Cost Variance

Dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan antara lain oleh material, peralatan, tenaga kerja, subkontraktor, overhead, dan kondisi umum. Material merupakan komponen biaya utama dalam proyek konstruksi, sehingga manajemen material yang kurang baik dapat mengakibatkan penyimpangan biaya proyek. Pada manajemen material, pembelian material merupakan faktor yang mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap besar kecilnya harga material. Pengendalian biaya proyek terhadap terjadinya penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya pembelian material, dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab-penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya tersebut. Tujuan penelitian dalam makalah ini adalah mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material dan melakukan rekomendasi tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab penyimpangan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan survai terhadap proyek-proyek konstruksi bangunan bertingkat untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material, serta wawancara kepada para pakar untuk memperoleh rekomendasi tindakan koreksi. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analytical hierarchy process (AHP) dan metode Delphi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tindakan koreksi yang dilakukan terhadap penyimpangan biaya pembelian material merupakan tindakan pencegahan (before process).

Veronika, Alin and Riantini, Leni S and Trigunarsyah, Bambang (2006) Corrective action recommendation for project cost variance in construction material management. In Kanok-Nukulchai, Worsak and Munasinghe, Sunil and Anwar, Naveed, Eds. Proceedings The Tenth East Asia-Pacific ...

Management Projects in Post-Conflict Countries: The Case of Liberia" cataloged both the practical and theoretical experience of the author after more than 20 years as a senior program officer, project manager, project coordinator, and monitoring and evaluation specialist in Liberia and the United States. Contents combined literature review, theoretical knowledge gathering, and practical experience from involvement in different projects, programs, and other strategic arrangements. This publication targets existing, emerging, and new project management practitioners and professionals interested in this fast-evolving project and program management field. The overall objective of this publication is to add to the existing body of knowledge in the field of project management and provide a post-conflict context, using Liberia as a case study. This book will attempt to explore and outline some of the key issues that hamper effective project management and cause project delays and failures. Moreover, it will guide some key project management strategies, tools, and approaches that can foster project success.

Project control tools are commonly used in the construction industry. Unfortunately, many projects run over budget and behind schedule, which suggests that there is something wrong in our project control system. The earnedvalue method (EVM) is a project control technique that provides a quantitative measure of work performance. It is considered the most advanced technique for integration of schedule and cost. This paper attempts to evaluate work progress in a quantitative manner. Through Earned Value Analysis project cost and time at completion is forecasted and also the performance needed to bring the project back to planned cost and time is also calculated I.

Project control tools are commonly used in the construction industry. Unfortunately, many projects run over budget and behind schedule, which suggests that there is something wrong in our project control system. The earnedvalue method (EVM) is a project control technique that provides a quantitative measure of work performance. It is considered the most advanced technique for integration of schedule and cost. This paper attempts to evaluate work progress in a quantitative manner. Through Earned Value Analysis project cost and time at completion is forecasted and also the performance needed to bring the project back to planned cost and time is also calculated I.

An experiment was conducted at two locations of Sylhet district of Bangladesh with seven hybrid rice genotypes of Bioseed India Ltd (Bio-404, Bio-453, Bio-543, Bio-460, Bio-648, Bio-649 and Bio-650) to evaluate their yield potentials. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated, Bio-649 produced the highest yield with short duration and less disease infection. The maximum grain yields of Bio-649 were 9.1 and 10.46 t ha-1 , respectively at Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU) farm and farmer's field, Khadimnagar. These yields were higher than the two check varieties at both locations. The lowest grain yields of the hybrid rice genotype Bio-648 were 4.23 and 7.16 t ha-1 , respectively at SAU and farmer's fields. The results revealed, Bio-649 is suitable for Aman season and can be considered to proceed with further research at several locations of Bangladesh.

