Development Studies

Resumen: En este artículo se clasifica a las 51 entidades políticas del continente americano (35 Estados independientes y 16 territorios dependientes) de acuerdo con sus respectivos tamaños y con los niveles de desarrollo socioeconómico que ostentaban al concluir el siglo XX. El tamaño se establece con respecto a tres dimensiones: económica, demográfica y ter ri to - rial, mientras que

of poverty exist, vulnerability is conceptualised in different ways. In addition to being a function of the characteristics of risk or a shock and the ability of a household to respond to shocks, vulnerability also reflects relational considerations -between women and men, the young and old, people of different abilities, and between different social or ethnic groups. Importantly, to the extent that a households' vulnerability is also a function of its ability to recover once a shock has occurred, it cannot be studied in isolation from resilience. The two concepts are inextricably linked. Data from EM-DAT ( ) indicate that PICs have experienced 105 natural disasters since 2000. Of these disasters, 70 occurred in the Melanesian countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and affected over half a million people. The United Nations University's Institute for Environment and Human Security finds that these four Melanesian countries are among the 20 countries in the world that have the highest probability of experiencing a disaster. In the Disaster Risk Index, Vanuatu is ranked first and Solomon Islands fourth (Birkmann et al. 2011). The region is also one of the most vulnerable to climate change, which threatens agriculture, food security, health, the availability of fresh water, and the existence of coastal settlements. The potential human and economic costs of climate change in the Pacific region are catastrophic. Similar to countries across the world, PICs have recently experienced a triple crisis with price hikes for both food and fuel, preceding a global economic crisis. During 2007 and 2008, households were likely to have felt the rise in the cost of living acutely. Among low-

This paper analysis the main determinants of private investment in Brazil using panel data for the Brazilian industrial sector during 1996 through 2005. The aggregate series for business fixed investment spending commonly used in empirical studies of investment tends to eliminate irregular adjustments of capital by individual firms due to the aggregation process of the data. Using industrial sector data avoids this problem and may help to shed light on the dynamics of private aggregate investment spending in Brazil. The results emphasize the importance of the availability of financial resources for investment and the crowding in effect between private and public investment. Moreover, the results indicate that, for the period of analysis, the high real interest rate did not seem to affect private investment negatively as expected. Investment spending seems to depend more on internal resources to the firm and subsidized credit. As expected, economic instability affected investment spending negatively.

This paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate concerning the role of heterogeneity for the innovative capability of industrial districts. With this aim, using a knowledge-based approach, the paper focuses on different sources of industrial district knowledge heterogeneity and studies how the different level of heterogeneity affects the innovative capability of industrial districts. Four theoretical hypotheses concerning the effects of knowledge and knowledge heterogeneity on the Industrial District innovativeness are formulated. To test the hypotheses, an econometric analysis on 32 Italian District Provinces is applied. Empirical results show that knowledge heterogeneity matter for increasing the innovative capability of industrial districts.

Inequalities in ownership, distribution, and access to land generate social
injustice in many contexts, yet land rights litigation has not been central
to the literature on socioeconomic rights, courts, and social transformation. What is specific about land litigation? Is there any feature—in processes of judicialization or their outcomes—that renders land conflicts distinct? We address these questions by analyzing Indigenous Peoples’ (IP) judicialized claims for land and territory in Latin America, arguing that existing scholarship on the prospects for social transformation through the courts does not adequately address their specificities. Putting the literature on the judicialization of socioeconomic rights in Latin America in discussion with research on judicialized IP land and territorial claims in the region, we propose an analytical frame for assessing when court rulings of IP land rights litigation can be considered transformative.

Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper shou...

Firstly, Dr Claudia Loggia my supervisor for motivating and assisting me to bring my ideas to fruition with her guidance, support and many hours of proofreading. I also respect the manner in which, she carried herself throughout the whole process, and this taught me professionalism. I would also like to thank her for her patience. "Grazie, per sempre a cuore il vostro aiuto". My parents, Mr. S and Mrs. S Ncube "Zilonde" for always affording me the opportunity to pursue my endeavors and for always standing by my side with tireless support through all of them. I 'am forever grateful and indebted to you for all you have done and continue to do. Thank you so much Mom and Dad. The Isu-Labantu team for making the fieldwork process an enjoyable process and quite informative one, making it easy to answer all my important research questions. I would also like to thank all those who in many ways participated in this worthy endeavor, especially the amazing people of Namibia Stop 8 and Piesang River communities. To Tracy Freeman of Moladi (Port Elizabeth), for the invaluable information provided regarding Alternative Building Technologies, Moladi technique and the accompanying costs.

