Cost Reduction and Profitability

Mushroom is the most popular delicious, nutritious and medicinal vegetable in the world. Now it is considered as the most promising concept for crop diversification. It has been regarded as an effective means for poverty alleviation in less developed countries due to its potential for a quick, high return of profit on a small investment. Bangladesh is one of the most suitable countries in the world for Mushroom cultivation due to its favorable climate, cheap raw materials and labor cost and high market price. It is such an income generating concept that can alleviate poverty and eradicate malnutrition. It can also create employment opportunities for landless beggar, educated and uneducated youth, person with disabilities and adolescent men and women respectively. The primary objective of the study is to alleviate poverty, unemployment and malnutrition through cultivating and selling mushroom. The study is analytical and theoretical in nature and based on the secondary data. However, personal interview has been conducted to the mushroom farmers to depict the cost and profitability of Mushroom cultivation. The study finds that Mushroom cultivation can open a new opportunity for landless and unemployed people as it does not require any cultivable land and can be grown in a room by racking vertically. One can earn nearly TK 4-5 thousands a month by investing only TK 10-15 thousands. So, it is possible to make a handsome profit by investing a small amount of capital and labor in Mushroom cultivation.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Buçalışmada, alaşımlıçeliküretiminde Türkiye'deönemli bir yere sahip olan bir firmada kullanılan elektrik ark fırınında gerçekleştirilen bir cins sıvı karbonçeligiüretimi için termodinamigin birinci yasası esas alınarak geliştirilen bilgisayar programı yardımıyla enerji analizi yapılmış ve bu analizin sonuçları verilmiştir.

Simulations of bitumen recovery using solvent-and water-assisted electrical heating of oil sands are presented to evaluate the process and to study gas generation. Aquathermolysis and thermal cracking and dissolution of acid-gases in water are included. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is also simulated for comparison. Results show that gas generation negatively impacts SAGD. However, in electrical heating dissolution of gases into solvent weakens their negative impact. Results indicate that SAGD generates a larger gas volume than electrical heating. In both processes, methane is found to be the major species in the produced gas and H 2 S concentration can reach high values. While the effect of acid-gas solubility in water on oil recovery is not evident its effect on generated gas volume is significant. Simulation results demonstrate that electrical heating is more energy efficient than SAGD. These results find application in design of experiments and pilot and field-scale implementation of the process.

It is feasible to have the portals and first 1.5Km of tunnelled drives for Up and Down starts at 25m centre to centre spacings and then the tunnels can separate further to over 50m between elevations so both tunnels can continue to their higher and lower levels of the spiral stacks as in Image 1.

The elevation cross section in Image 1a is for two rolled out traces with one colour in Image 1a being for the West to East tunnelled section of a spiral and the other colour being for the East to West tunnelled section . The dashed sections indicate the remaining spiralling tunnelled sections for the full distance of each spiral from its access point to end of that tunnelled spiral stack.

This approach saves the footprint for the Upward and Basement stacks needing to be two multiple Portal Sites and only one Portal Site and corridor is required.  This reduces the total footprint required.

This concept for  the GDF being located in a Fell location with above and below sea level tunnels has been designed by reducing the TBM portal separation distance.  One corridor and one work site are sufficient, instead of requiring to be two work sites.
The ends of the access tunnels are driven into the igneous bedrock to where the spiral tunnels start and their alignments can be spread apart rather rather than focussed into one narrow entry point, this reduces the over stressing at a concentrated entry location for each of the  three zones of three HLW and four SF and four or five ILW stacked spiral tunnels.  This same spreading of tunnels before the spiral can be applied for both for Up and for Basement stacks.  The one access tunnels corridor and portal arrangements will be a more efficient configuration for construction.

Major Environmental, Social, Geopolitics, Spatial and Structural Challenges faced by the Mining Industries are preventing the " Metal-centric and Mineral-centric Economy " from bearing all the fruits expected. In fact, the above mentioned challenges have made it easier for the Mining Industry to be :
- One of the Top Waste Generators Industry of the World.
- One of the Most Unsafe Industry of the World.
- One of the Industry with a ‘ Relative High Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint and Resource Footprint.
Regarding the Carbon Footprint, McKinsey (2020) found that the Mining Industry is currently responsible for 4 to 7 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. The Scope 1 and Scope 2 CO2 emissions from the sector (those incurred through mining operations and power consumption, respectively) amount to 1 percent, and fugitive-methane emissions from coal mining are estimated at 3 to 6 percent.
Since then, it became relevant to focus on the Input-Output Analysis regarding the Carbon Footprint of the Mining Industry. In fact, the World Population Review considers coal as the ‘ dirtiest’ fossil fuels as it is known to emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases and other pollutants when burned. The burning of coal in power plants accounts for 30 % of global warming, and while countries pledged to reduce their coal consumption during the COP 26 summit held in the UK, there is still work to do .
However, WEF (2022) found that steel is the largest emitting manufacturing sector, generating 7 % of all man-made emissions. More than 85 % of its energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Moreover, not only the whole sector is one of the Top emitter of the world but also its Top MNCs are also among the Top polluters of the world.
This sad performance is mainly due to the three ' Corrosive Environments ' in which the Mining operations take place.
Unfortunately, the existence of the ' Three Corrosive-intensive Environments ' on the one hand and the relative high Carbon Footprint of the Mining Industry on the second hand put its employees and the whole world at a greater risk Urban-related Diseases including Chronic Diseases, Obesity, Suicide, Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders and Addictions that are the major driving causes of mortality in the U.S. and Worldwide.
Since then, Vaz et al. (2022) have concluded that the mineralogical and chemical composition, as well as mass and surface area of dust particles have direct impacts on health. 
However, the ecological challenge of the Mining Industry is not limited to the relative high Carbon Footprint only. In fact, it also has a relative high Water Footprint. In fact, while focusing on the ' Water Footprint' of the lithium extraction and production,  Investing News Network (2023) found that lithium brine extraction requires a lot of water for the evaporation process, but it's hard to understand the scope without numbers. It's estimated that approximately 2.2 million liters of water are required to produce 1 MT of lithium, and that can sometimes mean diverting water from communities that are experincing drought conditions. 
Since then, it becomes evident that the relative high Water Footprint of the Mining Industry could amplify the water-stress of local communities that are already facing significant water deficit.
Thirdly, while the Mining Industry is one of the most waste generators sector, its Resource Footprint continues to be also one of the highest of the world. In fact, Wu, Jiansheng et al. (2021) found that coal mining play a fundamental role in promoting economic and social progress. However, intensive mining operations have brought enormous ecological risks, such as landform destruction, vegetation degradation and biodiversity loss. Moreover, a 2019 report of Mining Industry (2023) estimated that the world’s 3,500 large-scale mining operations produce over 100 billion tonnes of solid waste per year. The ratio of useful materials to waste minerals is staggering ; waste mass can be several times that of  base metals, and can be millions of times that of rare elements such as gold.
Since then, a mix of a relative high Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint and Resource Footprint has made it easier for the Mining Industry to have one of the highest Ecological Footprint (EF) of the world.
By so doing, James Michael Walker (2024) has found that nations that continue to concentrate significant mining activities are now among the Top Waste Generators of the World with a relative high EF.
That has been the case for some European's Eastern and Central Countries and many countries in the developing world. Furthermore, having a relative high EF on the one hand and the relative difficult working conditions on the second hand have also made it easier for Mining Industry to be one of the unsafe industry of the world. In fact, Jamie Borley (2022) found that whether it’s open-pit or underground, mining is a risky business in terms of the health and safety of employees. The extractive industries have always been this way. The risks haven’t changed a great deal over the decades and aren’t likely to change over the long term. Moreover, Vera Solovyyova (2022) found that mining is one of the most hazardous industries to work in. It’s prone to unpredictable emergencies almost every hour. For example, teams often need to physically extract some types of minerals. With this comes a risk of injury due to falling debris.
Empirically, in the US, studies found that in 2010 , there were 71 fatalities from mine-related work accidents.
Fortunately, this number is in decline as it has been reduced by half since then ( 2010).