This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity for several rice features and their association with yields, as well as to identify genotypes of short-duration rice. The experiment was conducted in the field in a natural environment, and data were collected on several plant parameters for each genotype at various phases of plant development. Twenty genotypes of rice were examined based on their morphological and physiological characteristics. From July through December of 2020, the experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute's regional station in Shyampur, Rajshahi. There was significant diversity among the twenty rice genotypes for all characteristics tested. The genotype BRRI dhan57 displayed the shortest days to flowering. In terms of days to maturity, the genotype BRRI dhan57 was the earliest, with a maturity time of 107.33 days, followed by BRRI dhan56 and BRRI dhan39. The days to blooming had the highest heritability (99.75%), followed by the days to maturity (99.58%), grain yield (85.30%), thousand grain weight (85.22%), grains per panicle (84.91%), plant height (82.21%), and tillers per hill (21.61%). High heritability scores indicated that the researched qualities were less influenced by the surrounding environment. As a percentage of the mean, the genetic gain was greatest for grain yield (36.33%) and lowest for tillers per hill (6.60%) among the yield-contributing factors. In days to flowering, days to maturity, grains per panicle, and plant height, high heritability and genetic progress were seen. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), the Eigen values of the first four components of the total variance accounted for 89.46% of the total variance, indicating that these components were mostly responsible for the genetic diversity of the current materials. It was the largest cluster, containing seven rice genotypes. Clusters II and V contained five and four genotypes of rice, respectively. Clusters III and IV were the smallest, with only two genotypes apiece. The pattern of distribution of genotypes among various clusters demonstrated the significant genetic variety present in the genotypes, which may be the result of adaptation of these genotypes to certain environmental conditions. The largest value of intercluster distance indicated that cluster III genotypes were extremely distinct from cluster IV genotypes. Negative values in both vectors for tillers per hill suggested that this feature contributed the least to the total diversity. The number of panicles per hill, panicle length, weight per thousand grains, and grain yield were all positive in both directions. According to these statistics, these four characteristics contributed the most to the variety.

Trend removal is an important problem in most communication systems. Here, we show a proposed algorithm for trend (background) removal from Raman Spectra by merging local variance estimation and cubic spline interpolation methods. We found that Raman spectrum does not need a smoothing process to remove trend from noisy signals. Employing this technique results in more speedy and noiseless systems than other techniques that use wavelet transformation to suppress noise

Rice is commonly produced without the application of any fertilizer nutrient in the southwestern parts of Ethiopia. However, the previous research results indicated the high response of rice crops to the application of N fertilizer nutrients in different soil and environmental conditions in Ethiopia. Improved management practices are important to enhance the growth, development, and yield of upland rice. A field experiment was conducted at "Choba" on-farm during 2019 and 2020 at Gimbo district in Kaffa zone, Southwest Ethiopia to evaluate agronomic management practices on rice yield and profitability. RCB design was carried out with three replications. Treatments consisted of the improved management practices with Suparica-1, improved management practice with local cultivar, Farmers' practice with Suparica-1, and farmers' practices with local cultivar. The agronomic management practices significantly (p<0.05) affected the studied parameters. Based on the results, improved management practices using improved variety produced the highest grain yield of 4516.0 kg ha-1as compared to the local cultivar with the same management practices. Both local and improved varieties showed good performance under improved agronomic management practices. The economic profitability of this study was also carried out. Based on both yield and economic profitability, growing improved variety with improved agronomic management practices was found to be appropriate practice. Therefore, the promotion and popularization of improved variety must include all the production packages that were recommended during the variety release.

This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity for several rice features and their association with yields, as well as to identify genotypes of short-duration rice. The experiment was conducted in the field in a natural environment, and data were collected on several plant parameters for each genotype at various phases of plant development. Twenty genotypes of rice were examined based on their morphological and physiological characteristics. From July through December of 2020, the experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute's regional station in Shyampur, Rajshahi. There was significant diversity among the twenty rice genotypes for all characteristics tested. The genotype BRRI dhan57 displayed the shortest days to flowering. In terms of days to maturity, the genotype BRRI dhan57 was the earliest, with a maturity time of 107.33 days, followed by BRRI dhan56 and BRRI dhan39. The days to blooming had the highest heritability (99.75%), followed by the days to maturity (99.58%), grain yield (85.30%), thousand grain weight (85.22%), grains per panicle (84.91%), plant height (82.21%), and tillers per hill (21.61%). High heritability scores indicated that the researched qualities were less influenced by the surrounding environment. As a percentage of the mean, the genetic gain was greatest for grain yield (36.33%) and lowest for tillers per hill (6.60%) among the yield-contributing factors. In days to flowering, days to maturity, grains per panicle, and plant height, high heritability and genetic progress were seen. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), the Eigen values of the first four components of the total variance accounted for 89.46% of the total variance, indicating that these components were mostly responsible for the genetic diversity of the current materials. It was the largest cluster, containing seven rice genotypes. Clusters II and V contained five and four genotypes of rice, respectively. Clusters III and IV were the smallest, with only two genotypes apiece. The pattern of distribution of genotypes among various clusters demonstrated the significant genetic variety present in the genotypes, which may be the result of adaptation of these genotypes to certain environmental conditions. The largest value of intercluster distance indicated that cluster III genotypes were extremely distinct from cluster IV genotypes. Negative values in both vectors for tillers per hill suggested that this feature contributed the least to the total diversity. The number of panicles per hill, panicle length, weight per thousand grains, and grain yield were all positive in both directions. According to these statistics, these four characteristics contributed the most to the variety.