While evidence-based policy and practice have been on the rise for some time now, this does not apply to education. Evidence-based education (EBE) can be defined as the principle that education practices should be based on rigorously established objective evidence, preferably on randomized controlled trials. In this country-specific case study, the focus is on the Netherlands and, more specifically, developments regarding the educational disadvantage policy. Whereas the Ministry of Education propagates the use of EBE, researchers seem to be rather reluctant. The main research question is how many of the ministry's policy measures have actually been grounded in the principles of evidence-based education? To answer this question, three review studies covering the period 1985-2023 were critically examined. The results can be called shocking: hardly any of the ministry's policy measures have been based upon hard scientific evidence-neither in the past nor in recent years. Explanations for this finding are given, and recommendations are presented.

We are grateful to Annabel Guinault for her invaluable research assistance. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2012 by the World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum.

When we see democracy and women in Indian politics, we must liberate “politics” from its narrow sense, which is restricted merely to party politics and elections. The political is a space of freedom and public deliberation on the one hand and a space of power, conflict, and antagonism on the other. Even so, space is the ultimate location and medium of conflict, and hence a critical issue in politics.

Este libro ofrece una historia económica de la minería en Bolivia que se basa en una amplia revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas con especialistas del sector y el uso de fuentes primarias, algunas inéditas y otras previamente utilizadas por diversos investigadores. Tomando en cuenta estas características y dado que la historia de la minería es una de las temáticas más analizadas en la historiografía económica boliviana ¿por qué publicar un nuevo libro sobre la historia del sector?
La primera justificación del libro radica en la perspectiva de análisis que ofrece. Se brinda una narrativa que combina un análisis centrado tanto en las principales tendencias macroeconómicas del sector minero boliviano, como en los cambios en la organización sindical y política de los trabajadores mineros. Si bien ambos procesos han sido analizados por la literatura, son pocos los trabajos que han buscado relacionarlos. Al vincular ambas temáticas, los lectores no especializados en la historia económica o política de Bolivia cuentan con una presentación concisa de las principales tendencias y desafíos del sector minero boliviano desde inicios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad.

Este estudio de línea base tiene como propósito contribuir a la implementación del Sistema Nacional de Indicadores de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la República Dominicana, generando evidencia empírica sobre la producción científica y tecnológica nacional durante el período 2014–2023. A través de un enfoque cienciométrico, busca fortalecer las capacidades de gestión y evaluación de los actores del sistema científico nacional.

In developing nations GDP is not considered an adequate proxy of development. The per capita income, the quality of life , level of education are considered more relevant parameters of overall development. Economists, planners and researchers have been deliberating on this issue until in 1990 UNDP published Human Development Index [HDI] for all nations in its HDR report [6]. Although there have been several studies in this regard, however a machine learning based econometric model is not yet available which can establish the inter-relationship amongst these two variables in a quantified manner. This paper is an attempt in this direction to develop a model using machine learning approach .The model is implemented using Neural Network toolbox on MATLAB platform[10] with statistical data available from Planning Commission ,India and HDR report of UNDP. The model implementation result is found to be satisfactory. The methodology shown in this paper will be useful in preparing economic p...

Food insecurity remains a persistent global challenge, particularly in Global South countries such as Bangladesh. Despite being a long-standing policy priority, no study has explored the longitudinal trends and inequalities of food security across Bangladesh. Thus, this study assesses the trends and inequalities in food security across Bangladesh by analyzing the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES) from 2005, 2010, 2016, and 2022. The findings indicate that, while food security has improved by approximately 7% at the national from 2005 to 2022, the most recent data analysis reveals that nearly 39% of households were food insecure in 2022. In addition, inequality in food security is evident across Bangladesh. Nationally, rural areas exhibited higher food security (62%) compared to urban areas (59%). Regionally, Khulna and Rajshahi divisions recorded highest food security (around 69%), while Barishal division has the lowest (48.78%). At the agroecological level, the Ganges River Floodplain showed the highest food security (69.35%), while the Hill agroecological zone and the Southwest Coastal and Tidal Ecosystem had the lowest (55%). Socioeconomic disparities were also evident: Households headed by women (66.37%), as well as those that were smaller (70%) and had upper level incomes (63.77%), demonstrated higher food security levels. Conversely, households with access to microcredit (59.47%) and social safety net programs (58.21%) had lower food security levels. Addressing these inequalities can enable policymakers to design effective policies aimed at achieving the zero-hunger goal (SDG 2) and moving beyond SDGs.