Key Words :  Major Environmental, Social, Geopolitics, Spatial and Structural Challenges of the Mining Industry;  Metal-centric and Mineral-centric Economy; Top Waste Generators Industry; Most Unsafe Industry; Ecological Footpring (EF); Carbon Footprint; Water Footprint; Resource Footprint; Urban-related Diseases; Corrosion Management System (CMS); Water-stress Hotspots; Unsafe Industry.

Pulverize kömür (PC), metalurjik kok kömürü ile birlikte yüksek fırına şarj edilmekte ancak tamamı ile metalurjik kok kömürü yerine kullanılamamaktadır. Metalurjik kok kömürü yüksek fırın içinde sadece yakıt olarak değil, aynı zamanda fırının gaz geçirgenliğini düzenleme, demir cevheri ve flaks malzemelerinin fırın içinde düzgün dağılmasını sağlama ve termal stresleri azaltma gibi işlevleri de yerine getirmektedir. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyon (PCI) sisteminin de yüksek fırına, pozitif ve negatif bazı etkileri vardır. Olumsuz etkileri yok etmek veya en az seviyeye indirmek, olumlu etkilerinden de en iyi şekilde yararlanmak gerekmektedir. PCI'unun yüksek verimle kullanabilmesi, yüksek fırındaki tüm parametrelerin optimizasyonunun sağlanması ile mümkündür. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyonu süresince optimize edilmesi gereken tüm faktörlerin ve proses parametrelerinin optimum bir değer aralığında olması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bir entegre demir çelik fabrikasında yakıt olarak PCI kullanımından önce ve sonra elde edilen kalite değerlerinin yüksek fırın performansına etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Pulverize kömür (PC), metalurjik kok kömürü ile birlikte yüksek fırına şarj edilmekte ancak tamamı ile metalurjik kok kömürü yerine kullanılamamaktadır. Metalurjik kok kömürü yüksek fırın içinde sadece yakıt olarak değil, aynı zamanda fırının gaz geçirgenliğini düzenleme, demir cevheri ve flaks malzemelerinin fırın içinde düzgün dağılmasını sağlama ve termal stresleri azaltma gibi işlevleri de yerine getirmektedir. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyon (PCI) sisteminin de yüksek fırına, pozitif ve negatif bazı etkileri vardır. Olumsuz etkileri yok etmek veya en az seviyeye indirmek, olumlu etkilerinden de en iyi şekilde yararlanmak gerekmektedir. PCI'unun yüksek verimle kullanabilmesi, yüksek fırındaki tüm parametrelerin optimizasyonunun sağlanması ile mümkündür. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyonu süresince optimize edilmesi gereken tüm faktörlerin ve proses parametrelerinin optimum bir değer aralığında olması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bir entegre demir çelik fabrikasında yakıt olarak PCI kullanımından önce ve sonra elde edilen kalite değerlerinin yüksek fırın performansına etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Buçalışmada, alaşımlıçeliküretiminde Türkiye'deönemli bir yere sahip olan bir firmada kullanılan elektrik ark fırınında gerçekleştirilen bir cins sıvı karbonçeligiüretimi için termodinamigin birinci yasası esas alınarak geliştirilen bilgisayar programı yardımıyla enerji analizi yapılmış ve bu analizin sonuçları verilmiştir.