Lack of management of precast components in the project area lead to decreased productivity. Just In Time method use in construction projects able to reduce production costs, improved quality, and increased productivity. However, not all construction companies implement Just In Time on the construction project. Therefore, please note the supporting factors and a barrier to the use of methods that affect decisions Just In Time for precast components. This study aims to identify factors that influence the decision to use the method of Just In Time for precast components in Surabaya City construction company. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Respondents of this research is project manager at a construction company to a large middle class belonging to the GAPENSI Surabaya. Determination of the sample using a nonprobabilistic sample with purposhive sampling technique. The number of respondents used is 30 respondents project manager of the construction company 30 Surabaya. Data from questionnaires were collected and processed for analysis using the Relative Importance Index analysis and confidence interval. The results of the study illustrate that the construction company in the city of Surabaya has to know and understand, but they still have not been implemented. Project managers argued that the precast components ready for installation and concrete material that could potentially be the method of Just in time on the type of apartment projects. Factors to consider supporting the decision to use JIT method for precast components is the condition of planning and communication as factors simplification of work processes, and that can inhibit decision is poor planning and communication equipment such unpreparedness timely.

ABSTRAK Dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi peningkatan biaya yang disebabkan antara lain oleh material, tenaga kerja, peralatan, subkontraktor, kondisi umum dan overhead. Material merupakan komponen biaya yang paling besar pada pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi, sehingga material menjadi elemen penting dalam pengendalian biaya proyek. Pada manajemen material, pembelian material merupakan faktor yang mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap besar kecilnya harga material. Pengendalian biaya proyek terhadap terjadinya peningkatan biaya yang disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya pembelian material, dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab terjadinya peningkatan biaya tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya peningkatan biaya material dan melakukan rekomendasi tindakan koreksi terhadap peningkatan biaya tersebut. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan wawancara terstruktur terhadap pelaku proy...

This study presents the effectiveness of scheduling techniques in the success of mechanical construction projects as an essential tool for project planning, implementation, evaluation and control. Improper project resources scheduling leads to time and cost overruns, hence leads to a huge variation. This work focused on scheduled and unscheduled sets of constructed silo tanks. The analyses were based on the combination of scheduling techniques (CPM & Gantt chart) with the aid of Microsoft Project for the scheduled project sets, as these techniques helped in evolving a planned activity resource cost. The corresponding results of the implemented scheduled projects were related to cost per day and their performance evaluated based on earned value analysis. The scheduled and unscheduled project set results were analyzed based on the test of the null hypothesis using F-Test for the equality of variance. Research findings shows that, the combination of scheduling techniques were effective in reducing variance within the scheduled project set, while the earned value analysis exposed the minor variance which existed, the variance were not sufficient to deter the project success. The F-test upturned the null hypothesis and upheld the alternative hypothesis which stated that variance in unscheduled project were greater than those in scheduled project.

Thirty three lines of F5 progenies obtained from Sabita/Sambamahsuri deriva tives were evaluated along with parents and three check varieties for 19 characters. Significan t differences were observed for all the characters sThree lines possessed significantly higher grain yield than sup erior check variety. High estimates of PCV and GCV wer e recorded for grain yield per plant, panicle weight, number of pan icles per plant, number of secondary branches per p anicle, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight and florets nu mber per panicle. High heritability was observed for most of the characters viz. plant height, grain length, grain b readth, grain L/B ratio, kernel length, kernel brea dth, days to 50 % flowering, fertility %, days to maturity, 1000 grain weight and kernel L/B ratio. High genetic advance wa s observed for florets number per panicle, plant height and number of grains per panicle. Genetic advance as percenta ge of mean was highest for grain yield per plant whe...

Construction of high-rise structures was initiated in complex and dynamic problems resulting in circumstances of high uncertainty and risk, which were compounded by demanding many constraints. The occurrence of risk accidents in the phase of multi-storey construction will lead to great losses to the proprietor and construction enterprises if the construction risk of the structure has not been paid more attention to. The worst catastrophic may occur during structural construction is collapse of permanent or temporary construction. If risk management is not considered in bridge construction projects, there is chance for unwanted problems and uncertainties, by these risks objective cannot be achieved on time, within budget, or with suitable quality results. Construction industry is taken into consideration as one of the maximum crucial industries in India. These phenomena may additionally have an effect on the development of construction industry in India. In addition to may additionally expose many establishments of construction to be destroyed. Delays in addition to disruptions are sources of capacity risks that studies are looking into techniques to manipulate along with technical, social, monetary, felony, economic, useful resource, creation and commercial. To evaluate the reasons of delays and conflicts are due to: layout modifications, delays in price to contractors, facts delays, investment troubles, bad challenge management, compensation problems and disagreement at the valuation of labor accomplished. On the other hand, time overrun, cost overrun, bad social effect, idling assets and disputes are the principle outcomes of delays and disruptions. The observe concludes the reasons of delays and disruptions and their outcomes placed construction projects at extremely great risk that have an impact on their performance the use of primavera.