Socio-economic indicators in and about African countries, whether produced by state apparatuses, international organizations, or academics, regularly come under attack. 1 This special issue aims to take a step back from these debates, and instead to encourage reflection on the specific characteristics of data produced on the African continent through historical and sociological analysis. From the very beginning of this project, we were guided by the intuition that evaluating the impact of colonization on local forms of numerical knowledge was essential for analyzing these statistics. The fact that data and categories produced by colonial administrations were designed primarily to dominate territories and populations had to be taken into consideration as well as the extent to which decolonization impacted statistical production. By bringing together case studies on the contemporary history of counting work and workers, this special issue attempts to open a field of research at the intersection between African labor history, colonial history, and the social sciences of quantification. We begin this introduction with a critical review of the state of the art in these fields, pointing out the epistemological obstacles that have hindered a consideration of African labor history through the prism of quantification. We then turn to what this special issue contributes. The articles gathered here show the diversity in the uses of numbers and the motivations for producing them, and the power asymmetries between bureaucracies and the populations they count. First, counts of workers were used to build an information capacity of colonial and independent states, which at the same time obfuscated labor exploitation. Second, the articles in this special issue highlight the distinction between quantification efforts that construct the labor force for the

El capitalismo no tiene futuro, no merece tenerlo porque no puede dar lugar a un orden social justo. Tal enunciado no es un a priori, es un resultado, una conclusión reflexiva, tras siglos de experiencia, del estudio y el análisis crítico. Se trata de una idea que, ante el abrumador peso de la evidencia, hace mucho debiera ser parte del pensamiento ordinario, del saber de sentido común. No es así. Tras haber sobrevivido al desafío de los movimientos anticapitalistas y experimentos postcapitalistas del siglo 20, echando mano de diversidad de recursos, algunos de ellos de una crueldad con pocos antecedentes, como el fascismo y, en nuestra región, las dictaduras militares, los voceros e intelectuales orgánicos del orden social han tenido un notable éxito en presentarlo como una realidad sin afuera, sin opción viable, sin alternativas factibles. Dos son, a grandes rasgos, las razones de la actual situación en el curso histórico: la primera, de la que no nos ocuparemos en este trabajo 1 , el fracaso final de las experiencias sociales basadas en la supresión de la propiedad privada de los medios de producción de riqueza, y sus dos correlatos, la explotación del trabajo humano y la lógica de la acumulación privada de capital. Tales experiencias dejaron importantes lecciones y aspectos valiosos, integrables en el necesario y aún pendiente replanteamiento del proyecto emancipatorio, para la continuidad de la lucha por el socialismo 2. Los propagandistas del orden social, por supuesto, se esfuerzan por instalar la definición de un completo fracaso del experimento. Pero un elemental examen

How does a country like the UK work? How do we describe what it has and does? And how do we analyse how it changes over time, and compare it with other countries? This paper from the Heywood Fellowship sets out a systems-based model for developing a UK national strategy that integrates all sectors of society, not only government. It conceptualises the UK as a “national ecosystem” composed of multiple interlocking social systems (economy, politics, law, culture, etc) driven by five key “national capacities”: people, means, resources, capital, and institutions. The report argues for aligning public, private, and third-sector strategies through shared long-term objectives and collective stewardship. By analysing how these capacities interact and overlap, the framework aims to improve coherence, resilience, and foresight in policymaking across the whole of UK society.

Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics et la Society for Economie Anthropology, lrvine (Californie), 27-29 mars 1992. Cette communication a été présentée dans le cadre des séances organisées plus directement par la SEA. sur le thème de l'institutionnalisme. Le rapprochement entre l'économie rurale africaniste française (ERAF) et l'institutionnalisme' peut surprendre. Il s'explique par la perception d'une communauté d'approches entre ce courant de la pensée économique aux Etats-Unis et les travaux des chercheurs et praticiens français qui ont développé une démarche originale dans le domaine de l'économie rurale comme champ des sciences sociales africanistes\ La mise en perspective restera toutefois largement implicite, l'objet de cette communication n'étant pas une présentation de l'institutionnalisme. Ce texte propose une caractérisation des travaux des économistes ruraux africanistes français dans leur diversité et leurs spécificités, puis une esquisse du paradigme sous-jacent auquel ils se rattachent le plus souvent. Afin de donner des repères à notre propos, il convient d'effectuer plusieurs remarques et réserves préalables. 1. Respectivement économistes à l'ORSTOM et au CIRAD. Nous remercions nos collègues, en particulier J.M.Gastellu, pour leurs remarques et critiques. Du fait du caractère •périlleux• du propos, nous restons bien sQr seuls responsables des positions présentées dans ce texte qui n'implique aucunement nos institutions. 2. •But 'Miere on Earth Has Marruuwu Hùukn his Production Functiont•. French 4/ricanist Rural Economies and /nstitutionalism.• Possible OJnvergences. 3. Nous ne faisons pas référence ici au nécrinstitutionnalisme -développement du courant néo-clasque (cf. par exemple Williamso, 1985) -mais aux institutioonalistes travaillant dans la lignée des V eblen ou Commoos, tels que Gruchy (1987), Hodgson (1988), R.aimtad (1986), Samuels (1988), Wilber et Harrison (1978), et plus généralement les contributeurs au Journal of Economie Issues (cf. Colin, 1990). 4. La focalisation sur le champ des recherches africanistes peut paraître réducteur. D'autres travaux du même ordre ont été men� ou sont. me.n� en Asie ou en Amérique latine. Cependant, pour des •raisons historiques, l' amp leur incontestable des références concernant le continent africain, et plus particulièrement les pays francophones, conduit à retenir celui-<:i comme cadre privilégié d'expression du courant étudié. On peut même avancec que les recherch africanistes sont à l'origine de méthodes et de concepts qui ont pu être utilisés -et adaptés -par les praticiens français dans d'autres situations géographiques. une conception large de l'économie: les agents économiques sont resitués dans leur environnement social . . , auxquels elle est redevable. 1. Parenté, lignages, classes d'âges, castes, division sexuelle des tiches. 2. L'utilisation des facteurs de production et la gestion des richesses sont marquées par la coexistence et le recoupement d'unités budgétaires, de production, de consommation, de résidence. 3 • On se reportera plus particulièrement aux travaux de Ph. Couty. 1. Au sens étymologique. Du grec haire.sis : choix, opinion particulière.