Ortadoğu’da enerji santralleri, elektrik üretiminde kesintiyi önlemek için ağır
akaryakıt (HFO) veya mazot gibi sıvı yakıtlar kullanmaktadır. HSFO'da kükürt
bileşiklerinin oranının yüksek olması ve uzaklaştırılmasına yönelik çalışmaların
yapılmaması çevreye ciddi zararlar vermektedir.
Küresel kirletici emisyon standartlarını karşılayan çevre dostu yakıtların
üretimi günümüz dünyasında büyük önem taşımaktadır. İran'ın enerji santralleri
genellikle yılın çoğu gününde doğal gaz kullanarak elektrik üretmekte ancak kış
aylarında, kentsel gaz arzının önceliği dikkate alındığında, enerji santrallerinde
sıvı yakıt tüketimi artmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu durum santral kirlilik oranı
artırmaktadır (Ameri vd., 2018). Enerji santrallerinde mazot olarak da adlandırılan benzin ve ağır yakıt (HSFO) tüketimi, özellikle soğuk mevsimlerde sıcaklığın ters dönmesi olgusuna neden olmakta ve bu da hava kirliliği üzerinde önemli bir etkiyi ortaya koymaktadır (Kouravand vd., 2018). İran Yenilenebilir Enerji Kurumu Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü'ne göre İran, kendi gücünde 67 milyar metreküp
doğalgaz, 10 milyar metreküp motorin ve 5,7 milyar metreküp HSFO tüketimi
gerçekleştirmiştir (Ebrahimi vd., 2019). Görüldüğü üzere, gemilerde %0,5'ten
fazla kükürt bileşeni içeren HSFO tüketiminin kısıtlanması ve bu yakıtın
ihracatının zorluğu nedeniyle 2019 yılında HSFO tüketim miktarı 2018 yılına
göre %63 oranında artış göstermiştir (Khosravi-Nikou vd., 2020). Dolayısıyla
özellikle İran'da bu yakıtın tek tüketicisi çimento fabrikaları ve enerji
santralleridir. 2019 yılında 13 buhar çevrimli enerji santrali yakıt olarak HSFO
tüketmiştir. Bu santrallerde üretilen elektriğin yaklaşık %29'u HSFO tüketiminden
kaynaklanmaktadır. Hava Kalitesi Kontrol Şirketi istatistiklerine bakıldığında,
enerji santrallerinin gaz kirliliği ve partikül madde üretimindeki payının 2018 ve
2019 yıllarında sırasıyla %5 ve %12 olduğu tahmin edilmektedir (Shirzad vd.,
2019). Şekil 2'de buhar çevrimli enerji santrallerinin HSFO tüketimi nedeniyle
yayılan SOx miktarları ve 2009-2019 yılları arasında üretilen enerji miktarı
gösterilmektedir (Jafari vd., 2019). Egzoz emisyonlarını azaltmanın en basit yolu, yakıttaki kükürt bileşiklerinin yüzdesini izlemek ve bunları enerji santrallerinde kullanılmadan önce rafine edip uzaklaştırmaktır (Rashidi vd., 2015). Daha ağır petrol kesintilerinin varlığının kükürt bileşiklerinin artışının nedeni olduğu unutulmamalıdır; dolayısıyla seperation prosesi daha karmaşık ve maliyetlidir (Javadli vd., 2012). Ayrıca
kaynama noktası arttıkça kükürtlü bileşikler daha dirençli hale gelmektedir (Ghasemzadeh vd., 2016). Nafta ve kerosen gibi hafif yakıtlar çoğu kükürt bileşiği olan tiyolleri ve sülfürleri içerir, ancak vakumlu gaz yağı, artık yağ veya HSFO gibi daha ağır
petrol fraksiyonlarında kükürt bileşikleri benzotiyofenlerdir (Marafi vd., 2019).
Genel olarak tiyoller ve sülfürler gibi bileşiklerin kükürtten arındırılması, benzotiyofenler gibi aromatik kükürt bileşiklerinden çok daha basittir. Sıvı yakıtlardan kükürt bileşiklerinin uzaklaştırılması için hidrodesülfürizasyon (HDS), ekstraktif kükürt giderme, absorpsiyonlu kükürt giderme, oksidatif kükürt giderme (ODS), biyodesülfürizasyon ve süperkritik su ile kükürt giderme dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yöntemler önerilmiştir (Hosseini vd., 2017). Uygun yöntemin seçilmesinin, petrol fraksiyonlarının hafifliğine veya ağırlığına ve ayrıca kükürt bileşiklerinin miktarına ve türüne bağlı olduğunu unutulmamalıdır (Aramkitphotha vd., 2019). Ham petrol söz konusu olduğunda ekstraktif ve absorpsiyonlu kükürt giderme yöntemlerinin yanı sıra biyokükürt giderme yöntemleri de bileşiklerin büyük molekülleri, yüksek viskozitesi ve karmaşıklığı nedeniyle uygulanamaz (Pouladi 2019). Genel olarak ham petrollerin kükürtten arındırılması için en uygun yöntemler HDS ve ODS'dir (Rajendran vd., 2020). Bu yöntemlerin her birinin avantaj ve dezavantajları vardır. Bu alandaki son gelişmelere rağmen HDS hala en yaygın endüstriyel yöntemdir (Treusch vd., 2020). Bu çalışma tasarım ve ekonomik açıdan bir simülasyon sunmaktadır.

Oil sand is a mixture of sand, clay, water, bitumen and other minerals. Production of transportation fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc. from the oil sands reserved in deep underground reservoirs require external stimulant to lower the viscosity of bitumen. The established thermal extraction techniques like steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) are energy-and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensive. Among several new Preface This thesis is an original work by Mohammad Ikthair Hossain Soiket under the supervision of Dr. Amit Kumar. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a version of paper prepared for submission to a peerreviewed journal for publication as Soiket, M.I.H., Oni, A.O., and Kumar, A., "The development of a process simulation model for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of a vapor solvent-based oil sands extraction and recovery process". Chapter 3 of this thesis is a version of paper prepared for submission to a peer-reviewed journal for publication as Soiket, M.I.H., Oni, A.O., and Kumar, A., "Estimation of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of upgrading and refining bitumen produced by solvent extraction process". Since this thesis is a paper-based thesis, the readers are expected to find some repetitions in text. I was responsible for the concept formulation, data collection, model development and validation, and manuscript composition. A.O. Oni contributed by assisting in model development, reviewing the results, and formatting the manuscripts. A. Kumar was the supervisory author and was involved with concept formation, evaluation, assessment of results, and manuscript composition. v I would like to acknowledge the NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering and the Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair in Environmental Engineering for providing financial support for this project. I am grateful to the representatives from Cenovus Energy Inc., Suncor Energy Inc., and Alberta Innovates (AI) for their inputs and comments during the course of this program. I am grateful to many individuals for their company and support throughout the short, mostly fun, sometimes frustrating, but rewarding journey of graduate school at the University of Alberta! I am deeply thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Amit Kumar. Thank you Dr. Kumar for introducing me to the research idea and for setting a fantastic example for how to use academic excellence and freedom to spot and tackle energy and environmental problems that really matter in making the world a better living place. I deeply thank Dr. Kumar for continuously pushing me, throwing challenges at me, and taking a chance on me at the first place.

Reservoir Model Description Simulations of a SAGD well pair were performed using a homogeneous, two-dimensional model of a vertical cross section perpendicular to the wells. Figure 1 shows the layout of the 100 m by 1 m by 20 m model made of 1 m cubes. Reservoir values typical to the MacKay River McMurray Formation were used and are listed in Table 1. The horizontal