Twenty-nine genotypes of boro rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a randomized block design with three replications in plots of 4m x 1m with a crop geometry of 20 cm x 20 cm between November-April, in Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nagaon, India. Quantitative data were collected on five randomly selected plants of each genotype per replication for yield/plant, and six other yield components, namely plant height, panicles/plant, panicle length, effective grains/panicle, 100 grain weight and harvest index. Mean values of the characters for each genotype were used for analysis of variance and covariance to obtain information on genotypic and phenotypic correlation along with coheritability between two characters. Path analyses were carried out to estimate the direct and indirect effects of boro rice's yield components. The objective of the study was to identify the characters that mostly influence the yield for increasing boro rice productivity through breeding program. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive genotypic correlation of yield/plant with plant height (0.21), panicles/plant (0.53), panicle length (0.53), effective grains/panicle (0.57) and harvest index (0.86). Path analysis based on genotypic correlation coefficients elucidated high positive direct effect of harvest index (0.8631), panicle length (0.2560) and 100 grain weight (0.1632) on yield/plant with a residual effect of 0.33. Plant height and panicles/plant recorded high positive indirect effect on yield/plant via harvest index whereas effective grains/panicle on yield/plant via harvest index and panicle length. Results of the present study suggested that five component characters, namely harvest index, effective grains/plant, panicle length, panicles/plant and plant height influenced the yield of boro rice. A genotype with higher magnitude of these component characters could be either selected from the existing genotypes or evolved by breeding program for genetic improvement of yield in boro rice.

In the implementation of construction projects there are often irregularities in costs caused by, among others, materials, equipment, labor, subcontractors, overhead, and general conditions. Material is a major cost component in construction projects, so that poor material management can lead to project cost deviations. The occurrence of cost deviations can be seen from the difference between implementation costs and planning costs. To minimize these cost deviations, project control is carried out aimed at detecting as early as possible the factors that affect the cost deviations, especially in material costs. This study uses a questionnaire instrument involving 20 respondents consisting of contractors contracting M1 and M2 qualification buildings in Kota Padang, which are filled by site managers and logistics implementers. The analysis used is descriptive descriptive analysis with the help of the Statistical Product Solution Service (SPSS) program for Windows version 23.0.In this s...

Background: Balanced nutrition is an essential part of human diet and rice being consumed by more than half of the world population, having rice cultivars biofortified for high Zinc levels in polished rice would be very important to combat issues of malnutrition. Zinc being a highly variable trait and influenced by environmental and soil conditions, a multi-location stability analysis was conducted to identify cultivars stable for high grain Zinc with consistency in yield performance. Methods: Present experiment was conducted to study the stability of 22 high zinc rice genotypes in five different locations of Eastern Uttar Pradesh in RCBD with three replications in all the locations and 12 different traits were included in the study. Eberhart and Russell model was used for evaluating the stability of the genotypes. Results: The results reported high significance for all the twelve characters studied. Mean sum of squares due to environment as well as linear component of environment w...

An experiment was conducted at two locations of Sylhet district of Bangladesh with seven hybrid rice genotypes of Bioseed India Ltd (Bio-404, Bio-453, Bio-543, Bio-460, Bio-648, Bio-649 and Bio-650) to evaluate their yield potentials. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated, Bio-649 produced the highest yield with short duration and less disease infection. The maximum grain yields of Bio-649 were 9.1 and 10.46 t ha-1 , respectively at Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU) farm and farmer's field, Khadimnagar. These yields were higher than the two check varieties at both locations. The lowest grain yields of the hybrid rice genotype Bio-648 were 4.23 and 7.16 t ha-1 , respectively at SAU and farmer's fields. The results revealed, Bio-649 is suitable for Aman season and can be considered to proceed with further research at several locations of Bangladesh.

