Desaturation index

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). SDB is associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, interplaying with metabolic derangements in the form of uremia, acidosis, and hypervolemia. Renal transplant has been observed to correct most of these metabolic derangements and to control progression of comorbidities. While SDB is highly prevalent among patients in the pretransplant stage, it remains to be seen whether the beneficial aspects of transplant are extended to improvement in SDB in patients with ESRD. Methods: Eighteen patients undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis (HD) for ESRD at the transplant clinic of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, underwent detailed clinical, laboratory, and polysomnographic evaluation. The average number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep, ie, ApneaeHypopnea Index (AHI), was used to define the severity of sleep apnea. All patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) within 24 h of the last HD and after three months of living-donor transplant. Results: Of 18 patients, there were 14 males and four females. The median age was 28 years (range 19e50 years). They had already spent a median period of six months (range 3e31 months) on HD before inclusion. The prevalence of SDB (AHI ! 5/h) was 44.4% (8/18) before transplant, which decreased to 5.6% (1/18) after transplant (p ¼ 0.016). The oxygen desaturation index had a median value of 5.8 events/h (range 0.1e35.4) in the pretransplant stage, which decreased to 0 events/h (range 0e6.6) in the post-transplant stage (p ¼ 0.035). Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in the prevalence and severity of SDB after transplant. Whether improvement in SDB is sustained on a long-term follow-up remains to be seen.

This study investigates the still uncertain association between serum phospholipid fatty acids (PL-FA), and anthropometric and adiposity variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1443 Spanish premenopausal women. Participants answered an epidemiological and a food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured using a bioimpedance scale. Serum PL-FAs levels were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The association between body mass index (BMI), weight gain, body fat percentage, visceral fat index, and waist circumference with serum PL-FAs and desaturation indices was evaluated using multivariable linear regression models. BMI was positively associated with the relative concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (β = 0.94, q-val = 0.001), and with palmitoleic, dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA), arachidonic (AA) and α-linolenic acids, and was inversely associated with oleic, gondoic, trans-vaccenic, linoleic and γ-linolenic acids. Total fat perce...

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). SDB is associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, interplaying with metabolic derangements in the form of uremia, acidosis, and hypervolemia. Renal transplant has been observed to correct most of these metabolic derangements and to control progression of comorbidities. While SDB is highly prevalent among patients in the pretransplant stage, it remains to be seen whether the beneficial aspects of transplant are extended to improvement in SDB in patients with ESRD. Methods: Eighteen patients undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis (HD) for ESRD at the transplant clinic of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, underwent detailed clinical, laboratory, and polysomnographic evaluation. The average number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep, ie, ApneaeHypopnea Index (AHI), was used to define the severity of sleep apnea. All patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) within 24 h of the last HD and after three months of living-donor transplant. Results: Of 18 patients, there were 14 males and four females. The median age was 28 years (range 19e50 years). They had already spent a median period of six months (range 3e31 months) on HD before inclusion. The prevalence of SDB (AHI ! 5/h) was 44.4% (8/18) before transplant, which decreased to 5.6% (1/18) after transplant (p ¼ 0.016). The oxygen desaturation index had a median value of 5.8 events/h (range 0.1e35.4) in the pretransplant stage, which decreased to 0 events/h (range 0e6.6) in the post-transplant stage (p ¼ 0.035). Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in the prevalence and severity of SDB after transplant. Whether improvement in SDB is sustained on a long-term follow-up remains to be seen.

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The aim of this study was to re-evaluate possible associations between BMI and (1) stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) gene expression in adipose tissue; (2) adipose tissue or serum lipids oleic acid/ stearic acid (18:1/18:0) desaturation index (DI); and (3) expression of less studied SCD isoform SCD5 in adipose tissue of obese patients. SCD1 and SCD5 mRNA levels in adipose tissue from 16 morbidly obese women were analyzed by RT-PCR. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and whole serum lipids were determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The SCD1 mRNA levels, as well as 18:1/18:0 DI in adipose tissue, correlated positively with BMI in obese patients. A weak positive association between the serum lipid 18:1/18:0 DI and BMI did not reach the threshold of statistical significance. The SCD5 mRNA levels in adipose tissue were approximately 400 times lower than the SCD1 levels and did not correlate with BMI. Positive correlations between BMI and visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue 18:1/18:0 DI were stronger than the association between serum whole lipid 18:1/18:0 DI and BMI in morbidly obese women. The expression of the SCD1 gene in human adipose tissue is markedly stronger than the expression of the SCD5 gene. Practical applications: Our findings confirm previous suggestions that SCD1 may serve as an attractive therapeutic target in patients with obesity and related disorders.

