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Comparative Anatomy

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Comparative Anatomy is the branch of biology that studies the similarities and differences in the anatomical structures of different species. It aims to understand evolutionary relationships and functional adaptations by analyzing the morphology of organisms across various taxa.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Comparative Anatomy is the branch of biology that studies the similarities and differences in the anatomical structures of different species. It aims to understand evolutionary relationships and functional adaptations by analyzing the morphology of organisms across various taxa.

Key research themes

1. How did historical developments and methodological approaches shape the emergence and teaching of comparative anatomy from the 17th to 19th centuries?

This theme investigates the institutional, conceptual, and didactic origins of comparative anatomy, focusing on how early scientific institutions and pioneering anatomists structured the study of animals in relation to humans. It covers the gradual professionalization of comparative anatomy, the interplay between observational, structuralist, and evolutionary methodologies, and the ways in which anatomical knowledge was transmitted and visualized in formative periods. Understanding this historical context clarifies how comparative anatomy evolved into a distinct scientific discipline and shaped biomedical sciences.

Key finding: This study reveals that the Parisian Académie Royale des Sciences (ARS) sponsored diverse animal studies since the 17th century, but comparative anatomy as a distinct discipline emerged prominently only after 1750, notably... Read more
by Georgy Levit and 
1 more
Key finding: This paper identifies Goethe's morphological and comparative anatomical methodologies as foundational for both structuralist and evolutionary approaches in 19th-century German morphology. It demonstrates that Goethe's... Read more
Key finding: Focusing on Fabricius’ career, this work articulates the concept of the 'anatomical eye' whereby expert anatomists combine tactile (haptic) and visual observations to discern patterns of likeness and variation across species.... Read more

2. How can modern morphological and imaging methods improve the precision, scope, and applications of comparative anatomical studies?

This research theme explores contemporary methodological innovations enhancing comparative anatomy investigations. It focuses on the integration of advanced imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and synchrotron tomography with traditional morphological analyses to enable non-destructive, three-dimensional visualization of anatomical structures. Emphasis is on quantifying form and function, linking microanatomy to systemic organization, and refining anatomical ontologies, especially in model organisms. These advances facilitate accurate phenotype characterization, evolutionary interpretations, and translational biomedical applications.

Key finding: This review comprehensively evaluates a spectrum of morphological visualization methods, contrasting traditional dissection and histology with emerging digital imaging such as CT, contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, and... Read more
Key finding: Utilizing synchrotron radiation microtomography, this study achieves unprecedented 3D skeletal reconstruction of a Middle Triassic coelacanth species, providing detailed morphological data inaccessible through traditional... Read more

3. What are the challenges and considerations in anatomical terminology standardization and its impact on anatomical research and education?

This theme addresses the evolving landscape of anatomical nomenclature, focusing on the Terminologia Anatomica (TA) as the global standard. It examines inconsistencies, gaps, and multiplicities of terms affecting clarity and communication within anatomy education and clinical practice. The research assesses systemic grammatical and semantic errors, synonymy, homonymy, and underrepresentation in variant and applied anatomy domains. These linguistic challenges have direct consequences for interdisciplinary discourse, database integration, and pedagogical efficacy, underscoring the necessity for dynamic revision processes involving morphological experts worldwide.

Key finding: Based on extensive user experience in education and clinical settings, this paper systematically categorizes seven major issues in TA, including grammatical/semantic mistakes, terminology multiplicity, synonym redundancy,... Read more

