Cognitive Approaches to the Humanities

In terms of making sense of unnatural narratives, there has been an ongoing debate between the unnatural approach and the cognitive approach-the former captures the distinct qualities of unnatural texts, and the latter examines how linguistic and narrative constructs express human concerns. This study adds an affective dimension to the discussion on combining these two perspectives on narrative and proposes to base the interpretive move on readers' affective responses. It stresses the heterogeneity of the affective dimension and argues for the necessity of distinguishing between affect and emotion. On the correlation between the affective dimension and interpretive activities, two paths are suggested: the elicitation of affect signposts unnatural readings and the evocation of emotion points to cognitive readings. The essay also applies the proposed approach to reading two affectively distinct unnatural works-Italo Calvino's If on a Winter's Night a Traveller and Paul Auster's Timbuktu.

is a fraught endeavour. Their infamous boxing match in Paris in June, 1929, when Hemingway was reportedly bested by his kindred spirit and former colleague from the Toronto Star, can still affect interpretations of both writers and their work-interpretations that could emphasize the muscular masculinity of their personas to the detriment of other aspects. Much more fraught, however, is to follow John Metcalf's "Winner Take All" (1993), a scathing rebuttal to anyone who has ever suggested that Callaghan's reputation as a writer, more specifically a stylist, was or is unfairly obscured by Hemingway's. Metcalf thereby discourages comparisons of these writers even though they, together, can teach us something about the literature of their era. He furthermore does not consider figurative language as an aspect of style, which he limits (not necessarily wrongly) to literal diction, syntax, rhythm, repetition, and tone. He does interpret figurative language without identifying it as such, except as image or in other people's quotations (e.g., Callaghan's and David Lodge's). However, if style is a manner of expression, surely figurative language should be examined too. Rather than debate with Metcalf directly or re-tell tales of the boxing ring that others have already explained as well as need be, 1 I am writing this essay to use an opportune re-uniting of Callaghan and Hemingway in an anthology-Short Fiction and Critical Contexts (2010)-to explain their use of theatrical metaphors as "truth claims" acceptable to themselves as modern realists. They thought metaphor and symbol false and therefore detrimental to the trueness of their realism, but they found in theatrical metaphors a way to contribute to a historically echoing Theatrical and Self-Conscious Metaphor in Modern Realism: Ernest Hemingway an...

When transcribing Ancient inscribed texts, Classicists are confronted with several difficulties. Incisions of heterogeneous depths, palimpsests, pronounced woodgrain, and the physical state of the document (which can be damaged, stained, or fragmentary) add to the complexity of reading Ancient documents. The “e-Science, Imaging Technology, and Ancient Documents ” project aims to build an advanced software tool to support communities of Classicists in their deciphering task. Our first endeavour is to enhance the legibility of the documents. Acquisition of images of the documents and image analysis are our focus here. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Images of wooden Roman stylus tablets (e.g., from the Roman fort of Vindolanda, ∼100A.D. [1]) form our test set. Originally incised in a thin layer of wax spread on the surface

This article explores what is intercultural about intercultural theology. It starts with some of the founding fathers of intercultural theology who saw it as a new form of missiology. The author argues that intercultural theology and missiology can enrich each other but that they must not be confused. Intercultural theology is based on intercultural hermeneutics which has a long tradition of understanding the relation between sameness and otherness. Based on intercultural philosophy, the author defi nes interculturality in terms of cultural overlaps between "us" and the "others". From this perspective he argues that much of what is presented as intercultural theology is more comparative than intercultural, and suggests new fi elds of research: the genetic and linguistic links between people of different continents; information-processing of the brains; and the primal beliefs that underlie particular traditions. He suggests that the Dialogical Self Theory offers an fruitful perspective for such research.

Bruno Latour has argued that, following the hypothesis of James Lovelock
and Lynn Margulis, Earth in the era of the Anthropocene could be interpreted on the model of non-sovereignty or shared sovereignty. The article argues that theories of res publica give us a particular insight. Paradoxically, Lucretius rather than Cicero might be our best start — in particular, his notion of foedera naturae (laws or pacts of nature). A pact that natura gubernans concludes with atoms is formulated in the language of Roman politics of the republican era and it brings the issues of shared sovereignty into the forefront of discussion.