Incidents of a lack of accountability, often associated with an element of corruption, among public officials and institutions when rendering public services, is a worldwide occurrence. In an attempt to address this governance tendency, governments increasingly look towards more sophisticated managerial methods such as improved monitoring and evaluation systems, and performance management systems, to address accountability deficits in governance. Such a managerial method is not necessarily similar to the rational theory as a remnant of the New Public Management (NPM). The prevailing belief in the NPM is that improved effectiveness and efficiencies enhance accountability and eliminate corruption. Accountability, however, is a political concept that relates to a power discourse. Citizens are often unable to influence government decisions affecting their lives and eliminate the abuse of power by the government. A key challenge in practice is, accordingly, to create forms of accountability in terms of which citizens can have control over and sanction such abuse of power. This type of approach necessarily positions accountability in a non-rational neo-institutional theory framework. The article explores existing accountability mechanisms that scholars propose as solutions to address governance challenges and to strengthen weak accountability. These mechanisms are analysed so as to indicate weaknesses and strengths of each. It then deals with other accountability mechanisms that relate to a neo-institutional theory framework and discusses strengths and weaknesses of those mechanisms. The article concludes with proposals of alternative innovative accountability mechanisms with which citizens could hold the public sector to account.

After decades of isolation, Myanmar is now actively re-engaging with the global economy. For successful re-engagement, Myanmar needs to implement comprehensive economic reforms based on a shared vision for long-term economic development that is characterized by human-centered, high, sustainable, pro-poor, inclusive, and balanced economic growth. In this paper, we propose five growth strategies : “Agriculture Plus Plus,” an export-oriented strategy, a foreign direct investment-driven strategy, a two-polar growth strategy, and a strategy to develop domestic economic corridors. These strategies are used as guides to translate these development agendas into a set of implementable policies, programs, and projects.

The exchange rate of the Malaysian ringgit (RM) against the US dollar (USD) after returning to the managed float system in July 2005 was hovering around 3.00–3.50 RM/USD until the middle of 2014. Following the subprime mortgage problem that emerged in the second half of 2007 and the Lehman shock in September 2008, the US introduced a de facto zero interest rate policy and quantitative easing (QE), and other advanced countries have implemented large-scale monetary easing in order to cope with the Global Financial Crisis. As a result, a large amount of money flowed into the stock and bond markets of many emerging countries including Malaysia. This trend reversed completely when Mr. Ben Bernanke, the then chairperson of the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) of the United States, made remarks suggesting the end of QE at the Joint Economic Committee of the House of Representatives on May 22, 2013. The capital that flowed under QE began flowing out from Malaysia, and the financial account was in...

Mfochivé, Oumarou F., und Matthias Schmelzer. 2024. Klimaschulden & Reparationen. Konzeptwerk Neue Ökonomie. https://konzeptwerk-neue-oekonomie.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Dossier_ClimateDept_digital.pdf.

Schuldenstrich für Länder des Globalen Südens und Reparations zahlungen für die vom Globalen Norden verursachte Klimakatastrophe-Jetzt! "Entwicklungsländer" leiden unter einem doppelten Schlag: Sie sind vom Klimawandel betroffen, den sie kaum mitverursacht haben, und sie haben Mühe, eine hohe, nicht gerechtfertigte Schuldenlast zu begleichen. Durch einen Schuldenstrich und Reparationszahlungen müssen wir der Klimagerechtigkeit einen Schritt näher kommen.

