Contribution Margin

Im Marketing vollzieht sich seit einiger Zeit eine Akzentverschiebung: weg von einem Management, bei dem die Transaktionen (i. S. eines Verkaufsabschlusses) und Aspekte der Kundengewinnung im Vordergrund stehen, hin zu einem beziehungsorientierten Marketing, bei dem insbesondere der Aufbau und die Sicherung von Kundenbeziehungen sowie die Stärkung der Kundenbindung zentrale Anliegen sind. Nun stellt sich die Frage, ob eine aktive Beziehungspflege seitens des Unternehmens in jedem Falle sinnvoll ist. Man ist versucht "ja" zu sagen, das die Vorteile treuer Kunden anscheinend auf der Hand liegen. Der Beitrag diskutiert, ob wie die Bindungswürdigkeit von Kunden tatsächlich einzuschätzen ist.

Schlüsselwörter:
Beziehungsorientiertes Marketing, Kundenloyalität, Aktives Beziehungsmanagement, Kundenbindung, Transaktionales Marketing, Relationales Marketing, Aufbau von Kundenbeziehungen, Kundengewinnung, Wert loyaler Kunden, Kundenbindungsstrategie, Bewertung von Kundenloyalität.


Marketing has been experiencing a fundamental shift in focus: from a transactional approach, where closing sales and acquiring new customers are the primary objectives, to a relationship-oriented strategy that emphasizes building and sustaining customer relationships while fostering loyalty. This evolution prompts the question of whether active relationship management by companies is always beneficial. At first glance, the advantages of loyal customers seem self-evident, making it tempting to answer "yes." However, this article critically examines how to accurately evaluate the true value of customer loyalty and determine when investing in it is worthwhile.

Keywords:
Relationship-oriented marketing, customer loyalty, active relationship management, customer retention, transactional marketing, relational marketing, building customer relationships, customer acquisition, value of loyal customers, customer engagement strategy, evaluating customer loyalty.

Purpose: The aim of this research was to find out the differences in guest occupancies and profits of the private and public hotels between and within the years 2008 and 2014. Methodology: The researchers followed explanatory research to differentiate the data with statistical tools. The researchers undertook the deductive approach to test the hypothesis comparing occupancy and profit of the hotels. The researchers used survey and interview method in this study. Public and private hotels were chosen as sample during the year 2008 and 2014 from Cox's Bazar main beach area. The samples were selected based on judgment sampling method. The researchers used mono method and a crosssectional research by considering the data of the years 2008 and 2014 only. This research mainly based on field survey instead of depending on the artificial figures provided by the hotel officials. The information was confirmed by several respondents during the interview. Findings: Significant differences found in the occupancies and profits of the public and private hotels during the year 2008 and 2014 individually. Also, between the years, 2008 and 2014, differences were observed in occupancy and profit of the private hotels. No difference diagnosed in the occupancy and profit of public hotels between 2008 and 2014. In the survey, the researchers' diagnosed that the hotels had a common tendency to avoid Tax payment to keep the profit uncut. Practical implications: Further research can be done to compare the tax earnings of the government from public and private sector at different period. New researchers can use this research data in further research to calculate the tax payment based on revenue earnings and occupancy.

The modern business environment is characterized by high competitiveness. If an enterprise wishes to maintain a competitive edge and hang on to clients, it is very important to engage in innovative activities, even if there is no real justification for doing so. Such innovation in the business environment and cost structure is additionally a catalyst for change in cost management. Gradually, costs begin to be seen from a strategic perspective and planning is undertaken in the preproduction phase, as a consequence of this stage creating the greatest impact on any future success of a product. Varying perceptions of costs and the behavior pertaining to them also necessitates that adequate tools are developed for their strategic management, e.g., target costing. The aim of this paper is to present the upgrade of an electronic item-a sports light-emitting diode display, adapting it to be compatible with external devices running the Android operating system, in accordance with cost projection applied via the target costing methodology. Doing a target costing calculation through the procedure proposed allows for functional differentiation of the given product, specifically to satisfy the requirements of potential customers at an acceptable market price.