Whereas structuralist narratology has run out of steam for quite some time, Narrating the Mesh: Form and Story in the Anthropocene sets out to interweave the study of narrative forms with the study of the homologous forms to be found in our natural, contingent world. What has been called the “Anthropocene” (a criticized denomination and conceptualization for the current geological epoch in the volume brought into view) gave rise to a series of alternative debates and critical approaches grounded in social sciences, philosophy, literature and others (i.e., Posthumanism, OOO, Flat Ontology, Ecocriticism, Animal Studies, Plant Studies etc.) generally consisting in displaying and analyzing the climatological and meteorological conditions of existence in the ongoing status quo, the interspecies entanglement and interconnectedness of human and nonhuman beings composing what Timothy Morton, and Marco Caracciolo too, would term the “mesh,” the agency and saliency of enmeshed, nonhuman entities in a dualistic, hierarchic and ontologically-discriminating modern tradition of though.

La domanda che dà il titolo a questa mia riflessione, cioè se l'apporto delle neuroscienze possa costituire un svolta per i nostri studi, in particolare per la critica letteraria, trova una risposta in ciò che è già avvenuto, insomma negli studi recenti o in atto che già rappresentano una tale svolta. Mi limito a citare i lavori di due studiosi che hanno partecipato al convegno su "La narrazione come incontro", svoltosi nel 2021 all'Università di Tor Vergata e sulla cui base si è sviluppata questa raccolta di saggi: Stefano Calabrese e Michele Cometa. Il primo ha dimostrato ancora una volta, in un suo libro recente a proposito di Svevo (Calabrese 2020, 2017), la produttività critica degli approcci di cui parliamo; il secondo ha fornito una messa a punto del problema (Cometa 2017) che considero fondativa, ricchissima di aperture e di riferimenti bibliografici, insomma un lavoro da cui in futuro non si potrà prescindere. Io vorrei limitarmi a riflettere proprio sul concetto di 'svolta' riferendomi al settore scientifico disciplinare che ci appartiene, L-Fil-Let/14, insomma Critica letteraria e letterature comparate, con i relativi campi paradigmatici di Teoria della letteratura, Metodologia e storia della critica letteraria, "Storia della critica e della storiografia letteraria, Traduttologia, Sociologia della letteratura, ecc. In realtà se ne ripercorriamo una breve storia, come è possibile fare semplicemente sulla base della nostra memoria biografica, io credo di poter dire che questo settore si è caratterizzato proprio per la sua capacità di aprirsi, di assimilare, di modificarsi, di essere poroso; molto di più di quanto non siano stati gruppi disciplinari contigui e affini o fratelli/(coltelli).

This article traces origin, acceptance, modification, and extinction of the metaphor of Insengma(人乘馬). This metaphor starts from Zhu Xi and is then modified by Yi Hwang and Yi Yi. As a result, it is a root metaphor that provides impetus to the philosophical thought of Korean Neo-Confucianism. The conceptual metaphor is a thinking process based on bodily experiences, which illustrates abstract ideas. The expandability of the conceptual metaphor leads to modification of the metaphor of Inseungma, with result that Zhu Xi’s explanation of this metaphor does not entirely clarify the metaphor’s expandability and modification. We find clues that can more fully clarify the expandability and modification in The Book of Change.
Yi Hwang, who accepted Zhu Xi’s metaphor of Insengma, reinterpreted the motion (strength) schema and suggested the concept of libal(理發) that involves self-causing power. Yi Yi posed a problem for Yi Hwang’s schema and provided the metaphor of Gijungsu(器中水) as an alternative, which comes from the container schema in The Book of Change. Yi Yi tried to break free from the motion (strength) schema, but the issue of strength is still a part of his philosophy. This incommensurability causes differentiation of the juri(主理) series and gibariseung(氣發理乘) series, which are the most significant axes of the debates in li-gi. Finally, in the eighteenth century, debates related to the metaphor of Inseungma calmed down, with the metaphor of Inseungju(人乘舟) from Yi Iik.
After the late nineteenth century, the metaphor of Inseungma again took the spotlight in Eopil(猥筆) by Gi Jeongjin. His endeavor to unify the Neo-Confucianism of the Yi Hwang school and that of Yi Yi school caused the Eopil-debait(猥筆論爭). Critics of Gi’s metaphor of Inseungma put definite point in Eopilbyeon(猥筆辨) and Samgataegeukseolbyeon(三家太極說 辨) from Jeon U. This debate is a division between one side that worries about li as a dead thing, and another that worries about li as a living thing. The extinction of the metaphor of Inseungma came in the emergence of philosophical thought that denies li’s existence. That extinction was declared by Seol Taehui(薛泰熙), who argued for gi’s self-existence.