All papers in Comparative Anatomy

Renal oxidative stress occurs in ureteral obstructions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the antioxidant and antiischemic agent trimetazidine (TMZ) on oxidative stress following ureteral obstruction. Ten groups... more
Por: Edgar Sánchez Durante más de cinco siglos, la humanidad ha contemplado con asombro un muro que parecía infranqueable: el de la ecuación quíntica. El mismo espíritu que había domado la cuadrática en tiempos babilónicos, conquistado la... more
Between approximately 2 and 1 million years ago (Ma) in eastern Africa, there is evidence of up to four contemporaneous hominin species: P. boisei, H. habilis, Homo rudolfensis and Homo erectus (for examples, see refs. 17-19). The teeth... more
Background: Postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity is a rare, congenital disorder characterized by partial or total absence of the fibula. It occurs in about 7 to 20 per million living birth. Males are twice affected as females. It... more
This Rare super exhaustive 1,415 page book both Volume 1 and 2 Complete edition stands as one of the most intellectually comprehensive syntheses of scientific evolution ever conceived. More than a mere chronicle of discovery, it is an... more
Perch", addressing its arguments point-by-point with scientific evidence, peer-reviewed data, and logical analysis. It focuses on exposing misrepresentations about Archaeopteryx, clarifying misconceptions about evolution, and reinforcing... more
The study was performed in the animal house of the College of Education, for a period (21/11/2021- 12/12/2021) to evaluate the histological changes in the kidney of a male albino rat, treated with acetaminophen (450mg/kg). the study... more
The study was performed in the animal house of the College of Education, for a period (21/11/2021- 12/12/2021) to evaluate the histological changes in the kidney of a male albino rat, treated with acetaminophen (450mg/kg). the study... more
The study was performed in the animal house of the College of Education, for a period (21/11/2021- 12/12/2021) to evaluate the histological changes in the kidney of a male albino rat, treated with acetaminophen (450mg/kg). the study... more
The study was performed in the animal house of the College of Education, for a period (21/11/2021- 12/12/2021) to evaluate the histological changes in the kidney of a male albino rat, treated with acetaminophen (450mg/kg). the study... more
An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelphis domestica, Dromiciops... more
An overview of the literature on the chondrocranium of marsupial mammals reveals a relative conservatism in shape and structures. We document the histological cranial anatomy of individuals representing Monodelphis domestica, Dromiciops... more
SPECIAL ISSUE

A catalog of the Lower Lias ichthyosaurs in the Charles Moore Collection. 
JUDY A. MASSARE, DEAN R. LOMAX, MATT WILLIAMS, AND CINDY HOWELLS  P. 141-193.     

