Cross-sectional online data from 1085 Hong Kong residents aged 45+ were collected between November and December 2020. Latent variable path analysis was used to examine the mediating effect of generativity between human, social, and financial capital, and physical and mental well-being. Gendered pathways were investigated using multi-group analysis. Results showed that human, social, and financial capital contributed to better health through generativity, and gendered pathways were observed. Human capital had a stronger effect on generativity for men, but for women, social capital was vital for incr...

The aim of this project was to explore the relationship between disordered
eating (DE) and interlocking systems of oppression and experiences of trauma as they correspond to our understanding of interpersonal neurobiology, as these links had not been explored before in social work literature.  This project offered me the opportunity to highlight the multifaceted complexities associated with DE and related to interlocking systems of oppression that may be experienced by clients on a mind, body, emotional, spiritual, relational, community, structural, and
political level. One of the objectives was to develop a somatic empathy social work conceptual practice model.  As a consequence of this project, I developed a social work practice model that I coined The SHAME Spiral, which can be used by practitioners in various settings including the hospital.  It can be similarly utilized in the community as a tool when
assisting clients by considering all dimensions of who they may be and how they choose to self define in their life.  Practitioners may use this tool as a reference point to consider all dimensions of how clients may be affected by oppression and everyday trauma.  This model could provide valuable insight into how clients may be affected by oppressive systems and structures leading them to the use of food or any type of addiction including alcohol or drugs, sex, gambling to cope with everyday interactions.

Extract from chapter regarding life narratives.

Identity is not a current concept in psychoanalysis, despite the success Erikson’s concept of psychosocial identity had outside psychoanalysis. Nevertheless, it owes psychoanalytic theory, and we suggest that later developments in psychoanalysis continue to potentially inform the concept of identity. We therefore take an approach to psychoanalytic perspectives on identity as did Frosh (2012) a decade ago, by providing a selective historical review of implicit contributions of psychoanalysis to the concept of identity. However, we discuss somewhat different authors, and our discussion does not stress an insurmountable impossibility of achieving identity, as did Frosh by reference to Lacan and Laplanche. Instead we will argue for a narrative and co-narrative conception of identity that acknowledges the interpersonal and social process character of identity based on a realist epistemological position.
This chapter outlines the development of the concept of identity in psychoanalysis in four steps, highlighting achievements and relative deficiencies for each:
1. The concept of identity was initially only implicit in psychoanalytic theorizing, foremost in Freud’s synthetic function of the ego and in Federn’s (1952) cohesion of ego feeling.
2. Erikson (1946) introduced the concept of ego-identity, also termed psychosocial identity, which served to extend a view of development driven by biological maturation and identifications to include sociocultural influences in adolescence and beyond. Based on sociological, cultural, and psychological theories, Erikson (1964, 1968) integrated a clinical view on the pre-reflective sense of self with a reflected self-image as it relates to central roles and values. Three aspects of ego-identity are bipolar dimensions: Individuality versus belonging to a group, synchronic consistency across situations versus situational flexibility, and diachronic self-continuity of still being an identical person across personal development and change. Erikson also stressed three other crucial aspects of identity, namely agency as the ability to initiate actions, give direction to one’s life, and take on responsibility; feeling at home in one’s body; and self-esteem. In addition, Erikson located the major development of identity in adolescence, linking it to the life story. 
3. In the 1950s to 1970s, more clinically oriented analysts elaborated theories of self-with-other. However, only Kernberg (1984) explicitly took up Erikson’s concept of identity and integrated it with ego psychology and object-relations theory.
4. Since the 1990s the idea of an integrated and more or less stable identity was criticized for leaving out how others co-constitute identity and how it shifts from moment to moment. We discuss the radicalization of the epistemic stance by Ogden (1994) and Ferro (1992), who undermine the classical importance of personal history and identity with more than a postmodern whiff.
5. Finally, we argue for a narrative conception of identity, bending back to Erikson’s conception of identity as a life story that reaches beyond the couch, presenting an updated concept of narrative identity which is enriched by psychoanalytic developments of the past fifty years.