The diversification of Canadian oil sands and natural gas markets is imperative for their longterm economic growth. In order to ensure a competitive spot in the natural gas and oil global market, it is considerably important for Canada to supply its natural gas and oil at a competitive price with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Earlier studies on techno-economic and life cycle assessment modeling of the supply chain costs and environmental risks associated in the delivery of Canadian liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil sands products mostly focus on exports to the U.S. This study addresses key gaps by conducting techno-economic and life cycle assessments (LCA) of the Canadian oil sands and LNG supply chains to Asia-Pacific and Western Europe, respectively. This study conducts a comparative cost analysis of potential pathways for Canadian oil sands products (synthetic crude oil and diluted bitumen) and the LNG supply chain to seaport destinations in the Asia-Pacific and Western Europe, respectively, and develops comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) models to understand the GHG emissions associated with the respective supply chain. The total supply chain costs and life cycle GHG emissions of Canadian oil sands and the LNG supply chain from the production site to the Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, and India) and Europe, respectively, through the development of data-intensive technoeconomic and life cycle analysis models. For Canadian oil sands, four pathways (two for synthetic crude oil (SCO) and two for dilbit) were considered for production (SAGD), transportation (SAGD-upgrader-port in Vancouver), upgrading, and shipping, and Canadian LNG includes two supply chain routes, one from the west coast and the other via the east coast of Canada, from recovery, processing, transmission, liquefaction, and shipping. The results show that the supply chain costs (C$) per barrel of bitumen to China, Japan, and India ranged from 61-87, 60-86, and 62-90. The cost for LNG exports to Europe is in the range of $11.40-$16.50/GJ, respectively, depending on the pathway. Overall supply chain costs of dilbit and iii SCO are influenced most by production and upgrading costs. From the sensitivity analysis, it is observed that production and upgrading costs are mostly influenced by capital cost, while pipeline lifetime and capacity highly impact transportation (pipeline) and shipping costs, respectively. It is found that life cycle (LC) well-to-wheel (WTW) GHG emissions for gasoline, diesel and jet fuel are from 102.5-132.8, 96.08-128.5, and 91.9-124.6 g-CO2eq/MJ, respectively. The total well-to-port (WTP) GHG emissions (including emissions from recovery, processing, transportation, liquefaction, shipping, and re-gasification at the destination port) from the Canadian production site to Europe are 22.9-42.1 g-CO 2 eq/MJ, depending on the resources and pathway followed. It is also observed that the LC WTW GHG emissions from Canadian oil sands products are higher than from Saudi Arabian crude with 94.6, 91.7, and 83.3 g-CO 2 eq/MJ for gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, respectively. This difference is largely because of the inclusion of an upgrader unit in the Canadian oil sands energy conversion chain, which significantly increases overall LC emissions. Irrespective of the pathway, the overall emissions can be reduced if the extraction technology is improved such that products require partial or no upgrading before being refined. The costs and GHG emissions values reported in the literature on the delivery of natural gas from countries like Russia, Algeria, Norway, and Qatar were lower than the Canadian LNG supply chain. Therefore, finding alternative sources of natural gas in Eastern Canada might provide the lowest cost and least GHG-intensive alternative to Canadian LNG. Preface This thesis is original work by Krishna Sapkota under the supervision of Dr. Amit Kumar. Chapter 2 of this thesis has been submitted as Sapkota K., Oni O. A., Kumar A.,-Technoeconomic assessment of the extraction, transportation, upgrading, and shipping of Canadian oil sands products to the Asia-Pacific region‖ to Applied Energy. Chapter 3 has been submitted as Sapkota K., Oni O. A., Kumar A.,-A well-to-wheel life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian oil sands supply chain for transportation fuels in China‖ to International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Chapter 4 has been submitted as Sapkota K., Oni O. A., Kumar A.,-Techno-economic and life cycle assessment of the natural gas supply chain from production sites in Canada to north and southwest Europe‖ to Natural Gas Science and Engineering by Elsevier. I was responsible for the concept formulation, data analysis, model improvement, and manuscript composition. Dr. O. A. Oni contributed by reviewing the papers and providing useful inputs. Dr. A. Kumar was the supervisory author and was involved with the concept formation, results analysis, and manuscript composition. v Firstly, to my supervisor, Prof. Amit Kumar, thank you for providing endless guidance and support throughout my academic year. Your mentorship, encouragement, and advice have always inspired me and provided me enough space to think, allowed my personal and professional growth, and undoubtedly enriched my intellectual ability. It has been a privilege being part of your team. Your energy levels and commanding presence have made a lasting impression on me as a student and I feel lucky to have had the opportunity to work with you. This thesis would not have been possible without your consistent support. I would like to thank the Sino-Canadian Energy and Environment Research and Education Initiative (SCENEREI), Tsinghua University (China), the NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering, and the Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair in Environmental Engineering for their financial support for this project. My warmest thanks go to representatives from Alberta Innovates (AI), Cenovus Energy Inc., and Suncor Energy Inc. for their inputs in various forms. It is my great pleasure to thank Dr. Abayomi Olufemi Oni for reviewing all of my research papers and my thesis and providing me valuable suggestions. I really appreciate him for being accessible and willing to help whenever I needed. I thank my examining committee for critical judgments of my thesis and providing thoughtful and detailed comments. I thank Astrid Blodgett and Dr. Mahdi Vaezi for editorial assistance for all the papers. My most appreciation to Dr. Andre McDonald for your heat conduction course and the knowledge and ideas you shared. To Richard Groulx and Gail Dowler, many thanks for your support and being accessible whenever needed. I wholeheartedly thank to the organization that I had the privilege of being part of it. To the Nepal Scholars' Association University of Alberta, particularly Keshab Sharma and Khagendra Belbase, I am highly indebted for the invaluable supports and friendly environments endowed on me. To the University of Alberta Energy Club team, special appreciation and thanks for their active involvements and supports to make every event successful and enriching my experiences to help grow my leadership skills. To Umar Shafique, Aaron Liu, Ermin Chow, Edson Nogueira Junior, Thomas Roberts, and Huachao Li Fernando, thanks to all of you for bringing the interactive ideas and supports, whenever needed, to make the events more effective and outreaching to a larger audience, more importantly grooming my professional skills. vi I acknowledge the support from my colleagues in the Sustainable Energy Research Lab for providing advice, moral support, good memories, and making a convivial place to work. In particular, I would like to thank Madhumita Patel for her friendship, suggestions, and creative interactions. Very special thanks to my friends Luiz Fernando and Andres Camacho who always believed in me and encouraged me. It was a great pleasure for me to share rooms, drinks, dinner, and organize parties together. It was one of the best memories of my life. I am eternally grateful to my mom for all the wisdom she has given me. I express my deepest gratitude to my family and relatives for their unconditional love, support, and encouragement and making it possible for me to get my MSc degree. Above all, I would like to thank God for providing me good health, power to believe in my passion, and making me able to use my intellect to complete this thesis. vii

Development of techno-economic models to estimate the delivery costs of dilbit/SCO. • Four pathways of Canadian oil sands products are compared. • Shipping costs of seven scenarios are evaluated. • Sensitivity of key parameters on each stage of operation costs is evaluated.

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Comparison of magnesiothermic and aluminothermic methods in metallothermic FeMn production and thermodynamic modeling of reduction systems I. GİRİŞ Metalürji endüstrisinde, ferroalaşımlar, refrakterler ve antioksidanlar gibi oksijensiz bileşik içeren birçok malzeme kullanılmaktadır. Ferromanganez bu alaşımlardan biri olup; %78 oranında manganez içerir ve demirçelik sanayinde kullanılır. Manganez elementi; demir bazlı alaşımlarda sertlik, tokluk, aşınma direnci ve

Ülkemizin gelişen ve üreten sektörü olan demir-çelik sanayii, meydana getirdiği atık miktarı ile de büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Cevher ve hurda metalden üretim gerçekleştiren demir-çelik sektörü, hammadde türüne göre entegre ve elektrik ark ocaklı demir-çelik tesisi olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Demir-çelik tesislerinden kaynaklanan katı atıkların birçok alanda geri dönüşümü sağlanabilmekte ve ekonomiye katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, elektrik ark ocağı ile üretim yapan bir demir-çelik tesisinin Mevcut En İyi Teknikler (MET) kapsamında değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ülkemizdeki elektrik ark ocaklı tesislerden biri olan Baştuğ Metalurji San. A.Ş. demir-çelik tesisinin çelikhane ünitesi MET kapsamında incelenmiştir. İşletmenin çelikhane bölümünde yapılan incelemelerde mevcut durumun, MET Referans Dokümanı (BREF) ile büyük oranda uyumlu olduğu ve Entegre Kirlilik Önleme ve Kontrol Direktifi'nin gereklerini karşıladığı tespit edilmiştir.