The main purpose of this article is to present the proposal of an innovative approach to optimizing the calculation methodology in the conditions of specific furniture production-single beds. The proposal presented is based on the results of actual research of the anthropometric measurements of the Slovak adult population, which indicate the trend of changes and the following modified dimensional requirements for the production. Our review of available scientific proposals for innovative calculation methodology proved the need for potential of concept of the variable costing at the base of cost classification to variable and fixed items according to capacity using. The practical imperfections of the information provided in the absorption costing system and its general rigidities was the reason of the application selected methodology. The authors proposed an alternative for calculation methodology by the determination of overheads rates and delimitation individual level of contribution margin.

Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.

Based on the research of anthropometric measures of Slovak adult population, it can be observed that during the last 25 years, anthropometric data have been rising by about 4.5-5 % in most analysed characters. As data on human body dimensions changes, the requirements for material consumption and production time, expressed by the rate of labour cost, are changing. In this context, sustainable profitability of the company can be achieved through each segment of a value chain. One of these segments is the product and its price, which is based on costs allocated in the system of full or variable costing. As the value of quantiles characteristics of anthropometric characters was used to create ergonomic, health and construction norms and standards in the furniture industry, it is necessary to review the adequacy of existing standard-size single bed. Since the dimensions of single bed are standardised, 200 cm x 90 cm or 200 cm x 100 cm, it is clear that due to the secular trend of anthro...

 El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el macroentorno y microentorno del sector textil colombiano, identificando los elementos que facilitan y contribuyen al desarrollo de este, así como, su relación con la sostenibilidad, a través de un análisis estratégico de las cinco fuerzas de Porter y en análisis Pestel. Se han caracterizado 15 factores críticos de éxito en cada una de las dos herramientas identificándolos según su influencia económica, tecnológica, social, política y legal, dando como resultado la existencia de un nuevo paradigma de posibilidades en el sector textil, circunstancias que contribuyen a mejorar el desarrollo del sector de una manera más ética y sostenible. 

The main purpose of this article is to present the proposal of an innovative approach to optimizing the calculation methodology in the conditions of specific furniture production-single beds. The proposal presented is based on the results of actual research of the anthropometric measurements of the Slovak adult population, which indicate the trend of changes and the following modified dimensional requirements for the production. Our review of available scientific proposals for innovative calculation methodology proved the need for potential of concept of the variable costing at the base of cost classification to variable and fixed items according to capacity using. The practical imperfections of the information provided in the absorption costing system and its general rigidities was the reason of the application selected methodology. The authors proposed an alternative for calculation methodology by the determination of overheads rates and delimitation individual level of contribution margin.

Resumen. Este artículo presenta el papel relevante que los agentes, específicamente los Agentes Móviles (AM), han tenido en los sistemas computacionales, en su rápida evolución durante los últimos años. Se presta especial interés al conjunto de Agentes Móviles (móviles con los usuarios y con los dispositivos) y su aplicación en la Computación Ubicua. Como resultado de la investigación se suministra un procedimiento y una guía que abarca aspectos para tener en cuenta al momento de diseñar e implementar un agente en un ambiente ubicuo.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess whether travel agencies that implement comprehensive marketing performance assessment systems (MPASs) enjoy superior overall performance. Drawing on the knowledge-based view, the authors propose and test a model demonstrating that the relationship between MPASs and overall performance is fully mediated by the depth of market-related knowledge absorbed by the travel agency. Design/methodology/approach A survey was administered to a sample of Italian travel agencies; 171 complete questionnaires were received. The suggested relationships were assessed using a covariance-based structural equation modeling approach, including the estimation of both the measurement model and the structural model. Findings The findings indicate that the implementation of sophisticated MPASs has a significant and positive effect on performance and that this relationship is fully mediated by the depth of market-related knowledge absorbed by the travel agency. In...

This paper summarizes the results of using two Excel-based simulations run on a cost accounting course to instruct about the contribution margin. Students' learning has been assessed using achievement tests and analyzing traces. Conclusions of the research are: students stayed active, focused their work on the key actions, and worked where the instructor wanted them to work; there was knowledge acquisition since the tests provide evidence of learning; and the activity was well-accepted by the students.