as it is still far off and he rather thought that the difficulties of the midlife transition were to be found in profound and unusual psychological changes. To describe this, he used the metaphor of the daily course of the sun at ‘noon’ (to represent when we move into middle age) and for when our body characteristics, such as our voice tones change in the afternoon of life. Jung opined that it is in the psychic realm of midlife, rather than in the physical, that there is more transformation. Some human beings are utterly illequipped for the second half of life and often believe that the truths and ideals of the first half of their lives will suffice throughout the lifespan. An important but apparent contradiction in Jung’s theory is that he believed that it was very important to spend time on one’s self in the second half of life, but that in the first half the opposite was true. The second half of the lifespan should be a time when the self becomes illuminated and that living in th...

Using a sample of 6 1 male students the relations between level of emotional development, according to Dabrowski and Piechowski's theory of positive disintegration, and experienced levels of emptiness, existential concern, and depression were examined to see if earlier findings are supported. A positive correlation was noted between level of emotional development and emptiness, confirming the earlier study. These findings support the idea that the emotional development involves the conscious experiencing of emptiness but they do not support similar notions with regard to existential concern and depression.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between psychosocial development and liking of children in nurses working in pediatric clinics. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a descriptive and correlational study on 110 nurses working at two hospitals. Data were collected using an information form, the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory, and the Barnett Liking of Children scale. Descriptive statistical tests, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used in the data analysis stage. Results: It was found that there was a positive, weak, and significant correlation between the liking of children and the subscales of trust, autonomy, industry, identity, and generativity (p<0.05). At the same time, there was a very weak, positive, and significant correlation between the liking of children and the subscales of initiative and ego integrity (p<0.05). No significant correlation was observed between the liking of children and the subscale of intimacy (p>0.05). It was observed that there was a weak correlation between the level of liking of children and the determinant variables of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity (R 2 =0.133). Conclusion: It was concluded that nurses' levels of trust and autonomy increased the level of liking of children.

This article explores the meanings older people attach to successful aging and life satisfaction and how these concepts can be differentiated. Forty elderly employees of the Ozarks Area Foster Grandparent Program (ages 61-92) were randomly selected and interviewed using an open-ended survey questionnaire. These questions explored understandings of successful aging and life satisfaction, the factors essential for each, and the differences perceived between these concepts. Qualitative data were coded by two independent reviewers. Respondents' understandings of successful aging involved attitudinal or coping orientations nearly twice as often as those for life satisfaction. Descriptions of life satisfaction emphasized the fulfillment of basic needs and was viewed as a precursor to successful aging. Content .analysis confirmed five features of successful aging: interactions with others, a sense of purpose, self-acceptance, personal growth, and autonomy. The findings suggest that generativity contributes to successful aging and remains a vital developmental task in later life. The concept of successful aging has been a topic of research since its introduction as the theme of the 1986 annual meetings of the Gerontological Society of America. Unfortunately, these studies have not produced consensus on a definition for successful aging and few have attempted to identify the meanings older people attach to this concept [I]. While considerable writing has been done on successful aging (see [ l , 2, and 31 for reviews of some of this literature), only *An earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meetings of the Gerontological Society of America in New Orleans in 1993.