TEZ6848Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2008.Kaynakça (s.60-62) var.ix, 63 s. : rnk.res. ; 29 cm.In this study investigations of the impact of pulvarized coal injection on blast furnace operations are made. Researches are made by comparing the conditions of İSDEMİR blast furnace no: 1 with PCI and without PCI. After experimental results in İSDEMİR Blast Furnace No: 1, it was seen that the furnace yield increased from 1,75 m3/ton-metal to 2,00 m3/ton-metal, sulphur in pig iron was decreased from 0.085% to 0,065% and the pig iron production increased from 2500 tons/day to 2750 tons/day.Bu çalışmanın amacı pulvarize kömür enjeksiyonu kullanımının yüksek fırın çalışmasına etkilerini incelemektir. İncelemeler yapılırken İSDEMİR A.Ş. Yüksek Fırın No:1'de PCI kullanılmadan önceki proses şartları ile PCI kullanılmaya başlandıktan sonraki proses şartları karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda İSDEMİR A.Ş. Yüksek Fırın No:1' de pulvarize kömür enjeksiyon...

Indonesia will yield about 862.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2020. This reaction has resulted in Indonesia producing relatively large greenhouse gas emissions, or about 965.3 MtCO2, or the equivalent of 2% of global emissions. Most of the emissions generated are from the energy sector. ACR or Advanced CANDU Reactor exists as a solution to this problem. ACR is one of the products that resulted from the development of the CANDU reactor. This tool initially worked as a natural uranium-fueled nuclear power plant. Currently, ACR can be used in the oil and gas industry using the SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) method. The SAGD process generally produces 86% water, which can be reused during the next SAGD process. So far, the ACR used in Canada has reduced about 1,000 Mt/CO2 cumulatively and continues to avoid emissions of about 100 Mt/y. Several locations provide the opportunity to apply this SAGD technique using ACR technology, one of which is Buton Island, located in Southeast Sulawesi. Buton Island is the largest asphalt producer in Indonesia and this technology is very suitable to be applied in the production of high viscosity oils such as asphalt. With this paper, it is hoped that it can open the views of experts in the energy sector as one of the solutions to environmental problems that are being faced by Indonesia.

Expansion development of upgrading plants is an important decision to make for the oil sands industry. In this paper, we propose a multistage stochastic expansion development method to tackle uncertain synthetic crude oil (SCO) and CO 2 tax prices. The linear decision rule based technique is applied to solve the proposed stochastic optimization model. Various analyses are conducted based on optimization results: (i) effects of the uncertainty set size, (ii) comparison of solutions for selected pessimistic, realistic, and optimistic scenarios, (iii) effects of different operating modes for an upgrading plant, and (iv) cost distribution. Results of this work demonstrate that the stochastic model provides a more flexible, economical, and robust solution compared to the deterministic solution. In addition, the CO 2 tax price affects the optimal solution negligibly compared to the SCO price. Finally, expansion development of the studied upgrading plant is economically beneficial even at the current market state.

Mushroom is the most popular delicious, nutritious and medicinal vegetable in the world. Now it is considered as the most promising concept for crop diversification. It has been regarded as an effective means for poverty alleviation in less developed countries due to its potential for a quick, high return of profit on a small investment. Bangladesh is one of the most suitable countries in the world for Mushroom cultivation due to its favorable climate, cheap raw materials and labor cost and high market price. It is such an income generating concept that can alleviate poverty and eradicate malnutrition. It can also create employment opportunities for landless beggar, educated and uneducated youth, person with disabilities and adolescent men and women respectively. The primary objective of the study is to alleviate poverty, unemployment and malnutrition through cultivating and selling mushroom. The study is analytical and theoretical in nature and based on the secondary data. However, personal interview has been conducted to the mushroom farmers to depict the cost and profitability of Mushroom cultivation. The study finds that Mushroom cultivation can open a new opportunity for landless and unemployed people as it does not require any cultivable land and can be grown in a room by racking vertically. One can earn nearly TK 4-5 thousands a month by investing only TK 10-15 thousands. So, it is possible to make a handsome profit by investing a small amount of capital and labor in Mushroom cultivation.

Buçalışmada, alaşımlıçeliküretiminde Türkiye'deönemli bir yere sahip olan bir firmada kullanılan elektrik ark fırınında gerçekleştirilen bir cins sıvı karbonçeligiüretimi için termodinamigin birinci yasası esas alınarak geliştirilen bilgisayar programı yardımıyla enerji analizi yapılmış ve bu analizin sonuçları verilmiştir.

Mushroom is the most popular delicious, nutritious and medicinal vegetable in the world. Now it is considered as the most promising concept for crop diversification. It has been regarded as an effective means for poverty alleviation in less developed countries due to its potential for a quick, high return of profit on a small investment. Bangladesh is one of the most suitable countries in the world for Mushroom cultivation due to its favorable climate, cheap raw materials and labor cost and high market price. It is such an income generating concept that can alleviate poverty and eradicate malnutrition. It can also create employment opportunities for landless beggar, educated and uneducated youth, person with disabilities and adolescent men and women respectively. The primary objective of the study is to alleviate poverty, unemployment and malnutrition through cultivating and selling mushroom. The study is analytical and theoretical in nature and based on the secondary data. However, personal interview has been conducted to the mushroom farmers to depict the cost and profitability of Mushroom cultivation. The study finds that Mushroom cultivation can open a new opportunity for landless and unemployed people as it does not require any cultivable land and can be grown in a room by racking vertically. One can earn nearly TK 4-5 thousands a month by investing only TK 10-15 thousands. So, it is possible to make a handsome profit by investing a small amount of capital and labor in Mushroom cultivation.

Mushroom is the most popular delicious, nutritious and medicinal vegetable in the world. Now it is considered as the most promising concept for crop diversification. It has been regarded as an effective means for poverty alleviation in less developed countries due to its potential for a quick, high return of profit on a small investment. Bangladesh is one of the most suitable countries in the world for Mushroom cultivation due to its favorable climate, cheap raw materials and labor cost and high market price. It is such an income generating concept that can alleviate poverty and eradicate malnutrition. It can also create employment opportunities for landless beggar, educated and uneducated youth, person with disabilities and adolescent men and women respectively. The primary objective of the study is to alleviate poverty, unemployment and malnutrition through cultivating and selling mushroom. The study is analytical and theoretical in nature and based on the secondary data. However, personal interview has been conducted to the mushroom farmers to depict the cost and profitability of Mushroom cultivation. The study finds that Mushroom cultivation can open a new opportunity for landless and unemployed people as it does not require any cultivable land and can be grown in a room by racking vertically. One can earn nearly TK 4-5 thousands a month by investing only TK 10-15 thousands. So, it is possible to make a handsome profit by investing a small amount of capital and labor in Mushroom cultivation.