Contenido 1. Introducción 2. Sector textil-confecciones 3. Medición de la competitividad vía margen de contribución 4. Metodología e información 5. Hallazgos y discusión 6. Conclusiones y recomendaciones 7. Lista de referencias Resumen. En Antioquia, las Pymes (sector textiles-confecciones) generan un alto porcentaje en las ventas y el empleo, y dinamizan la economía. Dada su relevancia, se pretende comprobar la incidencia del tipo de cambio en el desempeño competitivo de éstas, mediante el cálculo del margen de contribución (MC). El 43% de las empresas analizadas obtuvieron un desempeño sobresaliente, el 14% están en vía de ser competitivas, el 12% fueron poco competitivas y el 31% no son competitivas. Las Pymes presentan un MC promedio del 26%, insuficiente para cubrir los costos fijos y generar utilidad. Los niveles actuales de la tasa de cambio reducen este MC, y tornan inviable el sector desde el punto de vista de la generación de valor.

Contenido 1. Introducción 2. Sector textil-confecciones 3. Medición de la competitividad vía margen de contribución 4. Metodología e información 5. Hallazgos y discusión 6. Conclusiones y recomendaciones 7. Lista de referencias Resumen. En Antioquia, las Pymes (sector textiles-confecciones) generan un alto porcentaje en las ventas y el empleo, y dinamizan la economía. Dada su relevancia, se pretende comprobar la incidencia del tipo de cambio en el desempeño competitivo de éstas, mediante el cálculo del margen de contribución (MC). El 43% de las empresas analizadas obtuvieron un desempeño sobresaliente, el 14% están en vía de ser competitivas, el 12% fueron poco competitivas y el 31% no son competitivas. Las Pymes presentan un MC promedio del 26%, insuficiente para cubrir los costos fijos y generar utilidad. Los niveles actuales de la tasa de cambio reducen este MC, y tornan inviable el sector desde el punto de vista de la generación de valor.

The aim of this paper is to propose optimization of costing method for planning a production-sales programme of the chosen engineering enterprise dealing with the production of components for wood working machines. This engineering company uses the calculation pattern methodology in the comprehensive cost accounting system. All costs components are absorbed by individual outputs in this cost calculation. The results of this calculation are not available for decision-making tasks. In order to solve the decision tasks relating to output assortment optimization, it is necessary to show separately variable costs influenced by changes in production volume and fixed costs not influenced by changes in production volume. For these reasons we propose a specific application of retrograde costing as a necessary condition for effective system of decision-making on the basis of contribution margin calculation. The contribution margin/standard hour is the criteria for the calculation in a critical place of production and this is very important information for developing an optimal production-sales programme.

Este trabajo cuantifica el impacto que tiene la eficiencia, el margen de utilidad y el apalancamiento financiero sobre el desempeño exportador de las comercializadoras internacionales de confecciones, haciendo uso de un análisis Dupont estocástico. En primera instancia se utiliza una simulación de Montecarlo para modelar el sistema Dupont, aproximando todas las cifras del balance general y el estado de resultados a las distribuciones de probabilidad de mejor ajuste, produciendo una cifra para explicar el rendimiento del patrimonio y de la inversión de este tipo de empresas. Luego, a través de un análisis de sensibilidad, mediante @Risk, se determina el impacto de las variables explicativas (eficiencia, margen y apalancamiento) en el comportamiento del índice Dupont proyectado. Se encuentra que las empresas en estudio tiene una clara debilidad financiera, y que el sector muestra una baja eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.

Open access is currently one of the most booming topics and a movement with great transformation potential in scholarly communication. The diversity and inclusiveness of scholarly communication must be appreciated and featured in the contents of scientific journals. This is not always the case as many journals limit their content to original research articles in the traditional format (introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion). The many different types of scholarly articles and contents can contribute knowledge to numerous fields and be useful to readers of peer-reviewed journals. Data articles, for example, inform the academic community of research conducted and make the data available, so that it can be used by other researchers. Journals that publish data reports are essential, but these magazines are scarce or even non-existent in many places like Latin America. An informal survey among editors of 225 Latin American social science journals recently found that none of them publish datasets. Why is there so much narrowness of content?