Upon the publication of Outside Over There, released by Harper and Row in 1981 as a book for both adults and children, Maurice Sendak commented to Selma Lanes that he had "waited a long time to be taken out of kiddy-book land and allowed to join the artists of America."1 One can understand the problem as Sendak sees it: perhaps in his eyes even the praise has missed the point. Children's literature criticsÂ-the "custodians of children's books" in Hilton Kramer's wordsÂ-may not be thought capable of recognizing the symbolic nature and artistic origins of Sendak's work.2 And the charges are, no doubt, sometimes justified. Children's literature is particularly subject to the thumbnail sketch that tends to take either a lighthearted or a moralistic approach toward the books reviewed. And works like Sendak's tend either to be reverentially

Emerging adulthood merupakan tahap transisi menuju dewasa yang menekankan individu untuk menjadi orang yang mampu dalam mengambil keputusan, dan mulai bertanggung jawab pada diri sendiri tidak bergantung pada orangtua. Pada masa ini individu akan lebih dewasa dan mencoba untuk menjalin hubungan yang dekat dengan orang lain, hal ini yang disebut dengan emotional autonomy (kemandirian emosi). Individu yang menuju kearah kedewasaan dan memulai untuk tidak bergatung pada orangtua, mereka masih membutuhkan hubungan yang lekat dengan orangtuanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelektan orangtua dengan kemandirian emosi. Subjek pada penelitian ini sebanyak 120 dengan kisaran usia yaitu 18-20 tahun yang merupakan mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Surabaya. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan uji hipotesis menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu r =-0,714; p = 0,000 (p < 0,05), yang menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan negatif dan signifikan antara kelekatan orangtua dan emotional autonomy (kemandirian emosi) pada emerging adulthood. Artinya semakin tinggi kelekatan orangtua maka semakin rendah emotional autonomy (kemandirian emosi), atau sebaliknya semakin rendah kelekatan orangtua semakin tinggi emotional autonomy (kemandirian emosi).

Sažetak: U ovom istraživanju ispitana je povezanost odgovora na stres i ja-identiteta, koja doprinosi razumevanju relacija raznih varijabli sa razvojem identiteta kod adolescenata. Uzorak je činilo 286 ispitanika srednjih škola. za merenje identiteta korišćen je Upitnik za procenu statusa ja-identiteta (eomeIS-2), koji sadrži četiri statusa: preuzeti, ostvareni, difuzija identiteta i moratorijum. drugi instrument koji je korišćen u ovom istraživanju jeste Upitnik procene odgovora na stresne događaje (IeS-R) i meri subjektivne odgovore na specifične traumatske događaje koji su se dogodili u prethodnih sedam dana, posebno odgovore na intruzije, izbegavanja i hiperuzbuđenosti. prvo je rađena korelaciona analiza četiri statusa identiteta i odgovora na stres. Rezultati ukazuju na to da postoji pozitivna povezanost moratorijuma i preuzetog identiteta sa svim skalama odgovora na stresne događaje, difuzija identiteta je povezana sa Izbegavanjem, a najniža korelacija je uočena između ostvarenog identiteta i Hiperuzbuđenosti. Nadalje, kako bismo detaljnije ispitali povezanost odgovora na stres i statusa identiteta, uradili smo regresionu i kanoničku korelacionu analizu. Kod skala Intruzije i Izbegavanja kao jedini značajni prediktor pokazuje se moratorijum, a u slučaju Hiperuzbuđenosti statusi moratorijuma i preuzetog identiteta predstavljaju značajne prediktore. Kanoničkom korelacionom analizom izdvojene su dve značajne funkcije: prva je određena moratorijumom i Izbegavanjem, a druga difuzijom identiteta i Hiperuzbuđenosti. Rezultati su diskutovani u smeru relacija stresnih događaja, krize i statusa identiteta, iz čega proizlaze smernice za dalja istraživanja o povezanosti stresnih i traumatski događaja sa razvojem identiteta.

In this research we will analyze the correlation between stress response and Ego-identity, which contributes to understanding the relations of different variables with identity development at adolescents. The sample consisted of 286 high school respondents. The Extended Objective Ego-Identity Scale (EOMEIS-2) was used to measure Ego-identity, which contains four status: foreclosure, achievement, diffusion identity and moratorium. Another instrument used in this study is The Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and it measures subjective responses to specific traumatic events that occurred seven days previous, especially responses to intrusions, avoidance and hyperarousal. First, we conducted correlation analysis of four identity status and stress responses. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between Moratorium and Foreclosure identity with all scales of reaction to stressful events, Identity Diffusion is related to Avoidance, and the lowest correlation is obs...