Pulverize kömür (PC), metalurjik kok kömürü ile birlikte yüksek fırına şarj edilmekte ancak tamamı ile metalurjik kok kömürü yerine kullanılamamaktadır. Metalurjik kok kömürü yüksek fırın içinde sadece yakıt olarak değil, aynı zamanda fırının gaz geçirgenliğini düzenleme, demir cevheri ve flaks malzemelerinin fırın içinde düzgün dağılmasını sağlama ve termal stresleri azaltma gibi işlevleri de yerine getirmektedir. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyon (PCI) sisteminin de yüksek fırına, pozitif ve negatif bazı etkileri vardır. Olumsuz etkileri yok etmek veya en az seviyeye indirmek, olumlu etkilerinden de en iyi şekilde yararlanmak gerekmektedir. PCI'unun yüksek verimle kullanabilmesi, yüksek fırındaki tüm parametrelerin optimizasyonunun sağlanması ile mümkündür. Pulverize kömür enjeksiyonu süresince optimize edilmesi gereken tüm faktörlerin ve proses parametrelerinin optimum bir değer aralığında olması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bir entegre demir çelik fabrikasında yakıt olarak PCI kullanımından önce ve sonra elde edilen kalite değerlerinin yüksek fırın performansına etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Enhanced Solvent Extraction Incorporating Electromagnetic Heating is an emerging technique for in situ oil sands extraction. A bottom-up method based on first engineering principles was conducted to determine the greenhouse gas emissions and energy requirements of the process. Two pathways in which to reduce solvent loss and energy use by the process were investigated. In Pathway I, the produced gases are captured to minimize solvent losses, while Pathway II considers their use as fuel. Energy scenarios were developed to analyze the overall impacts of the electricity sources. A case for Alberta, Canada, was conducted to study the impacts of electricity consumption on emission performance. The current Alberta electricity mix, future Alberta electricity mix (to 2030), 100% renewable electricity (from biomass), and cogeneration were the energy scenarios considered. The results show that energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for Pathways I and II are 487.2 and 375.5 MJ/bbl, and 77.7 and 59.77 kg CO 2 eq/bbl of bitumen, respectively. Electricity use by the antenna for heating is the key contributor. The electricity-from-biomass scenario offers the highest emission reduction, 83.0% below Alberta's current electricity mix. Improvement in the antenna performance and cleaner electricity generation would reduce environmental impacts.

Development of techno-economic models to estimate the delivery costs of dilbit/SCO. • Four pathways of Canadian oil sands products are compared. • Shipping costs of seven scenarios are evaluated. • Sensitivity of key parameters on each stage of operation costs is evaluated.

The currently used in situ oil sands recovery methods are energy and greenhouse gas emissions intensive. New methods such as toe-to-heel air injection extraction (THAI) are proposed to mitigate these challenges. This study aims to evaluate the energy and greenhouse gas emissions performances of bitumen-derived transportation fuels from THAI. A bottom-up process model was developed based on first engineering principles to assess the material, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions of each unit operation. Three transporation fuel production pathways were examined: refining without upgrading and upgrading through either delayed coking or hydroconversion before refining. The extraction, upgrading, refining, transportation, and combustion life cycle stages of the pathways were considered. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of input parameters were conducted. The results show that the transportation fuels' well-to-combustion emissions range is + 113. 5 14.5 14.5 g CO 2 eq./MJ for the three pathways. The combustion and extraction stages have the most impact and contribute more than 63% and 21%, respectively, of the overall emissions of the pathways. The air-to-oil ratio was found to be most influential parameter affecting global results. The well-to-combustion emissions of THAI-based transportation fuels are in the range of current bitumen recovery methods. Any improvements in the air-to-oil ratio could significantly reduce the global emissions of these pathways.

Mushroom is the most popular delicious, nutritious and medicinal vegetable in the world. Now it is considered as the most promising concept for crop diversification. It has been regarded as an effective means for poverty alleviation in less developed countries due to its potential for a quick, high return of profit on a small investment. Bangladesh is one of the most suitable countries in the world for Mushroom cultivation due to its favorable climate, cheap raw materials and labor cost and high market price. It is such an income generating concept that can alleviate poverty and eradicate malnutrition. It can also create employment opportunities for landless beggar, educated and uneducated youth, person with disabilities and adolescent men and women respectively. The primary objective of the study is to alleviate poverty, unemployment and malnutrition through cultivating and selling mushroom. The study is analytical and theoretical in nature and based on the secondary data. However, personal interview has been conducted to the mushroom farmers to depict the cost and profitability of Mushroom cultivation. The study finds that Mushroom cultivation can open a new opportunity for landless and unemployed people as it does not require any cultivable land and can be grown in a room by racking vertically. One can earn nearly TK 4-5 thousands a month by investing only TK 10-15 thousands. So, it is possible to make a handsome profit by investing a small amount of capital and labor in Mushroom cultivation.

In this workshop, we discussed the progress of five Horizon 2020 projects-HYCOOL, SHIP2FAIR, THERMOSS, SUNHORIZON and HYBUILD-all implementing solar thermal and renewable technologies for buildings and for the industrial sector. The discussion offered opportunities to identify and benchmark key challenges being faced by the projects, both technical and non-technical, and allowed to identify cooperation opportunities.

In this workshop, we discussed the progress of five Horizon 2020 projects-HYCOOL, SHIP2FAIR, THERMOSS, SUNHORIZON and HYBUILD-all implementing solar thermal and renewable technologies for buildings and for the industrial sector. The discussion offered opportunities to identify and benchmark key challenges being faced by the projects, both technical and non-technical, and allowed to identify cooperation opportunities.

Several regulatory policies have been implemented in the past five years on methane mitigation and oil sands industry emission in Alberta, Canada; however, most effective technologies in methane reduction remain to be explored in the context of these new policies in the Alberta oil sands industry. The purpose of this research was to determine the most effective technologies, based on economic and environmental criteria, to mitigate methane emissions from Alberta's upstream oil sands processes. This was achieved through qualitative analysis of current technologies, and the development and application of a qualitative risk analysis and quantitative cost-benefit analysis considering economic and environmental factors. I concluded that high risk technologies have the lowest ratio of cost to environmental benefit and suggest that more effective technologies incur a greater risk to the industry; conversely, precise emission inventories need to be completed in order to identify areas o...