Colonial forces invaded and imposed colonial rule on African countries in different ways. By the mid-twentieth century, much of Africa had emerged from the colonial period. However, many of them remained dependent on their former colonial powers, giving rise to post-colonial dependencies. African countries that had been under French colonial rule distinguished themselves by concluding post-colonial treaties with the French. During the period from 1960 to 2016, the French Government submitted thirty-seven treaties to the French Parliament concerning many of its former colonies. These treaties covered matters such as diplomacy, defence, aid, co-operation, and commerce.
Besides treaties, only one colony among France's African possessions became a Francophone member state, comprising seventeen former colonies. In contrast, many of those countries that had elected not to conclude treaties with France became highly dependent on aid from France and the World Bank. Independent countries need to be free to choose their own way of governance, develop the skills to manage their own resources, and rely on their own capabilities without depending too heavily on others. Moreover, governments need to work harder to understand each other's cultures. Examining the links between these treaties and the subsequent economic and political performances of the countries concerned, along with analysing their experiences, would offer substantial lessons for developing countries that have not concluded treaties.
Patterns concerning the economic, political, and cultural clauses of the treaties suggest several avenues for further exploration. In the area of economic development, the dual economy model receives significant support, as African countries rely on exporting raw materials to advanced countries and importing industrial products from them. So far, the situation remains unchanged in many developing countries. Empirical data collected by organisations like the IMD (International Institute of Management Development) indicate that in developing countries, there is little careful consideration of how to build and develop industries, neglecting policy, strategy, and objectives. Consequently, many developing countries, despite holding abundant resources, remain underdeveloped and fail to become advanced developing nations.

Development Evaluation. Contains useful downloads as well as links to the websites of the evaluation departments of multilateral and bilateral development organisations. www.worldbank.org Website of the World Bank with its Operation Evaluation Department (OED). Contains a wealth of useful publications. www.eldis.org Gateway for information on development issues hosted by the Institute of Developments Studies

This paper explores the sources of international development finance, focusing on bilateral and multilateral aid, and non-governmental organization (NGO) funding. It examines the different types of aid, including tied aid, military aid, humanitarian aid, and general community development assistance, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The paper argues that while aid can be beneficial, it is often conditional and prone to political capture, and that multilateral aid is generally more effective than bilateral aid. The paper also discusses the role of NGOs in development finance, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. It concludes that aid should be advanced on a participatory basis, without conditionalities, to ensure its effectiveness in promoting development.

Settlements (Habitat) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNV United Nations Volunteers WFP World Food Programme The ILO promotes employment-intensive policies in infrastructure development, in order to generate employment and alleviate poverty. The ILO has experience in the promotion of policies and methodologies for labour-based construction and maintenance from projects and programmes in many parts of the world and especially in Africa. This experience extends to urban and rural works in the construction and maintenance of roads, paths, tracks, irrigation systems, water supply schemes, sanitation systems, and solid waste management. Participation by communities and the private sector has been actively promoted. In order to respond more effectively to the increasing demand from countries wishing to introduce labour-based approaches to the construction and maintenance of infrastructure, a technical advisory service was established in 1990 under the project named ASIST (Advisory Support, Information Services and Training). The first phase of ASIST concentrated mainly on rural roads, but the project's scope, now in it's third phase, has been widened to include rural transport and employment-intensive and community based approaches to urban infrastructure upgrading. ILO/ASIST introduced a rural travel and transport component in 1994, in recognition of the fact that roads are not enough to solve the transport burden of the rural poor. Rural transport is here defined in terms of the provision of "access". This encompasses both the location of social and economic services and the ease at which people move themselves and their goods to these facilities. In order to prioritise the access needs of households the Integrated Rural Accessibility Planning (IRAP) is used. IRAP is a participatory planning process which is simple to use and concentrates on using minimal resources. During the last five years, the ILO has carried out urban sector pilot projects in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, in cooperation with various other partners (City Councils, Community based Organisations and organisations such as UNDP, Ford Foundation, EDF and UNCHS). These pilot projects tested innovative approaches to alleviate urban poverty, adopting employment-intensive and community based strategies to upgrade unplanned settlements.