Author index to volume 14  p. 194-195.
CONTENTS New records of multituberculate mammals form the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California. DONALD L. LOFGREN, RANDALL L. NYDAM, MADDIE GAUMER, ELISA KONG, AND MALCOLM C. MCKENNA p. 149-163. A second... more
Over Ontology, fractals, and statistics. From Aristotle, Hume, Spinoza, Kant, and Bergson to Mandelbrot, Deleuze, Prigoggine, and Thom...
Introduction The liver is the largest gland in the body and shows wide variation in surface features. Knowledge of external features is essential for radiological investigations and during abdominal surgeries. Morphological variation of... more
Background: The fore and hind limbs of the elephant are arranged in an almost vertical position under the body, similar to a pillar or leg of a table rather than being in the angular position seen in many other quadruped mammals to... more
We report a rare case of a patient with bilateral mirror clubfeet and bilateral hand polydactyly. The patient presented to our orthopaedic clinic with bilateral mirror clubfeet, each with eight toes, and bilateral hands with six fingers... more
Ontology authoring is a specialised task requiring amongst other things a deep knowledge of the ontology language being used. Understanding and reusing ontologies can thus be difficult for domain experts, who tend not to be ontology... more
Ontology authoring is a specialised task requiring amongst other things a deep knowledge of the ontology language being used. Understanding and reusing ontologies can thus be difficult for domain experts, who tend not to be ontology... more
Animals have evolved extraordinary adaptations that allow them to survive in diverse and often challenging environments. This paper explores three remarkable abilities: regeneration in axolotls, mimicry in cuttlefish, and electroreception... more
This figure documents early ontogenetic variation in Monoplex nicobaricus (Röding, 1798) from the Canary Islands. It is based on five juvenile specimens (15.1–28.8 mm; vouchers IMS-NIC-2023-288, IMS-NIC-2025-262, IMS-NIC-2023-181,... more
Background: The fore and hind limbs of the elephant are arranged in an almost vertical position under the body, similar to a pillar or leg of a table rather than being in the angular position seen in many other quadruped mammals to... more
ABSTRACTChange in the timeline of neurobiological growth is an important source of biological variation, and thus phenotypic evolution. However, no study has to date investigated sensory system development in any of the prosimian primates... more
This paper examines the Hungarian Commissioner for Fundamental Rights (CFR), commonly referred to as the Ombudsman, as a pivotal legal institution dedicated to the protection of civil liberties within public administration. Unlike the... more
Background: Computed tomography (CT) scanning is one of the most practical and precise diagnostic imaging methods used to evaluate birds' heads. Objectives: This study aimed to present normal anatomical data of the head of a lovebird... more
Nanoparticles (NPs) not only offer a great possibility for biomedical application, pharmaceutics, but also may be used for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Currently, there are no data available regarding to what extent the... more
Early in the 1850s, the Mineralogical Museum of Turin University received two shipments from Buenos Aires, which contained some of the first specimens of megatheres and glyptodonts to be mounted and displayed in Europe. The first part of... more
Methomyl pesticide is still widely used for controlling pests on crops throughout developing countries, which poses a great risk to neural development during pregnancy. The beneficial role of propolis has recently been proven. The aim of... more
The purpose of this study was to highlight the morphological components of the thorax and its appendages of the adults of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), seeking a comparative focus with other Papilionoidea and... more
An ostrich heart has two atria and two ventricles making it similar to mammals, and a valve system similar to that of other birds. The anatomical and biometrical characteristics of the fibrous skeleton and left atrioventricular valve of... more
To investigate the effect of ginger essential oil (GEO) in an experimental model of cisplatininduced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Male mice were divided into treatment six groups (n = 7), namely: Groups I (saline), II and III (cisplatin, 10... more
Introduction: Spices are one of the main ingredients frequently used in Arab and Asian kitchens. Therefore, we must research their harms in the service of society. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of excessive ginger... more
Abstract: The histology of the accessory respiratory organ of the African catfish – dendretic organ was investigated to reveal its microanatomy. The data obtained will provide baseline data for further investigative research and assist... more
Statistical models are fitted for a variety of reasons. One important reason is that of trying to observe relationships between the variables. A second reason for fitting model is to assist in carrying out a prediction; it is used in some... more
Trance states have been well documented in anthropological and medical literature. While research on trance-induced behaviour is ongoing in anthropological and medical areas, there has been little theoretical attention regarding 'trance... more
Skulls are a critical part of the crocodile through which we can distinguish between the different genera and species. Most of the crocodiles which previously studied from the Eocene-Oligocene to the Miocene times in Egypt were concerned... more
Calcium plays a major role in all cellular functions, and its regulation is important in all aspects of human health. This key role calcium plays in cell function can be traced to its unique molecular coordination geometry, which is often... more
PURPOSE: Verify the presence of the rostral lamina of the corpus callosum, and set parameters for neuroendoscopy. METHODS: Relationship of the floor of the frontal horn of lateral ventricle and the hypothalamic-septal region were studied... more
ObjectiveThe development of bipedalism is a very complex activity that contributes to shaping the anatomy of the foot. The talus, which starts ossifying in utero, may account for the developing stages from the late gestational phase... more
This study aimed to identify morphological variations, conduct morphometry of the liver, and present its clinical implications. The study was conducted on 35 preserved cadaveric livers without macroscopic abnormalities. Morphological... more
The head−neck system of birds is a highly complex structure that performs a variety of demanding and competing tasks. Morphofunctional adaptations to feeding specializations have previously been identified in the head and neck, but... more
This study assessed the micro anatomical differences in the tongue of rat, bat and pangolin with a view to establishing the functional anatomical differences of these mammalian tongues on their dietary pattern. Ten rats, ten bats and ten... more
Triassic, guichthys (Actinopterygii), Vertebral column, Stratigraphy. Riassanto. Esemplari appartenenti al genere Laicbtby sono relativamente comuni in tutto il Triassico e si rinvengono frequentemente in tutti gli ambienti bacinali con... more
Kidneys are vital organs of the body involved in ultrafiltration of toxins. Each kidney has two layers namely cortex and medulla. Nephrotoxicity occurs when there is damage to different kidney parts like glomerulus, bowman's capsule and... more
Background: Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor mostly used in management of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. On the other hand, Curcuma longa is herbal plant that is mostly used in diets among the Asian and... more
Prenatal stress is associated with changes in body weight and size, and with disorders of the skeletal bone development process. However, there is a lack of documentation on the impact of prenatal stress on skull bone anatomy during the... more
Diabetes is a public health problem affected pregnant rats associated with developmental defects of their growing fetuses and histopathological abnormalities of their body organs. The traditional application of phytotherapy encourages... more
The basal ganglia, or nuclei, are cluster of gray matter masses located within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. The anatomy and relationships of the basal ganglia can be confusing due to the varying terms and definitions used... more
The wealth of phenotypic descriptions documented in the published articles, monographs, and dissertations of phylogenetic systematics is traditionally reported in a free-text format, and it is therefore largely inaccessible for linkage to... more
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