Sand production from oil and gas wells is a major operational problem leading to the spending of millions of dollars each
year. Sand production can cause plugged wells, lead to erosion of equipment, and may reduce the well productivity. This
paper tries to evaluate efective sand control techniques through the use of novel methodology and tools which can be
employed in sand-producing felds. In this study, core samples of fve sand-producing oil wells of Assam Arakan Basin
were collected, and those samples were frst disintegrated with a hammer to obtain the sand grains. The sand samples
were then acid washed, decanted with water, and oven-dried to ensure that all the sand grains were disintegrated correctly and to make them ready for performing laboratory analysis. Particle size distribution (PSD) study was then carried
out through the dry sieving method. After the calculation of cumulative weight % and grain size in each of the sieves
from the ASTM sieve conversion chart, “S”-shaped distribution curve was constructed for each of the wells and well
completion parameters like (D10, D40, D50, D90, D95) were calculated from the curve. Sorting coefcient (SC), uniformity coefcient (UC), and fnes content were then calculated for each of the wells using the standard formulas used in the
industry, and by comparing the calculated values of these parameters with standard tables used in industry, the most
efective sand control technique was determined for each of these wells. In my study, D10 (<0.4 mm), D40 (<0.3 mm), D50
(<0.3 mm), D90 (<0.2 mm), D95 (<0.2 mm), (SC<5), (UC<2), (fnes<0.5%), and gravel size range from 1 to 2.2 mm
and by comparing these calculated values with standard tables, standalone alone screen (SAS) (wire-wrapped screen)
with screen slot size D50 and gravel pack of 12/20 US Mesh with screen size ranging from 500 to 540 micron was found
to be the most efective sand control technique for the fve sand-producing wells. Also, the collected sand samples contain
coarse sand (0.83–0.9%), fne sand (45.96–46.3%), medium sand (49–49.3%), very fne sand (3.1–3.39%), and slit and
clay (0.54–0.84%). Although this paper has referenced some previous papers where studies on production sand control
in oil wells have been performed, the novelty in this study lies in the use of simple tools and experimental methodology
employed for determining the most efective sand control technique for these wells located in a signifcant hydrocarbon
producing basin and oil feld.

This analysis explores the implications of technology options for steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) surface facilities on cost, energy, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water consumption. Water integration in the form of distributed effluent treatment system design as well as heat integration considerations are the basis of this study. Cost savings are accomplished by sequentially employing water network optimization and energy integration techniques. Total annual cost savings of 2.7 to 7.8% are achieved at the surface facility through water integration. Additional operating cost savings of 9.2-10.2% are found due to heat integration. Of the technology options considered in this study, hot lime softening (HLS) with blowdown evaporation and hot lime softening with blowdown recycle are the most promising when considering the tradeoffs between energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and water consumption. However, these options are quite different (i.e., blowdown evaporation has lower water consumption but higher greenhouse gas emissions than blowdown recycle, whereas blowdown recycle has lower greenhouse gas emissions but higher water consumption than blowdown evaporation). Deciding between these options requires placing a value on these environmental externalities. The approach described in this work can be applied to inform decisions in the face of tradeoffs between a range of performance metrics. In addition, the analysis framework described in this paper can be adapted to consider new technology pathways as they become available.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the Farnsworth Unit’s (FWU) carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) operations were accounted for through a gate-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) for a period of about 10 years, since start of injection to 2020, and predictions of 18 additional years of the CO2-EOR operation were made. The CO2 source for the FWU project has been 100% anthropogenically derived from the exhaust of an ethanol plant and a fertilizer plant. A cumulative amount of 5.25 × 106 tonnes of oil has been recovered through the injection of 1.64 × 106 tonnes of purchased CO2, of which 92% was stored during the 10-year period. An LCA analysis conducted on the various unit emissions of the FWU process yielded a net negative (positive storage) of 1.31 × 106 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, representing 79% of purchased CO2. An optimized 18-year forecasted analysis estimated 86% storage of the forecasted 3.21 × 106 tonnes of purchased CO2 with an equivalent 2.90 × 106 tonne...

Oil sand is a mixture of sand, clay, water, bitumen and other minerals. Production of transportation fuels like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc. from the oil sands reserved in deep underground reservoirs require external stimulant to lower the viscosity of bitumen. The established thermal extraction techniques like steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) are energy-and greenhouse gas (GHG) intensive. Among several new Preface This thesis is an original work by Mohammad Ikthair Hossain Soiket under the supervision of Dr. Amit Kumar. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a version of paper prepared for submission to a peerreviewed journal for publication as Soiket, M.I.H., Oni, A.O., and Kumar, A., "The development of a process simulation model for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of a vapor solvent-based oil sands extraction and recovery process". Chapter 3 of this thesis is a version of paper prepared for submission to a peer-reviewed journal for publication as Soiket, M.I.H., Oni, A.O., and Kumar, A., "Estimation of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of upgrading and refining bitumen produced by solvent extraction process". Since this thesis is a paper-based thesis, the readers are expected to find some repetitions in text. I was responsible for the concept formulation, data collection, model development and validation, and manuscript composition. A.O. Oni contributed by assisting in model development, reviewing the results, and formatting the manuscripts. A. Kumar was the supervisory author and was involved with concept formation, evaluation, assessment of results, and manuscript composition. v I would like to acknowledge the NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering and the Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair in Environmental Engineering for providing financial support for this project. I am grateful to the representatives from Cenovus Energy Inc., Suncor Energy Inc., and Alberta Innovates (AI) for their inputs and comments during the course of this program. I am grateful to many individuals for their company and support throughout the short, mostly fun, sometimes frustrating, but rewarding journey of graduate school at the University of Alberta! I am deeply thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Amit Kumar. Thank you Dr. Kumar for introducing me to the research idea and for setting a fantastic example for how to use academic excellence and freedom to spot and tackle energy and environmental problems that really matter in making the world a better living place. I deeply thank Dr. Kumar for continuously pushing me, throwing challenges at me, and taking a chance on me at the first place.

Modularisation is an important area that needs to be effectively addressed in the construction of Alberta oil and gas industry schedule. It is an effective way to get partial construction done. This paper examines modularization of projects executed in Alberta oil and gas industry for effective projects schedule performance. A qualitative research methodology was employed in investigating the modularization used for the Alberta projects. Interviews were conducted with industry practitioners, which contained open ended questions and data were also collected from COAA/CII database. The research found higher average percentage overall modularization to total project cost of the Alberta oil and gas projects. This method has the potential to contribute to a reduction in cost and schedule overruns and improves project performance. It is concluded that the results of the study will help in leveraging the benefits of modularization that have already been gained by the various oil & gas proj...

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Aims: Nigeria has a lot of conventional and heavy oil resources. Although much of the conventional oil resources have been developed since independence, the heavy oil resources have remained underdeveloped due to low recovery based on primary production and consequently doubts about economic viability based on the current fiscal regime. This paper examines the application of Steam Flooding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method to suitable Nigerian heavy oil reservoirs, seeks to develop a diagnostic model to predict the performance, evaluates the economics to determine the viability of the EOR method. The development of heavy oil will increase Nigeria’s oil reserves and production. Study Design:  Data was collected for two heavy oil reservoirs from two oil companies in Nigeria following a Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA). Place and Duration of Study: Emerald Energy Institute, University of Port Harcourt Nigeria, 2016 - 2021. Methodology: The screening criteria of commercially effective EO...