This paper explores the enduring tension between international accountability and state sovereignty within the global human rights framework, using the individual communications mechanism as its focal point. While this mechanism provides victims a means to seek redress beyond domestic systems, it simultaneously challenges the principle of non-interference articulated in Article 2(7) of the UN Charter. The paper questions whether sovereignty, as traditionally conceived, renders such mechanisms ineffective when states refuse to cede judicial authority to external institutions. To address this, the author examines the evolution, procedure, and practical impact of the individual communications process and situates it within the historical and political context of Article 2(7). The discussion then turns to the complex interplay between these principles through the lens of Singarasa v. Attorney General (2006), a landmark Sri Lankan Supreme Court case that exemplifies domestic resistance to international oversight. Ultimately, the paper argues that while the conflict between sovereignty and accountability persists, an emerging consensus recognises human rights as a legitimate international concern. Nevertheless, the implementation and enforcement of treaty body views remain inconsistent, highlighting the ongoing struggle to reconcile state autonomy with individual access to international justice.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan media pembelajran infografis pada materi unsur dan prinsip seni rupa bagi peserta didik kelas X SMAN 3 Makassar dan respon peserta didik terhadap media pembelajaran berbentuk infografis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan menggunakan model pengembangan sugiyono. Metode penelitian media ini terdiri dari 7 tahap, yaitu: potensi dan masalah, pengumpulan data dan informasi, desain produk, validasi desain, revisi desain, uji coba produk, dan produk akhir. Produk akhir dari rancangan media pembelajaran media ini adalah media pembelajaran infografis pada materi unsur dan prinsip seni rupa dengan isi kata pengantar, daftar isi, materi unsur, materi prinsip dan daftar pustaka. Media dikemas dalam bentuk hard copy sebanyak 30 halaman. Pendistribusian media pada peserta didik dikemas dalam bentuk soft copy karena penelitian yang dilakukan bertepatan dengan kondisi pandemi covid 19, sekolah melaksanakan pembelajara...

Luminos is the Open Access monograph publishing program from UC Press. Luminos provides a framework for preserving and reinvigorating monograph publishing for the future and increases the reach and visibility of important scholarly work. Titles published in the UC Press Luminos model are published with the same high standards for selection, peer review, production, and marketing as those in our traditional program. www.luminosoa.org Mountain, Water, Rock, God Mountain, Water, Rock, God

The objective of the present article is to establish the probability that a new hotel would be operated under an specific model and the area in square meters that the rooms would have, taking under consideration the information of the census done by Universidad del Caribe in Cancun’s Hotel zone at the end of 2011. The article starts with a description of the three main operational models (All Inclusive, European Plan, and mixed operation) followed the computation of the marginal, conditional and joint probabilities together with the identification of the must infrequent points of operation for a new hotel and room´s area. The article finally proposes to use a logistic regression predictive model as a rule for the fiscal policies.

There is an urgent need to address interlinked sustainability issues in a world challenged by inequality, finite resources and unprecedented changes across Earth’s systems. As Future Earth Fellows, based on our collective expertise in a diverse range of sustainability issues, here we identify a specific need to recognise and respond appropriately to the nexus between human health and wellbeing, urbanisation, and ecosystem services (the ‘WUE nexus’). This nexus is a priority area for research, policy and practice. In particular, it provides a useful pathway to meet the challenges of successful implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this brief, we present the following policy recommendations: 1. By emphasising urban-rural linkages, foster an integrated approach to ensure food security, food safety, and health promotion; 2. Secure resilient livelihoods for all, in particular for vulnerable groups; and 3. Integrate co-production of knowledge in science for decisi...

This piece of work would not have come into fruition without the encouragement, inspiration, guidance, financial support and the valuable comments and criticisms of many people who helped in shaping this study into a full thesis. My first acknowledgement goes to my supervisor, Dr. Isaac Owusu-Mensah for his guidance and immense support and encouragement. In fact his constant reminder for me to work harder and the cordial relationship that existed between us gave me a lot of hope and energy to finish this piece of work. My next thanks go to Mr. Emmanuel B. Saaburo for sowing and nurturing the interest in me to come back to school for a second degree. It is by his constant and persistent reminder that finally made me to avail myself for a Master of Philosophy degree in Political Science. May God give him the spirit of concern to keep on prompting people in life. To lawyer Carl Adongo, Mr. Thomas Acquinas Akazabre and Hon. Joseph Yielle Chireh, I say thank you for your financial assistance and may the good Lord replenish what you spent on me hundred fold.

This work critically examines James Grant's concept of agential constructivism. It highlights both its epistemological flaws and its significant role in shaping our understanding of agency within the context of international relations (IR) theory. The paper makes the case that the African continent provides not only alternative case studies but also conceptual resources and foundational critiques that go against the fundamental tenets of prevailing IR frameworks, drawing on African experiences and praxis. The study demonstrates how norm creation in Africa is frequently plural, contested, and transformative through the examination of African interventions, institutional mechanisms such as the Kimberley Process, and intellectual traditions based on precolonial and postcolonial thought. By engaging the works of scholars such as Acharya, Mbembe, Nkrumah, and Ndlovu-Gatsheni, it calls for a more profound rethinking of normativity in global politics. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a more grounded, plural, and decolonized IR, one that recognizes African agency not only in practice but as a necessary force in global theorizing.