Project failure results in adverse productivity and viability of construction organizations. Construction leaders are concerned with project failure because it disrupts construction organizations\u27 ability to be more profitable and sustainable. Grounded in the theory of constraints, the purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between project cost estimates, project scheduling, and project success. Archival data were collected from 110 construction companies in Liberia. The results of the standard multiple linear regression analysis indicated the full model was statistically significant, F(2,110) = 40.85, p \u3c .001, R2 = .433. The project cost was statistically significant, p \u3c.001; project scheduling was not significant, p = .286. A key recommendation is for project managers to exploit relevant project management training and other capacity development efforts to effectively manage project costs and schedules for success. The implicati...

Dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan antara lain oleh material, peralatan, tenaga kerja, subkontraktor, overhead, dan kondisi umum. Material merupakan komponen biaya utama dalam proyek konstruksi, sehingga manajemen material yang kurang baik dapat mengakibatkan penyimpangan biaya proyek. Pada manajemen material, pembelian material merupakan faktor yang mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap besar kecilnya harga material. Pengendalian biaya proyek terhadap terjadinya penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya pembelian material, dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab-penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya tersebut. Tujuan penelitian dalam makalah ini adalah mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material dan melakukan rekomendasi tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab penyimpangan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan survai terhadap proyek-proyek konstruksi bangunan bertingkat untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material, serta wawancara kepada para pakar untuk memperoleh rekomendasi tindakan koreksi. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analytical hierarchy process (AHP) dan metode Delphi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tindakan koreksi yang dilakukan terhadap penyimpangan biaya pembelian material merupakan tindakan pencegahan (before process). Kata-kata Kunci : Biaya pembelian material, penyimpangan biaya, tindakan koreksi.

Dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan antara lain oleh material, peralatan, tenaga kerja, subkontraktor, overhead, dan kondisi umum. Material merupakan komponen biaya utama dalam proyek konstruksi, sehingga manajemen material yang kurang baik dapat mengakibatkan penyimpangan biaya proyek. Pada manajemen material, pembelian material merupakan faktor yang mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap besar kecilnya harga material. Pengendalian biaya proyek terhadap terjadinya penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya pembelian material, dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab-penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya tersebut. Tujuan penelitian dalam makalah ini adalah mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material dan melakukan rekomendasi tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab penyimpangan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan survai terhadap proyek-proyek konstruksi bangunan bertingkat untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material, serta wawancara kepada para pakar untuk memperoleh rekomendasi tindakan koreksi. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analytical hierarchy process (AHP) dan metode Delphi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tindakan koreksi yang dilakukan terhadap penyimpangan biaya pembelian material merupakan tindakan pencegahan (before process). Kata-kata Kunci : Biaya pembelian material, penyimpangan biaya, tindakan koreksi.

Background: Balanced nutrition is an essential part of human diet and rice being consumed by more than half of the world population, having rice cultivars biofortified for high Zinc levels in polished rice would be very important to combat issues of malnutrition. Zinc being a highly variable trait and influenced by environmental and soil conditions, a multi-location stability analysis was conducted to identify cultivars stable for high grain Zinc with consistency in yield performance. Methods: Present experiment was conducted to study the stability of 22 high zinc rice genotypes in five different locations of Eastern Uttar Pradesh in RCBD with three replications in all the locations and 12 different traits were included in the study. Eberhart and Russell model was used for evaluating the stability of the genotypes. Results: The results reported high significance for all the twelve characters studied. Mean sum of squares due to environment as well as linear component of environment w...

Background: Balanced nutrition is an essential part of human diet and rice being consumed by more than half of the world population, having rice cultivars biofortified for high Zinc levels in polished rice would be very important to combat issues of malnutrition. Zinc being a highly variable trait and influenced by environmental and soil conditions, a multi-location stability analysis was conducted to identify cultivars stable for high grain Zinc with consistency in yield performance. Methods: Present experiment was conducted to study the stability of 22 high zinc rice genotypes in five different locations of Eastern Uttar Pradesh in RCBD with three replications in all the locations and 12 different traits were included in the study. Eberhart and Russell model was used for evaluating the stability of the genotypes. Results: The results reported high significance for all the twelve characters studied. Mean sum of squares due to environment as well as linear component of environment w...