Dąbrowski's theory of positive disintegration is an emotion-centered, nonontogenetic, five-level theory of personality development where the experience of all emotions is essential for the process of growth. In this article, we examine the complexities of the three factors of development, which are essential to the notion of development within the theory of positive disintegration. We elaborate on the relationships between these factors, depict the processes and interactions in a new graphical framework, provide associated explanations, and support these by additional references to Dąbrowski's original writings.

Recent research has proposed a new stage in human development, termed emerging adulthood by Jeffrey Arnett, which is characterized by a prolonged journey to adult roles and responsibilities. This thesis explores the experience of Chinese emerging adults, university students aged 20-25 years using Erikson's and Levinson's developmental theories as a theoretical framework. These authors proposed that three major developmental tasks are AN EXPLORATION OF THE EXPERIENCE OF CHINESE EMERGING ADULTS 1 Chapter One: Introduction Young adults today have received considerable attention. An increasingly prolonged journey to adulthood has been found to commonly exist among today's twentysomethings (e.g.,

Volume 18 of Children's Literature (1990) was devoted to a discussion of the relation between psychoanalysis and children's literature. According to the back cover of that volume, the nine featured articles used "psychoanalytic master narratives, as found in the writings of Freud, Jung, Piagetf!], Bettelheim, and others" as interpretive keys to works of children's literature. Among the featured articles were a Kleinian interpretation of TL• Velveteen Rabbit (Daniels), a reading of William Steig's picture books based on Bettelheim and Piaget (Wilner), and "The Reproduction of Mothering in Charlotte's Web," by Lucy Rollin, based on Nancy Chodorow's work and reprinted in the book under review.

It is not surprising then that there are strong similarities both in their subjects and their approaches. In reading Le Guin's novel Gifts (2004), it became obvious to me that there are substantial structural and thematic corollaries between it and Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are. In June 2005 after hearing this paper read at SFRA in Las Vegas, Le Guin mentioned that she was familiar with Sendak's work and had read his Nutshell Library to her children; however, she suggested that any similarities between the books would be because both were following "a well trodden path." Sendak's book begins

This study aims to analyse Emma Donoghue's Room and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter from a psychoanalytic perspective with a focus on the mother and child relationship. In the novel Room we witness the experiences, traumas, and fights in the "outer space" of a five-year-old boy Jack, along with his mother, Ma who spent her years in an eleven-feet room as captives. The inspiration for Room is the Fritzl case in Austria and in the real case Elizabeth Fritzl was raped and sexually abused by her biological father for 24 years and as a result of this disgusting systematic incest, she gave birth to 7 kids in the cellar of their home. Emma Donoghue's gorgeous pen writes this heart-pounding situation of Elizabeth and one of her sons in a fictional way by naming them Ma and Jack. On the other hand, The Scarlet Letter deals with the intimate relationship of Hester and Pearl in an abandoned world. They are a reflection of each other as well as the voice of their conscience and a light of hope for each other to survive in a challenging society. Especially Hawthorne's life overlaps with the relationship between Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth in many respects, such as the observation of Oedipus complex. The writer reflects his unconscious personality on his characters by putting himself in their place through psychoanalytic theory. Both novels feature the identification of a mother with her child in an enclosed, isolated area as if they were imprisoned captives in their secluded rooms and demonstrate how they complete each other and contribute to each other's self-development and transformation in the mother-child relationship under social pressure. Through the act of writing, the author expresses his/her desires and the words become his/her digging tools. Like an archaeologist, he/she digs for the past and wants to express the experience of the past. Therefore, he/she fantasizes and manifests his/her wishes in the form of art. For Freud's informal talk called Creative Writers and DayDreaming which was given in 1907 and consequently published in 1908 as a written document, there is a close relationship between unconscious phantasy and creative art and while we are reading a text, we understand the psyche of the author in a way. Because the desires of a man remain suppressed in his unconscious level of mind and when he produces something like an artistic work regarding a poem or novel, those desires and ideas rise up and come to the surface. While demonstrating both novels that bear the traces of Emma Donoghue and Nathaniel Hawthorne's childhood traumas, this study also analyses how the fictional characters reveal their inner worlds, repressed desires, and feelings through their actions. Closely related to psychoanalytic theory, Nathaniel Hawthorne deals with the effects of social taboos and constraints on individuals in the expression of repressed feelings, desires, and inward thoughts. He enables readers to go deeper into the complicated minds and psychological disorders of his characters with a focus on their later psychological transformation. Ma's id, ego, superego, Oedipus syndrome that Jack lives, the dreams of the characters that unmask their unconscious starkly are touched upon in this study as well.