This paper contains research supported by the Partnerships Resource Centre (PrC). The PrC is an open centre where scholars, practi ti oners and students can create, retrieve and share knowledge on cross-sector partnerships for sustainable development. The centre conducts fundamental research, develops tools, knowledge sharing protocols and webbased learning modules and gives executi ve training. Most of these acti viti es are open to the general public and are aimed at enhancing the eff ecti veness of partnerships around the world. The Partnerships Resource Centre was set up jointly by a number of business universiti es, the Dutch government, internati onal NGOs and fi rms in November 2009. Papers published in this series have been reviewed by members of the PrC network. They are made generally available by the PrC, in preliminary form and prior to fi nal publicati on, in order to ti mely share knowledge on cross-sector partnerships. The PrC welcomes comments on these papers and propositi ons for related projects and research:

The study analyzes the trends in area, production, and productivity of main agricultural crops in Nagaland from 2008-09 to 2020-21. For the purpose of the study, secondary data were collected to assess its output. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) analysis and percentage were used for the study. The study shows the growth in area, production, and productivity are 1.48%, 2.1%, and 0.61% CAGR, respectively. The CAGR findings reveal a significant increase in both area and production for cereals (1.42%) and commercial crops (3.41%), while oilseeds experienced negative growth (-0.71%) and pulses maintained stable productivity (0%). District-level analysis indicates considerable disparities; Tuensang and Wokha show significant productivity growth, while some districts recorded declines in productivity. The study shows that the state's productivity has increased from 2.68 MT/H to 2.90 MT/H. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers to prioritize interventions that enhance productivity, reduce regional disparities, and ensure sustainable agricultural development in Nagaland.

Seit jeher waren die Kulturschöpfungen der Menschheit nicht nur durch den "Zahn der Zeit" und durch Kriege, sondern auch durch Naturgewalten gefährdet. Einzelne Katastrophenfälle haben die Kulturgeschichte und das historische Bewusstsein nachhaltig beeinflusst. Im Zuge der gegenwärtig beobachteten klimatischen Veränderungen auf der Erde wird vermutet, dass Anzahl und Intensität von Naturkatastrophen ansteigen. Sicher ist auf alle Fälle, dass die zerstörerische Gewalt solcher Ereignisse sich durch ihre nahezu simultane weltweite Darstellung in den Medien zunehmend in das Bewusstsein der Menschen einprägt. Eindrucksvolle internationale Wiederaufbauprogramme fordern auch die Denkmalpflege heraus. Mit den sich verdichtenden Anzeichen, dass Naturkatastrophen weltweit zunehmen werden, stellt sich immer häufiger die Frage nach den Möglichkeiten eines vorbeugenden Katastrophenschutzes auch im Bereich des Kulturerbes, vor allem für die unbeweglichen Kulturgüter. Hierzu gibt es noch relativ wenig Erfahrungen und einen großen Klärungsbedarf. Dieser reicht von Fragen nach den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der technischen "Aufrüstung" und, damit zusammenhängend, der Gefährdung durch Prävention, bis zu ethischen Aspekten in möglichen Konflikten zwischen Bevölkerungs-und Kulturgüterschutz. Ausgehend von jüngsten Schadensereignissen in aller Welt sollen die hier versammelten Berichte dazu dienen, die konzeptionellen, technischen und organisatorischen Aspekte des Themas aufzuzeigen. Die Beiträge gehen zum Großteil auf eine internationale Tagung des Dt. Nationalkomitees von ICOMOS in Verbindung mit ICCROM im Jahre 2006 zurück. Die Aufsätze erscheinen in Englisch, ca. die Hälfte auch in Deutsch. Bezug über den Buchhandel oder direkt über den Verlag:

This article examines the case of the Albuquerque Petroglyphs to explore how government and business commercially appropriate and reappropriate cultural landscapes for use in capitalistic development. The Petroglyph National Monument was established in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to protect an area and rock carvings from looting and development. Stakeholders evoked Pueblo and Spanish sacredness in their protection arguments to establish the monument. When governmental officials then controversially moved protected rock carvings to build a commuter road through the monument to access development, the rights of developers and consumers were privileged over Pueblo and environmental groups. Developers then drew from governmental framings and evoked a heightened Spanish colonial and commercial heritage to market nearby homes to consumers. This article argues that protection discourses can contribute to, rather than restrict, subsequent commercial development.

Existen crecientes preocupaciones de la sociedad por el consumo de productos animales y textiles que hayan sido producidos y transformados en una forma sostenible. Esta tendencia influye en el consumidor al tomar la decision de compra, particularmente en los paises desarrollados.