Trend removal is an important problem in most communication systems. Here, we show a proposed algorithm for trend (background) removal from Raman Spectra by merging local variance estimation and cubic spline interpolation methods. We found that Raman spectrum does not need a smoothing process to remove trend from noisy signals. Employing this technique results in more speedy and noiseless systems than other techniques that use wavelet transformation to suppress noise

Dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan antara lain oleh material, peralatan, tenaga kerja, subkontraktor, overhead, dan kondisi umum. Material merupakan komponen biaya utama dalam proyek konstruksi, sehingga manajemen material yang kurang baik dapat mengakibatkan penyimpangan biaya proyek. Pada manajemen material, pembelian material merupakan faktor yang mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap besar kecilnya harga material. Pengendalian biaya proyek terhadap terjadinya penyimpangan biaya yang disebabkan oleh kurang baiknya pembelian material, dapat dilakukan dengan tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab-penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya tersebut. Tujuan penelitian dalam makalah ini adalah mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material dan melakukan rekomendasi tindakan koreksi terhadap penyebab penyimpangan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah dengan melakukan survai terhadap proyek-proyek konstruksi bangunan bertingkat untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab terjadinya penyimpangan biaya pembelian material, serta wawancara kepada para pakar untuk memperoleh rekomendasi tindakan koreksi. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analytical hierarchy process (AHP) dan metode Delphi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tindakan koreksi yang dilakukan terhadap penyimpangan biaya pembelian material merupakan tindakan pencegahan (before process). Kata-kata Kunci : Biaya pembelian material, penyimpangan biaya, tindakan koreksi.

Most of the construction projects suffer from cost and time overruns due to a multiplicity of factors. Earned value management (EVM) is a project performance evaluation technique that has origins in industrial engineering, but which has been adapted for application in project management. The earned value analysis gives early indications of project performance to highlight the need for eventual corrective action. This study is to present and discuss the main parameters involved in the calculation of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in the cost management of civil construction projects.

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Corresponding author’s email: mak9129@yahoo.com Abstract An experiment entitled “genetic variability in rice populations at Mingora Swat” was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Mingora Swat during rice growing season 2015 in randomize complete block (RCB) design with three replications. A set of six rice lines in comparison with check cultivar were evaluated to study the genetic variability among rice genotypes. Data were recorded for days to 50% flowering, days to 50% maturity, plant height, tillers per plant, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) for most of the traits. The least days to flowering were recorded in line Japonica while maximum days were...

This paper presents development of the earned value concept regarding forecasting project duration time. On the basis of the calculations carried out for an implemented investment project, consisting of development of the sanitary sewage and municipal water supply system, individual methods and their assumptions were presented and discussed.

Genetic variability and heterosis was studied for the characters of no. of effective tiller, no. of ineffective tiller, initial flowering, no. of filled grain/panicle and no. of unfilled grain/panicle for six newly developed hybrids. In this study high heritability with high genetic advance (GA) was found for the character of initial flowering, no. of effective tiller/hill and no. of filled grain/panicle. Therefore considerable scope for improvement of rice exists by selecting of those characters. In case of hybrids the cross RGBU010 A X LP70 R, RGBU012 A X LP70 R, and RGBU013 A X Gold R were found promising for developing improved rice variety as they shown vigor for yield contributing character including initial flowering, no. of effective tiller/hill and no. of filled grain/panicle. [Md. Saikat Hossain Bhuiyan, Nasrin Akter Ivy, Hossain Kausar, Sheikh Hasna Habib and Mohd Razi Ismail. Study of Genetic Variability and Heterosis of Selected F1 Rice. Life Sci J 2014;11(12):74-77]. (...

Rice is a versatile crop globally, though it has relatively short history of production and research in Ethiopia. Hence, genetic improvement is highly important to increase the production and productivity of the crop, which needs understanding of traits association. The study was conducted during 2017/2018 main cropping season at Fogera, Ethiopia, to determine the magnitude of association of yield and yield attributed traits in 30 lowland rice genotypes. The experiment was laid out using randomized block design with three replications. Data were collected for 17 agronomic characters and significant differences were found among the genotypes for all studied characters. Grain yield ha-1 had positive and highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations with filled grains panicle-1 , panicle weight, biomass yield and harvest index, but it had negative genotypic and phenotypic correlation with unfilled grains panicle-1 and thousand-grain weight; only the phenotypic correlations being significant. Biomass yield, harvest index, number of filled grains panicle-1 and panicle plant-1 exerted the highest positive direct effect on grain yield while days to flowering exerted negative direct effect on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. These traits can be used as selection indices to grain yield of lowland rice.

This study presents the effectiveness of scheduling techniques in the success of mechanical construction projects as an essential tool for project planning, implementation, evaluation and control. Improper project resources scheduling leads to time and cost overruns, hence leads to a huge variation. This work focused on scheduled and unscheduled sets of constructed silo tanks. The analyses were based on the combination of scheduling techniques (CPM & Gantt chart) with the aid of Microsoft Project for the scheduled project sets, as these techniques helped in evolving a planned activity resource cost. The corresponding results of the implemented scheduled projects were related to cost per day and their performance evaluated based on earned value analysis. The scheduled and unscheduled project set results were analyzed based on the test of the null hypothesis using F-Test for the equality of variance. Research findings shows that, the combination of scheduling techniques were effective...