Background: The fatty acid (FA) composition of adipose tissue influences the nutritional quality of meat products. The unsaturation level of FAs is determined by fatty acid desaturases such as stearoyl-CoA desaturases (SCDs), which are under control of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). Differences in SCD genotype may thus confer variations in lipid metabolism and FA content among cattle breeds. This study investigated correlations between FA composition and lipogenic gene expression levels in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of beef cattle breeds of different gender from the Basque region of northern Spain. Pirenaica is the most important beef cattle breed in northern Spain, while Salers cattle and Holstein-Friesian cull cows are also an integral part of the regional beef supply. Results: Pirenaica heifers showed higher monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents in subcutaneous adipose tissue than other breeds (P < 0.001). Alternatively, Salers bulls produced the highest oleic acid content, followed by Pirenaica heifers (P < 0.001). There was substantial variability in SCD gene expression among breeds, consistent with these differences in MUFA and CLA content. Correlations between SCD1 expression and most FA desaturation indexes (DIs) were positive in Salers (P < 0.05) and Pirenaica bulls, while, in general, SCD5 expression showed few significant correlations with DIs. There was a significant linear correlation between SCD1 and SRBEP1 in all breeds, suggesting strong regulation of SCD1 expression by SRBEP1. Pirenaica heifers showed a stronger correlation between SCD1 and SREBP1 than Pirenaica bulls. We also observed a opposite relationship between SCD1 and SCD5 expression levels and opposite associations of isoform expression levels with the Δ9 desaturation indexes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the relationships between FA composition and lipogenic gene expression are influenced by breed and sex. The opposite relationship between SCD isoforms suggests a compensatory regulation of total SCD activity, while opposite relationships between SCD isoforms and desaturation indexes, specially 9c-14:1 DI, previously reported as an indicator of SCD activity, may reflect distinct activities of SCD1 and SCD5 in regulation of FA content. These findings may be useful for beef/dairy breeding and feeding programs to supply nutritionally favorable products.

Despite the presence of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the usual diet, these fatty acids may also be synthesized de novo from saturated fatty acids (SFA) through enzymatic desaturase activity (Arregui et al., 2012). Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1 and SCD5 isozymes have been identified in human. SCD1 or ?9 desaturase is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, meibomian, harderian and preputial glands. This enzyme is highly induced in response to high carbohydrate diet (Mauvoisin Mounier, 2011). It has been proven that the elevated levels of SCD1 are associated with obesity, metabolic disorders and malignancies. Altogether, these findings propose SCD1 as a new therapeutic target.

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Background: Fatty Acid (FA) composition of serum has been associated with many markers of inflammation. In this study, we tried to examine plasma Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA) and Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) composition in Behçet&#39;s Disease (BD) patients. The associations between the circulating FA levels and some markers of inflammation have also been investigated. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional one. In fact, a total of 101 BD patients and healthy controls group of 99 subjects are enrolled. Gas Chromatograph equipped with a Capillary Split/Splitless Injector and flame ionization detector was used to analyze the plasma SFA and MUFA compositions. The high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen levels were measured using standard techniques. Results: BD patients had significantly higher proportions of Mystiric Acid (MA), Palmitic Acid (PAM), Palmitoleic Acid (POA) and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-16, compared to controls. The results revealed that patie...

Despite the presence of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the usual diet, these fatty acids may also be synthesized de novo from saturated fatty acids (SFA) through enzymatic desaturase activity (Arregui et al., 2012). Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1 and SCD5 isozymes have been identified in human. SCD1 or ?9 desaturase is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, meibomian, harderian and preputial glands. This enzyme is highly induced in response to high carbohydrate diet (Mauvoisin Mounier, 2011). It has been proven that the elevated levels of SCD1 are associated with obesity, metabolic disorders and malignancies. Altogether, these findings propose SCD1 as a new therapeutic target.