The study analyzed the socio-economic and farm level characteristics influencing adoption of rice production technologies in Lavun Local Government Area of Niger state. A total of 76 respondents were randomly selected from 24 villages and data were collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, adoption index and discriminate analysis were used in the data analysis. The results reveal that the mean age of the respondents was 38.70 years while the average farm size of the respondents was found to be 2.4 hectares. Also 40.78 percent of the respondents acquired one form of formal education or the other ranging from primary to tertiary education. Furthermore, more than half of the respondents (53.95 percent) were not members of any cooperative societies. Majority of the respondents (52.26 percent) were found to be medium adopters of new technologies. It is therefore suggested that an avenue should be provided for favorable price to farmers to increase their farm incom...

Physical vulnerability is the ability of the content of an environmental setting, such as buildings, infrastructure, forest cover, soil, surface and groundwater to withstand impacts from hazards like natural disasters. It is often represented by the monetary value of physical assets. Factors such as the location and types of settlements, population density, the materials used in buildings/infrastructure and soil type influence the severity of disasters. Correctly assessing the physical vulnerability in any setting helps in the understanding of potential losses from disasters and developing appropriate strategies to reduce risk. Vulnerability is a concept that links the relationship of people their environment, social settings, institutions and the cultural values that sustain them. In recent years, vulnerability assessments have moved away from being solely focused on physical assets and are increasingly incorporating social setting focusing on the susceptibility of social groups to the impacts of hazards, as well as their ability to adequately recover from them. Past disasters, including Hurricane Katrina, illustrate that vulnerability is not simply the location and concentration of human populations, but also the characteristics of the population such as age, race, and income as these factors may influence ability to anticipate, respond to, and recover from hazardous events.

The strategies developed by mexico have allowed it to position itself favorably in the global tourism indicators. However, several studies point to the negative impacts of this activity on cultural sites and goods, as well as the limited benefit for local communities, which hinders their full contribution in the economy and in the reduction of poverty, a purpose indicated in the plan national development achieving these objectives requires the transformation of tourism policies, a topic in which the analysis of mexico&#39;s historical experience is an aspect addressed in a limited way. In this context, this communication aims to analyze and assess mexico&#39;s tourism policies during the first decades of the 20th century. The investigation is approached from the analysis of specialized bibliography, legislation, testimonies and press releases of the time. The results of the investigation show that the current programs of cultural tourism in mexico are continuity and evolution of pub...

This article asks whether French NGOs have fallen into line with the wider trend towards professionalization that has marked the Northern nonprofit sector, most notably Anglo-American NGOs, over the last two decades or so. It shows how French NGOs, particularly those engaged in longer term development work, were characterized by militancy over the early post-colonial decades. It then demonstrates how, over the global era, the French state has encouraged developmental NGOs (NGDOs) to undertake bureaucratic forms of professionalization. Next, it looks at how these organizations have, in response, adapted their staffing, structures, and procedures, whilst stopping short of overly standardized forms of development. Finally, it shows how French NGDOs have, in eschewing ''technical professionalism'', been acting in line with resource dependence theory and responding to the demands of their critical resource, which is not the French state but the donor public and their grassroots supporters. Re ´sume ´Cet article examine si les ONG (organisations non gouvernementales) franc ¸aises se sont aligne ´es sur la tendance ge ´ne ´rale vers la professionalisation qui a marque ´ces deux dernie `res de ´cennies le secteur a `but non-lucratif de l'he ´misphe `re du Nord et, plus particulie `rement, les ONG anglo-ame ´ricaines. Il affirme que les ONG franc ¸aises, et plus pre ´cise ´ment celles engage ´es dans le travail de de ´veloppement de long terme, e ´taient caracte ´rise ´es par le militantisme au cours des premie `res de ´cennies post-coloniales. Il de ´montre comment, a `l'e `re de la globalisation, l'e ´tat franc ¸ais a encourage ´les organisations non gouvernementales de de ´veloppement (ONGD) a subir des formes bureaucratiques de professionalisation. Il explore ensuite comment ces organisations ont, en re ´ponse, adapte ´leurs effectifs, structures et proce ´dures, sans aller qu'a `sur-standardiser leurs modes de fonctionnement. Enfin, il constate comment les ONGD franc ¸aises, en cherchant a `e ´viter le ''professionalisme technique'' ont

Forensic entomology, the use of insects and other arthropods in forensic investigations, is becoming increasingly more important in such investigations. To ensure its optimal use by a diverse group of professionals including pathologists, entomologists and police officers, a common frame of guidelines and standards is essential. Therefore, the European Association for Forensic Entomology has developed a protocol document for best practice in forensic entomology, which includes an overview of equipment used for collection of entomological evidence and a detailed description of the methods applied. Together with the definitions of key terms and a short introduction to the most important methods for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval, the present paper aims to encourage a high level of competency in the field of forensic entomology.