The investigation was carried out in fifty elite rice genotypes to understand the association among the yield and yield related components, their direct and indirect effects on the grain yield using correlation and path analysis and the genetic divergence was assessed using multivariate analysis. Significant differences were observed among all the genotypes for the traits studied. High amount of heritability and genetic advance were observed for plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle weight and number of filled grains per panicle. Character association at both genotypic and phenotypic level revealed significant positive association of grain yield per plant with test weight. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of productive tillers had highest direct positive effect on grain yield per plant followed by plant height and panicle length. Principal component analysis showed that a cumulative variance of 45% from PC1 attributed by number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant and days to fifty percent flowering would be beneficial in contributing to the total morphological diversity. The cluster analysis based on euclidean distance and neighbor joining method grouped the genotypes into six clusters. Cluster II constituted maximum number of genotypes (n=15) followed by cluster VI with ten genotypes. Thus the traits which contribute to maximum divergence can be focused in selection and divergent genotypes present in the different clusters can be utilized for further improvement in future breeding programmes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different oat genotypes in order to compare grain yield and some important yield related traits during three consecutive years in the Central Region of Albania. The varieties were differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in grain yield and yield traits. The varieties Torpan, Bendo, Goka produced significantly higher grain yield (5.35, 5.2 and 5.22 t/ha), respectively. High grain yield of Torpan and Bendo was associated with high yield traits. So biomass yield, panicle weight, grain/panicle, and 1000 grain weight of these varieties was 15.99, 3.6, 159.6, 23.8 and 15.95, 3.6, 143.5, 23.5 respectively. It is evident that the highest influence on the grain yield of both varieties was the result of high panicle weight. Meanwhile, high grain yield of Goka variety was the result of high1000 grain weight (25.1 g). Gele Van Timer and Argus varieties produced significantly higher biomass; the first because of the higher plant height (160.4 cm) and the seco...

Most of the construction projects suffer from cost and time overruns due to a multiplicity of factors. Earned value management (EVM) is a project performance evaluation technique that has origins in industrial engineering, but which has been adapted for application in project management. The earned value analysis gives early indications of project performance to highlight the need for eventual corrective action. This study is to present and discuss the main parameters involved in the calculation of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in the cost management of civil construction projects.

Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p &lt; 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supp...

Drought is a major abiotic constraint for growing rain-fed rice in Bangladesh. A total of 175 rice genotypes were evaluated using field-managed screening protocol to identify reproductive phase drought tolerant genotypes at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh. Twelve morpho-physiological characters viz, growth duration, plant height, tiller number per plant, panicle number per plant, panicle length, filled grain number per plant, sterility percentage, filled grain weight per plant, 1000 grain weight (TGW), straw weight per plant, harvest index (HI) and percent yield reduction were recorded. Multivariate analysis was carried out by using software Genstat 5.5 to measure genetic divergence among the rice genotypes. In total 175 genotypes were constellated into ten clusters in which the cluster I exhibited maximum genetic distances from cluster V and the lowest genetic distance was between cluster II and X. Inter-cluster distances were higher than the intra-cluster d...

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate 12 indigenous Joha rice genotypes for different yield characters under inorganic and organic cultures. The materials were characterized during sali season of 2015-16 at the Instruction-cum-Research (ICR), Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Jorhat using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits under both inorganic and organic cultures. Among all the characters, panicle weight, grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield/plant, straw yield/plant and harvest index exhibited moderate to high estimates of the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were recorded under organic and inorganic culture. Also, high estimates of heritability were recorded for days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height, grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight, and harvest inde...

Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p &lt; 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supp...

Project monitoring and control processes are crucial aspects of project management. To perform an appropriate project tracking, Earned Value Analysis (EVA) has to be implemented to help the project managers to measure project performances. A tool to monitor and control the cost, time and work done of a construction project. Furthermore, it also provides an "Early Warning" signal for immediate corrective action. Thereby, in this study, some work items related to a completed real life construction project were evaluated according to the method of Earned Value and the result implies that the analysis can be very useful in project forecasting and decision making relevant to early warnings.