El presente trabajo desarrolla un analisis financiero integral de las principales empresas dedicadas al diseno, confeccion y comercializacion de uniformes industriales y de uso medico en el Valle de Aburra, (Medellin-Colombia), entre los anos 2012 y 2017. El objetivo principal es evaluar el desempeno en terminos financieros de dichas empresas para determinar factores que influyen en las dinamicas del sector. La investigacion fue de caracter documental, se estudiaron 24 empresas de este sector economico instaladas en la zona, partiendo principalmente de la informacion que reportan a los organismos estatales del pais. Adicionalmente se revisaron, mediante otras tecnicas de obtencion de informacion, una serie de entrevistas estructuradas, analisis de portafolios de producto y revision de oferta de uniformes mediante sus paginas web, esto con el fin de realizar un contraste de la informacion financiera frente a la gama productiva establecida, y con ello puntualizar en las estrategias de...

La paridad cambiaria dólar/ peso en la liquidez y rentabilidad de las MiPyMEs del sector de Confecciones en la ciudad de Cúcuta, años 2005-2008* The effect of dollar/peso exchange parity on profitability and liquidity of garment micro-enterprises at Cucuta 2005-2008 A paridade cambiaria dólar/peso na liquidez e rentabilidade das MPMEs do setor de confecções na cidade de Cúcuta, anos 2005-2008

Purpose: The aim of this research was to find out the differences in guest occupancies and profits of the private and public hotels between and within the years 2008 and 2014. Methodology: The researchers followed explanatory research to differentiate the data with statistical tools. The researchers undertook the deductive approach to test the hypothesis comparing occupancy and profit of the hotels. The researchers used survey and interview method in this study. Public and private hotels were chosen as sample during the year 2008 and 2014 from Cox’s Bazar main beach area. The samples were selected based on judgment sampling method. The researchers used mono method and a cross-sectional research by considering the data of the years 2008 and 2014 only. This research mainly based on field survey instead of depending on the artificial figures provided by the hotel officials. The information was confirmed by several respondents during the interview. Findings: Significant differences foun...

Este trabajo cuantifica el impacto que tiene la eficiencia, el margen de utilidad y el apalancamiento financiero sobre el desempeño exportador de las comercializadoras internacionales de confecciones, haciendo uso de un análisis Dupont estocástico. En primera instancia se utiliza una simulación de Montecarlo para modelar el sistema Dupont, aproximando todas las cifras del balance general y el estado de resultados a las distribuciones de probabilidad de mejor ajuste, produciendo una cifra para explicar el rendimiento del patrimonio y de la inversión de este tipo de empresas. Luego, a través de un análisis de sensibilidad, mediante @Risk, se determina el impacto de las variables explicativas (eficiencia, margen y apalancamiento) en el comportamiento del índice Dupont proyectado. Se encuentra que las empresas en estudio tiene una clara debilidad financiera, y que el sector muestra una baja eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.

Background: The recent development and the forecasted high growth in tourism sector of Bangladesh give an insight that it has great potentials to develop into a world class tourist zone and requires examination. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that impact tourist satisfaction in Bangladesh. Research Methods: A questionnaire survey design was applied in order to determine the influential factors that have substantial impact on tourist satisfaction. Respondents from all over Bangladesh participated in the survey. Results: The results indicate that the identified factors affect tourist satisfaction. From among the factors¸ information significantly influence tourist satisfaction. The findings suggest to put emphasis on information¸ accommodation¸ safety and security factors for boosting the level of tourist satisfaction. Conclusion: The paper provides enhanced information for tourism authorities¸ and tour operators/managers about the tourists’ perception in Ban...

The aim of this paper is to propose optimization of costing method for planning a production-sales programme of the chosen engineering enterprise dealing with the production of components for wood working machines. This engineering company uses the calculation pattern methodology in the comprehensive cost accounting system. All costs components are absorbed by individual outputs in this cost calculation. The results of this calculation are not available for decision-making tasks. In order to solve the decision tasks relating to output assortment optimization, it is necessary to show separately variable costs influenced by changes in production volume and fixed costs not influenced by changes in production volume. For these reasons we propose a specific application of retrograde costing as a necessary condition for effective system of decision-making on the basis of contribution margin calculation. The contribution margin/standard hour is the criteria for the calculation in a critical place of production and this is very important information for developing an optimal production-sales programme.