Research shows midlife adults consistently report higher purpose in life (PIL) than older adults. However, less is known about the changes in PIL during the transition from midlife to older adulthood. This study examined 5-year changes of PIL among late-midlife adults in the Foley Longitudinal Study of Adulthood (n = 163, MAge = 56.37). Results showed that most midlife adults reported higher-stable PIL whereas some of them showed lower-stable PIL, with trait conscientiousness and race being significant predictors of PIL. Future studies should investigate when PIL tends to stabilize and how personality and racial experiences influence the development of PIL. (PsycINFO Database Record

The article aims to discuss the issue of morality and moral values with the help of characters of children’s book written by Roald Dahl. The main focus is mature and immature morality that helps parents and teachers to be aware of the moral values that young readers are to develop and understand in order to reach the level of being socially well-behaved in the community.

Identity and self-esteem are important concepts in the development and understanding of individual&#39;s self-perception. Perceptions and opinions of significant others influence the construction of adolescents&#39; representations of self and the formation of identity, which, in turn, can be a strong predictor of self-esteem. The significance of our research is reflected in the examination of subjective choices and commitment to roles, values and goals in the domains of religion, occupation, politics and relationships, which can all affect self-esteem. Hence, this paper aims to examine the relationship between identity and self-esteem, more precisely, the impact of identity on self-esteem. The study involved 487 adolescents who completed two questionnaires: the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOMEIS-2), which contains four statuses: Achievement, Foreclosure, Diffusion identity and Moratorium, and the Self-Liking Self-Competence Scale (SLSC) used for the assessmen...

This chapter explores the power of Jewish writers to use mothers in their work in order to subvert culture. It offers an analysis of bestselling children&#39;s author Maurice Sendak&#39;s images of Jewish mothers that are destabilizing because of their complexity. It also reviews the work Sendak, which constructs Jewish mothers who dwell outside the typically Jewish legal constructions of motherhood and the gendered institutional confines of American Jewish life. The chapter reflects on Sendak&#39;s own American experience against the backdrop of the post-Holocaust world of his mother, drawing and writing mothers with all of the complexities he experienced. It investigates Sendak&#39;s stories that echo the overbearing Jewish mother and convey the limited power and emotional absence of his own mother.

The study of creativity of young people and its role as a component of their psychological development is presented.  Specifically, the aim of the research was to investigate the role of creativity as a possible natural protective and prophylactic outlet for addressing mental “disorders” of adolescents, like anxiety or depression. For this qualitative research, hermeneutic phenomenology /ontology linked with the narrative/biography methodology was chosen.  As a process of interpretation of the data, we create conceptual models called pattern models of the process of creativity of young people by applying the concepts of complexity science, especially self-organization with the Dabrowski theory of positive disintegration. The theory of positive disintegration is especially useful for understanding the tumultuous psychological development of gifted and creative adolescents. Dabrowski stresses the importance of “emotional turbulence” in the process of human growth, which corresponds to Prigogine’s idea that “non-equilibrium is a source of order.”  In general, creativity of young people could be modelled as “self-organizing dissipative structures” that originate spontaneously in far-from-equilibrium created and maintained by their complex emotions/dynamisms like love, curiosity, enthusiasm, delight, resourcefulness, “subject-object” in oneself, and third factor. These emotions are the driving forces generating order and complexity not only in their creativity but above all in their psychological development that is characterized by lesser tension, and greater ability to integrate their experiences, to take the development into their own hands, and to find direction for their future.