The aim of this study was to re-evaluate possible associations between BMI and (1) stearoyl-CoA
desaturase-1 (SCD1) gene expression in adipose tissue; (2) adipose tissue or serum lipids oleic acid/
stearic acid (18:1/18:0) desaturation index (DI); and (3) expression of less studied SCD isoform SCD5
in adipose tissue of obese patients. SCD1 and SCD5 mRNA levels in adipose tissue from 16 morbidly
obese women were analyzed by RT-PCR. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and whole serum
lipids were determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The SCD1 mRNA levels, as well as
18:1/18:0 DI in adipose tissue, correlated positively with BMI in obese patients. A weak positive
association between the serum lipid 18:1/18:0 DI and BMI did not reach the threshold of statistical
significance. The SCD5 mRNA levels in adipose tissue were approximately 400 times lower than the
SCD1 levels and did not correlate with BMI. Positive correlations between BMI and visceral or
subcutaneous adipose tissue 18:1/18:0 DI were stronger than the association between serum whole lipid
18:1/18:0 DI and BMI in morbidly obese women. The expression of the SCD1 gene in human adipose
tissue is markedly stronger than the expression of the SCD5 gene.

The fatty acid profile in plasma lipids contributes to the increase of
plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a marker of inflammation and predictor
of cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between specific
fatty acids (FA) of serum lipids and serum hsCRP in morbidly obese woman. Methods: The
study included 16 morbidly obese (mean BMI= 43 ± 2.2 kg/m2) non-diabetic woman awaiting
bariatric surgery. FA extracted from serum lipids were methylated and analyzed on GC-MS.
Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine the serum inflammatory markers.
Results: We demonstrated that total saturated FA (SFA) and total monounsaturated FA (MUFA)
of serum lipids were positively correlated with serum hsCRP, whereas both n-3 and n-6 total
polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were negatively correlated with serum hsCRP. Serum interleukin-6
correlated positively with some SFA and MUFA, whereas negatively with some of PUFA. Positive
correlation between serum hsCRP and specific SFA and MUFA or negative correlation with
PUFA decreased with the increased FA chain length. The number and localization of double
bonds also had impact on these correlations. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that individual
serum lipid FA levels, depending on the length of FA chain, number and the localization of
double bonds are distinctly associated with hsCRP in morbidly obese subjects.

Fatty acids containing a cyclopropane ring in
their structure (cyclopropane FA) have been found in a
wide variety of bacteria, a number of protozoa, and Myriapoda.
Little is known about cyclopropane FA in mammal,
especially in human tissues. The present study deals with
the identification of cyclopropane FA in adipose tissue and
serum of humans and rats. Fatty acids extracted from the
adipose tissue and serum obtained from obese women
during bariatric surgery were methylated and analyzed on
GC–MS. We have identified: cyclopropaneoctanoic acid
2-hexyl, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-octyl, cyclopropanenonanoic
acid, and 2-[[2-[(2-ethylcyclopropyl)methyl]
cyclopropyl]methyl] acid in human adipose tissue. We
confirmed the presence of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid
2-hexyl by derivatization of FA extracted from human
adipose tissue to picolinyl esters. Cyclopropaneoctanoic
acid 2-hexyl was the main cyclopropane FA (approximately
0.4 % of total fatty acids in human adipose tissue,
and about 0.2 % of total fatty acids in the serum). In
adipose tissue cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-hexyl was
found mainly in triacylglycerols, whereas in serum in
phospholipids and triacylglycerols. The cyclopropaneoctanoic
acid 2-hexyl has also been found in serum, and
adipose tissue of rats in amounts comparable to humans.
The content of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-hexyl
decreased in adipose tissue of rats maintained on a
restricted diet for 1 month. In conclusion, we demonstrated
that cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-hexyl is present
in human adipose tissue and serum. Adipose tissue
cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2-hexyl is stored mainly in
triacylglycerols and the storage of this cyclopropane FA is
affected by food restriction.