Explain the differences between qualitative and quantitative research. (30 points) Research is the most widely used tool to increase and brush-up the stock of knowledge about something and someone. In the field of marketing, business, sociology, psychology, science & technology, economics, etc. there are two standard ways of conducting research, i.e. qualitative research or quantitative research. While the qualitative research relies on verbal narrative like spoken or written data, the quantitative research uses logical or statistical observations to draw conclusions. Qualitative research: An unstructured, exploratory research methodology based on small samples that provides insights and understanding of the problem setting. Quantitative research: A research methodology that seeks to quantify the data and, typically, applies some form of statistical analysis. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Objective To gain a qualitative understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations To quantify the data and generalize the results from the sample to the population of interest Sample Small number of nonrepresentative cases Large number of representative cases Data Collection Unstructured Structured

Colombia pasó de crecer a las tasas más altas de las últimas tres décadas
a ser golpeada por una crisis internacional sin precedentes en la historia
económica reciente. Diversos analistas nacionales e internacionales
argumentan que la recuperación de la crisis ya comenzó, pero que ésta
será lenta, especialmente en términos de generación de empleo. Esto
implica que más que nunca es necesario enfocar todos los esfuerzos
en implementar las políticas dirigidas a mejorar la competitividad del
país. Al hacer esto, se sentarán las bases necesarias para que el país
salga fortalecido de la actual crisis y alcance rápidamente una senda de
crecimiento económico alta y sostenid

Sinopsis: este libro da inicio a una colección inédita de textos derivados de investigación en torno a las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pyme), desarrollados por investigadores de diversos países, como una iniciativa impulsada desde el Grupo de Investigación Research and Development Enterprise (RED), adscrito a la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas de nuestra institución, en el ánimo de proveer a las pymes de Colombia y del mundo, alternativas de acción efectiva para el desarrollo de sus capacidades competitivas en un contexto glocal.
Compiladores: Yanyn Rincón Quintero, Jorge Aníbal Restrepo-Morales, Juan Gabriel Vanegas López
ISBN: 978-958-56958-5-6

The study aimed to assess Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation's restaurants' customer satisfaction to improve quality and services. It was found that the price of the food items was not extensive comparing to international standards, but expensive in the country context. It takes an extended time in-between ordering and delivery. The manner and etiquette of the waiters and other restaurant service people were not up to the mark. Customers enjoy a healthy environment during food consumption. The food quality is not appropriately controlled, and less quantity of food, notably inferior portion, was served, which was treated as cheating activities. The study found that the outside washroom and interior designs were not satisfactory. Hence, the restaurant needs to take the initiative to bring more mobility for ensuring prompt service where customers will not have to wait long for food. A training program is required to improve human resources' professionalism, including waiters/waitresses and kitchen staff. Special attention is warranted on food portioning so that the customers are not cheated.

La Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales, que se caracteriza por ser un espacio para la difusión de productos de investigación en las diferentes disciplinas que aportan al estudio de las sociedades (en especial las hispanoamericanas) presenta su edición número 2 del volumen 11. Este número se destaca por el interés en el contexto educativo (colombiano y español), por los estudios centrados en las actividades que realizan las mujeres, así como por el análisis de fenómenos sociales que impactan la actualidad de la región y cuya pertinencia para la academia y la investigación siguen siendo cruciales, como para otras ciencias pueden serlo los fenómenos epidemiológicos de manera análoga.

Tourism is not only a concept of enjoyment or travelling or passing the holidays, but also a development concept and it has now been placed a wider significance among the mass people, government and development planner in Bangladesh. Sylhet has a bright prospect to develop its tourism sectors as its treasures weather it is going to miserable situation in the absence of proper plan and realistic steps. The aim of the research is to investigate the problems and prospects to flourish the tourism sector in this region. Quantitative method has been used in this study to investigate the research problems based on survey method. The tourists are found very enthusiastic to get test of visiting different places and this study results some good indications for improving tourism sectors. However, in order to make Bangladesh a tourism friendly nation, a renovation of tourism policy, which should be in tune with the new national economic, social, environmental policies and trends and the government should monitor all actors and factors related to tourism sector in Bangladesh.