SAGD is a relatively new method of oil extraction and recovery in Alberta oil and gas industry and the number of new SAGD plants in Alberta is expected to increase within this decade. The paper discusses the interviews finding of benchmarking characteristics of the SAGD projects. The research reviewed and analysed definition of capacity, main features, life cycle/ phases of SAGD projects and also major risks associated with it. A qualitative research methodology was employed in investigating the characteristics of SAGD projects. Interviews were conducted with industry practitioners, which contained open-ended questions. The result found the definition of capacity of SAGD projects is barrels/day and from the lifecycle of SAGD projects procurement/cosntruction phase is 75% of the total project cost while other phase in total constiutues the 25% of the total cost of the project. On the schedule prospective, procurement/construction phase constitute the 55% of the total project duration...

-Utilisation d'un biogazole comme additif pour la récupération d'huile lourde et de bitume par injection de vapeur à hautes pression et température-L'utilisation d'additifs pour améliorer l'efficacité des procédés de récupération thermique d'huile lourde et de bitume a été étudiée de manière approfondie pendant des décennies. Deux types courants d'additifs utilisés dans des applications thermiques, principalement en récupération assistée par injection de vapeur, consistent en des solvants et des agents tensioactifs. L'utilisation de solvants présente des inconvénients du fait de leur coût élevé et de la difficulté à les récupérer. Le coût et la stabilité des agents tensioactifs aux température et pression de réservoir limitent leur usage. Nous proposons l'utilisation d'un biogazole tel qu'un ester méthylique d'acides gras en tant qu'additif tensioactif pour réduire la tension interfaciale huile lourde/bitume-eau dans les procédés de récupération assistée par injection de vapeur. Les avantages de l'utilisation d'un biogazole en tant qu'additif tensioactif consistent en ce que le biogazole est chimiquement stable aux pression et température d'exploitation du réservoir, qu'il ne dégrade pas la qualité des hydrocarbures produits ni la composition chimique des eaux de production et que son utilisation est économiquement viable. Nous avons mené une série d'expériences de récupération assistée de bitume par injection de vapeur afin de clarifier le potentiel de récupération additionnelle et la capacité d'amélioration d'efficacité du biogazole. De la vapeur à 1,8 MPa et 205 °C a été utilisée au cours de ces essais, à un débit de 900 g/h. Le milieu poreux utilisé consistait en un sable pétrolifère à teneur normale en bitume, provenant de l'exploitation d'une mine à ciel ouvert en Alberta du Nord, au Canada. Le sable bitumineux a été mis dans un récipient puis à l'intérieur d'une cellule haute pression. Les expériences de récupération du bitume ont été réalisées en pulvérisant un ester méthylique d'acide gras de colza sur le sable à raison de 2 g/kg de bitume. Ces essais montrent une augmentation de la récupération du bitume de plus de 40 %. Au cours d'une autre série d'essais, un ester méthylique d'acides gras d'huile de pin a été injecté avec de la vapeur à raison de 8,3 g de biogazole / kg de vapeur. Du fait de la solubilité du biogazole dans le bitume, l'effet du biogazole sur la récupération de bitume n'a pas pu être évalué précisément. Les mesures de pression de vapeur réalisées sur les échantillons de biogazole dérivés d'huile de colza et d'huile de pin suggèrent que les compositions à la saturation du biogazole dans la vapeur à 1,8 MPa et 205 °C sont supérieures d'au moins un ordre de grandeur aux dosages de biogazole requis. Des essais supplémentaires sont planifiés pour lesquels des dosages de biogazole seront réduits jusqu'à environ 0,5 à 1,0 g de biogazole/kg de vapeur et la solubilité du biogazole dans le bitume sera suivie de près.

Bitumen production from the Athabasca Oil Sands in northeast Alberta, Canada typically uses steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) techniques. For shallow bitumen resources, low pressure, SAGD (LP-SAGD) and expanding solvent, LP-SAGD (SLP-SAGD) techniques are viable options for such developments as these methods maximize bitumen production and control steam-oil ratios (SORs), while maintaining asset integrity throughout the life of the project.

İster birincil alüminyum üretimi, ister ikincil alüminyum üretimi, ister ise alüminyum döküm işlemlerinin belirli kademelerinde ergitme ve tutma (alasimlama ve rafinasyon) amaçli, değişik tip ve tasarımlarda fırınlar kullanılmaktadir. Kullanım amacına göre oksidasyon ile minimum metalik alüminyum kaybı (curuf oluşumu), maksimum enerji verimi, maksimum proses verimi ve optimum ergonomik koşullari sağlayacak fırın seçimi ve işletmesi alüminyum tesislerinin önceliklerindendir.

ΑBSTRACT

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and European Defense Agency (EDA) are two defense organizations having as their major “product” the collective effort in the defence sector.
Since 1949 when NATO was established, events of great significance like the fall of Berlin wall and the 9/11 terrorist attacks caused changes to the global environment and brought up identity and adaptation problems for both organizations. In addition, human poverty and climate change are new potential hazards of humanitarian crisis that will not leave European countries unaffected. As a result both NATO and EDA shifted their orientation more towards safety and security against threats than defense against an opponent.
Moreover, due to the current economic crisis fiscal constraints are imposed on the member-states of the two organizations making the sufficient funding of defence needs difficult. This converted NATO and EDA’s strategic planning concept into defence capabilities-based approach and initiated structural and functional transformation procedures.
Aiming to achieve economies of scale to defence expenditures of their member-states, NATO and EDA established cost reduction mechanisms: Smart Defence for NATO and Pooling and Sharing for EDA. These projects enhance cooperation among the participants concerning defence industry and military procurements. They also support the development of capabilities of their member-states and the exploitation of existing military capabilities and resources in a collective manner.
The dissertation, using the strategic management theoretical framework, attempts to define the identity of NATO and EDA, their history, vision and mission and their strategic planning procedures. The study concludes that strategic planning of both organizations has been profoundly affected by the economic crisis, and suggests the prerequisites that make Smart Defence and Pooling and Sharing mechanisms beneficial to the member-states. Lastly, there is a specific reference to the potentials of the Hellenic military and defence sector.

Key words: NATO, EDA, strategic planning, military capability, Smart Defence, Pooling and Sharing.

This study fills a gap in assessing the potential of emerging technologies and processes to improve economic competitiveness and reduce emissions of oil sands operations. It provides a detailed quantitative analysis of supply cost and emission reduction opportunities for technological innovation in the oil sands in situ process over the short and medium terms. The assessment is performed at the production field level breaking down oil sands in situ process into seven segments: 1) Reservoir, 2) Wells and well pads, 3) Business management and data analytics, 4) Steam generation, 5) Waste and water treatment, 6) Pipelines and transport, and 7) Upgrading. More so, the technology configurations that meet minimum costs and emissions objectives can achieve potential reduction of bitumen supply cost by 34-40% and reduce fuel-derived emissions from in situ oil sands production by more than 80%.