This thesis aims to explore factors which enhance clinical skills acquisition in undergraduate healthcare education in the disciplines of Medicine, Paramedicine and Pharmacy at the University of Tasmania, Australia. This is achieved through an exploration of relevant gifted education pedagogy. The local and national healthcare context provides the platform for tertiary education across these disciplines. Within this, students from the University of Tasmania develop clinical skills which align theoretical, biologically-based knowledge and diagnostic skills with communication and interpersonal skills. This thesis presents a rationale for identifying such students as academically gifted learners, which intrinsically ties gifted education pedagogy to undergraduate healthcare study. Through a phenomenological, mixed-methods approach this thesis investigates empathic responding, academic self-concept, and the Big Fish Little Pond Effect in the target cohort. Results of the study suggest t...

Generativity has recently received increasing attention as a key contributor to healthy aging. Personal resources and social expectations are shown to influence the desire to be generative and that generativity affects later-life health. However, whether generativity has a mediating role in linking its driving factors and health, and how gender may affect these pathways, is underexplored. Cross-sectional online data from 1085 Hong Kong residents aged 45+ were collected between November and December 2020. Latent variable path analysis was used to examine the mediating effect of generativity between human, social, and financial capital, and physical and mental well-being. Gendered pathways were investigated using multi-group analysis. Results showed that human, social, and financial capital contributed to better health through generativity, and gendered pathways were observed. Human capital had a stronger effect on generativity for men, but for women, social capital was vital for incr...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola kelekatan remaja korban perceraian pada 2 remaja di Kabupaten Ciamis. Perbedaan pola kelekatan akan menyebabkan perbedaan yang besar dalam memandang diri sendiri dan orang lain. Remaja dengan secure attachment akan mempunyai rasa kepercayaan diri yang lebih tinggi, merasa diri lebih berarti dalam situasi sosial dan lebih asertif. Remaja dengan kelekatan aman mempunyai kepercayaan yang positif tentang lingkungan sekitarnya, memandang orang lain sebagai orang yang bisa dipercaya. Sedangkan remaja dengan resistant attachment menunjukkan gejala perasaan yang kurang berarti, kepercayaan diri dalam situasi sosial rendah, dan kurang asertif. Dan remaja dengan avoidant attachment cenderung memandang dirinya positif menunjukkan keberartian diri dan asertif walaupun mereka kurang percaya diri dalam situasi sosial serta kurang terbuka dalam hubungan sosial.\ud Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian studi ka...

A total of 404 college students (182 males, 222 females) completed the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Industry versus Inferiority and Identity versus Identity Diffusion scales from Constantinople's (1969) Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD). Results indicated that the androgynous subjects had the highest difference scores on the IPD scales, with the masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated subjects having progressively lower mean scores. The androgynous, masculine, and feminine subjects had equivalent^ low scores on the scales measuring unsuccessful resolution, with the undifferentiated subjects obtaining the highest scores on these scales. It was suggested that the androgynous and sex-typed subjects view themselves as varying along a dimension of successful resolution. These groups do not vary on measures of unsuccessful resolution. The undifferentiated subjects not only see themselves as less successful in resolving the crises but also as more unsuccessful. Further analyses revealed that the masculine component of the sex role was the more important for predicting better resolution of the two crises. The importance of employing multiple measures of adjustment, of theory guided research, and the consideration of the relative contributions of masculinity and femininity to adjustment are discussed.