There are many years since we have independent from the foreign ruling. But we are now in the least developed country because of lacking of the integration and inter-coordination among the different political, economical and social sectors. Though we are in the loaded position with the vast population, it would be the most resourceful by the proper nourishment and proper adoption with education, knowledge and training for the sustainable utilization of the God-gifted enormous natural resources. Kuakata the second largest Sea-beach is another one of the natural scenic resource of our country which is still now under negligence and mismanagement including its demographic development. By the proper planning and inter-sectoral coordination Kuakata can be turned into a most effective and largest economical source of the national revenue and common people livelihood. There has been tried to present the present demographic, educational, Hospitalization, transportation, present and potential resources and other tourism facilities in this study. Here is tried to highlight what have in this tourism place and what are to be needed in kuakata.

The core objective of this paper is to uplift the feasibility of hotel industry of Cox's Bazar of Bangladesh. Here the analysis of the financial statement of the most standard hotel has been made. Standard methods are used to collect information. Both primary and secondary sources are used. For research purpose financial information of five popular local hotel of Cox's Bazar, Hotel the Seagull, The Cox Today, The Ocean Paradise, The Sayman and The long Beach hotel has been collected. Firstly, in the literature review, the importance of financial performance analysis using different financial statement and uses of ratio analysis has been shown. Financial statements of hotels of Cox's Bazar are mainly used to orchestrate this research. The findings show the performance of the hotel industry over the last five years. Here gradually hotel industry performing well compared to the previous years. Ratio analysis and trend analysis conducted to analyze the financial position and feasibility of hotel industry. This research has shown the enlightening and profitable future of hotel industry in Cox's Bazar. Because some popular capital budgeting techniques like Payback period, Accounting Rate of Return and Net present value are used and these techniques give a positive result in all case.

Kuakata is the second largest sea beach, situated in the southern part of Bangladesh from where both sunrise and sunset can be enjoyed. Even it is a place of rare and unique beauty that has the potential to become one of the major tourist attractions of Bangladesh. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current assessment of tourism in Kuakata, including the available facilities, expectations and demands of the tourists and their concerns. For this research, questionnaire with a sample of 35 people was conducted and the results are analyzed with MS Excel. The findings show that the lacking in marketing and promotional approaches are the main cause of the current challenging situation in the tourism industry in Kuakata. The current study investigated the destination satisfaction of Kuakata province, so, this provides further contribution to tourism and hospitality management literature and industry practitioners as well.

Kuakata is the second largest sea beach, situated in the southern part of Bangladesh from where both sunrise and sunset can be enjoyed. Even it is a place of rare and unique beauty that has the potential to become one of the major tourist attractions of Bangladesh. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current assessment of tourism in Kuakata, including the available facilities, expectations and demands of the tourists and their concerns. For this research, questionnaire with a sample of 35 people was conducted and the results are analyzed with MS Excel. The findings show that the lacking in marketing and promotional approaches are the main cause of the current challenging situation in the tourism industry in Kuakata. The current study investigated the destination satisfaction of Kuakata province, so, this provides further contribution to tourism and hospitality management literature and industry practitioners as well.

El artículo presenta los resultados del proyecto de
investigación denominado “Análisis de contenido de las sentencias de
los Jueces de Paz del Oriente Antioqueño (Rionegro, Marinilla, El
Carmen): ¿Fallos en Derecho o en Equidad?”. En este estudio se hace
un balance entre el planteamiento del problema, los objetivos
propuestos, la metodología, los principales hallazgos y las dificultades
metodológicas de la investigación, con el fin de plantear un ejercicio
que permita mostrar cómo a partir de las desviaciones metodológicas
también se puede construir conocimiento, y como la aplicación de
herramientas cualitativas permite entablar diálogos más comprensivos
en los procesos de investigación socio jurídica.