This work aims to study the genetic parameters for yield and yield contributing characters in thirty-two early maturing rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines. The morphological data were analysed by different statistical plant breeding software’s that were reliable and faster in analysis. The line CT 18173-1-9-1-3-6-M had the tallest; IR 82489-594-3-2-2 had the earlier flowering line but BP 10620F-BB4-13-BB8 the early maturing one. The highest effective tillers hill-1 and yield plant-1 was found in BP 10620F-BB4-13-BB8. Number of filled grains panicle-1 and number of unfilled grains panicle-1 exhibited high Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV). Small differences between GCV and PCV were recorded for all the characters studied which indicated less environmental influence. The characters viz., 1000 seed weight and days to maturity exhibited high heritability and number of filled grains panicle-1 measured high genetic advance. The thirty-two lin...

Yield contributing traits in thirty three rice genotypes were studied for variances, heritability, correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) and path coefficient analysis. The highest phenotypic variation (σ2p), was found for No. of grain per panicle and the lowest was observed in 100 grain wt. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for No. of unfilled grains per panicle, No. of grains per panicle and grains yield per hill, indicated that selection of these traits would be effective. The high heritability estimates along with low genetic advance indicates that non-additive type of gene action and genotype-environment interaction plays a significant role in the expression of the traits as observed in days to 50% flowering, No. of tillers per hill days to harvesting and panicle length (cm). No. of grains per panicle with grains yield per hill as well as length showed significant and positive correlation but No. of tillers per hill showed highly significant and negative correlation with days to 50% flowering both at genotypic and phenotypic level. Path coefficient analysis showed that No. of grains per panicle had maximum direct effect on grain yield followed by No. of panicles per hill, and No. of tillers per hill. The lowest direct effect on grain yield was exhibited by No. of unfilled grains (0.0732) followed by plant height, No. of primary branches per panicles, and No. of secondary branches per panicles respectively. Number of grains per panicle had maximum direct effect on grain yield followed by No. of panicles per hill and No. of tillers per hill. The results prescribed that there is a highly significant positive correlation with positive direct effect was observed in No. of grains per panicle, No. of panicles per hill, No. of unfilled grains per panicle, No. of primary branches and No. of secondary branches.

This work aims to study the genetic parameters for yield and yield contributing characters in thirty-two early maturing rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines. The morphological data were analysed by different statistical plant breeding software’s that were reliable and faster in analysis. The line CT 18173-1-9-1-3-6-M had the tallest; IR 82489-594-3-2-2 had the earlier flowering line but BP 10620F-BB4-13-BB8 the early maturing one. The highest effective tillers hill-1 and yield plant-1 was found in BP 10620F-BB4-13-BB8. Number of filled grains panicle-1 and number of unfilled grains panicle-1 exhibited high Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV). Small differences between GCV and PCV were recorded for all the characters studied which indicated less environmental influence. The characters viz., 1000 seed weight and days to maturity exhibited high heritability and number of filled grains panicle-1 measured high genetic advance. The thirty-two lin...

A subset (core set) of the base collection comprising of 160 short duration rice germplasm accessions held by Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur was formed based on twenty-four quantitative characters using the Power Core (v.1.0). Assessment of variability for yield and yield attributes in the core set pointed to the existence of high variability among the genotypes. High variability with respect to plant height, culm length, stem thickness, days to heading, leaf blade length, total tillers per plant, productive tillers per plant, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle, test weight of grain, grain length, grain width, straw yield per plant and grain yield per plant indicated good scope for improvement. The genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic gain estimates were high for all the traits studied, indicating that selection will be rewarding for improvement of these traits.

A subset (core set) of the base collection comprising of 160 short duration rice germplasm accessions held by Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur was formed based on twenty-four quantitative characters using the Power Core (v.1.0). Assessment of variability for yield and yield attributes in the core set pointed to the existence of high variability among the genotypes. High variability with respect to plant height, culm length, stem thickness, days to heading, leaf blade length, total tillers per plant, productive tillers per plant, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, grains per panicle, test weight of grain, grain length, grain width, straw yield per plant and grain yield per plant indicated good scope for improvement. The genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic gain estimates were high for all the traits studied, indicating that selection will be rewarding for improvement of these traits.

The associations among yield-related traits and the pattern of influence on rice grain yield were investigated. This evaluation is important to determine the direct and indirect effects of various traits on yield to determine selection criteria for higher grain yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated under tropical condition at five locations in two planting seasons. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications across the locations. Data were collected on vegetative and yield components traits. The pooled data based on the analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences (p&lt;0.001) among the fifteen genotypes for all the characters studied except for panicle length and 100-grain weight. Highly significant and positive correlations at phenotypic level were observed in grain weight per hill (0.796), filled grains per panicle (0.702), panicles per hill (0.632), and tillers per hill (0.712) with yield per hectare, ...