The core objective of this paper is to uplift the feasibility of hotel industry of Cox's Bazar of Bangladesh. Here the analysis of the financial statement of the most standard hotel has been made. Standard methods are used to collect information. Both primary and secondary sources are used. For research purpose financial information of five popular local hotel of Cox's Bazar, Hotel the Seagull, The Cox Today, The Ocean Paradise, The Sayman and The long Beach hotel has been collected. Firstly, in the literature review, the importance of financial performance analysis using different financial statement and uses of ratio analysis has been shown. Financial statements of hotels of Cox's Bazar are mainly used to orchestrate this research. The findings show the performance of the hotel industry over the last five years. Here gradually hotel industry performing well compared to the previous years. Ratio analysis and trend analysis conducted to analyze the financial position and feasibility of hotel industry. This research has shown the enlightening and profitable future of hotel industry in Cox's Bazar. Because some popular capital budgeting techniques like Payback period, Accounting Rate of Return and Net present value are used and these techniques give a positive result in all case.

El sector manufacturero, tiene como uno de sus subsectores principales, la industria textil, protagonizada por los pymes y su internacionalización, los cuales tienen una participación mayor del mercado nacional, además de un papel en las exportaciones principalmente a Estados Unidos, ofreciendo precios competitivos, de excelente calidad y cumplimiento en lo prometido a los clientes, cumpliendo los estándares internacionales de normas de trabajo, requisitos ambientales, laborales y legales.

In Antioquia, SMEs (textile-clothing sector) generate a high percentage of sales and jobs, dynamizing the economy. Because of their importance, this paper checks the impact of the exchange rate on their competitive performance by calculating the contribution margin ratio (CMR). The article found that 43 percent of the SMEs analyzed have an outstanding performance, 14 percent are on their way to be competitive, 12 percent show little competitiveness, and 31 percent are not competitive at all. The SMEs had an average CMR of 26 percent, which is not enough to cover fixed costs and provide a profit. The current exchange rate levels reduce this CMR, so the industry is not feasible from a value creation point of view.

This work shows the financial profile of the SMES (micro, smalls and médium companies) of the Valle del Aburra, and to build a global ratio ROA (profitability of assets) that contributes to the process of the financial decision making of these. The analysis developed in: diagnosis by financial ratios, in arder to determine the effectiveness management and its possibilities to get a financial credit. This work tries to put the applications of technique DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) propase by Banker et al. (1984), in arder to get a global index that reflects the form in which the SMES makes their financial activity and to show relevant information for its internal and external users. 58% of the companies take in recovering the portfolio between 30 and 60 days, 21%, in less than 30 days, and 8% , between 90 and 120 days; 13%, more than 120 days. The 14,14% of the companies present ROA, negative; the 45,86%, between O and 10%, the 25,57%, between 11% and 15% and the 14,43%, between 1...

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess whether travel agencies that implement comprehensive marketing performance assessment systems (MPASs) enjoy superior overall performance. Drawing on the Knowledge-Based View, we propose and test a model demonstrating that the relationship between MPASs and overall performance is fully mediated by the depth of market-related knowledge absorbed by the travel agency.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey was administered to a sample of Italian travel agencies; 171 complete questionnaires were received. The suggested relationships were assessed using a covariance-based structural equation modeling approach, including the estimation of both the measurement model and the structural model. 

Findings
The findings indicate that the implementation of sophisticated MPASs has a significant and positive effect on performance and that this relationship is fully mediated by the depth of market-related knowledge absorbed by the travel agency. In addition, the results highlight that the number of marketing metrics monitored by the travel agency has no effect on its performance.

Research limitations/implications
The specific features of the travel agency sector in Italy include a remarkable level of fragmentation. The cross-sectional design does not permit an assessment of the medium-term effects of the adoption of an MPAS.

Practical implications
Travel agencies selecting proactive marketing strategies can particularly benefit from the adoption of sophisticated MPASs. Suggestions are provided to assist managers in designing their MPAS.

Originality/value
This study enriches the field’s knowledge about marketing performance measurement and proactive marketing strategies and indicates that the implementation of well-designed marketing performance assessment systems improves a firm’s overall performance. It also explains the knowledge-related processes that produce this positive effect.