Remembering is a realization of belonging, even a social obligation (Assmann, 2008: 114) Can we learn to listen? Or to allow silence to speak to us? Can we visualize the space among us and inhabit it with our memories? These are among the questions raised by, and embedded in, my recent participatory art project 'lo scarto', which evolved through the relational dynamics within the group. It was informed by the Reciprocal Maieutics Approach (RMA Dolci, 1973), a pedagogic process based on collective exploration of individuals' experience and intuition. This enabled intersubjective exchange, the activation of history and memories, and the construction of a narrative related to the current intercultural process taking place in Italy. My creative process is here discussed as research as art practice, in relation to socially engaged and dialogic art, and communicative memory, to act as an interface in an intercultural society. Research As Art Practice In Context As an artist and a researcher, my creative process can be defined as 'Research As Art Practice'. According to Busch (2009) contemporary art is often characterised by an explicit recourse to philosophical or sociological theories, and scientific research and process that "critically analyses both the commodity aspect of artworks and their purely aesthetic impact, as well as the power structures of the art world" (Busch 2009: 1) resulting in interdisciplinary and socially engaged artistic research. My ongoing investigation into the 'interchange' (Cologni, 2004) of artist and audience/participant, based on the co-functioning of self and other (Merleau-Ponty, 1962), and the perceptual, psychological and social dynamics within it, is manifested in participatory and collaborative events, sculptures, drawings and workshops. The live encounter in the form of dialogue is central to the construction of meaning. In particular in my production platform Rockfluid ii my approach was also in-disciplinary "not only a matter of going besides the disciplines but of breaking them" (Baronian, Rancière and Rosello 2008: 2). I have recently focused on processes of memorization in the present and in relation to space/place, through for example 'Spa(e)cious' and 'lo scarto' discussed below. Research as art practice is a natural development from the art practice as research paradigm that emerged in the 1990s, defined as the context where the produced artworks also produced (often critical) knowledge (Busch, 2009), of which my piece Diagrammi (Venice Biennale, 1999, Cologni 2000) is an example. The art research debate grew and intertwined with movements in contemporary art, allowing research in the arts and an evolution of the relationship between theory and practice (Busch, 2009; Sullivan, 2005). These are interwoven in research as art practice, which through different manifestations acts through many registers, and has a wider impact in society because it talks to-while engaging with-different audiences to share the transformation taking place from ideas to artworks, from raw matter to specific constructs, from subjective needs to shared meaningful actions. My artistic research within the Anti Ocularcentric Discourse (Cologni, 2004; Jay, 1993), a critique of the vision-centered western cultural context, is filtered through my own experience as a transnational artist within a now rapidly changing multi-ethnic European continent (Risse, 2004; Checkel and Katzenstein, 2009). The Council of Europe issued the following statement about

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationships between perceptual variables and entrepreneurial intention among 13 Asian economies, and to depict the differences in the relationships among three types of Asian economies (factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven). Data were drawn from the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey (GEM APS) data set. Based on the cognitive theory, relevant research questions were developed, and the data were analysed through the logistic regression model. For the case of 13 Asian countries (full sample), except social status and respect, all perceptual variables are significantly related to entrepreneurial intention, and fear of fail found a negative and significant relationship. In sub-sample analysis, we have observed that regarding risk-taking, career choice, and social status, there are some significant differences among the three types of economies. The study contributes as the first attempt on Asian sa...

Cognitive psychology has expressed its debts to Gestalt Psychology and Conceptual Metaphor Theorists (CMT) such as George Lakoff have expressed debts to Gestalt psychologists, like Rudolf Arnheim. However, there are prima facie obstacles to this easy genealogy, especially the Gestalt preference for an interaction theory of metaphor. This paper addresses these issues by, firstly, revisiting the discussions of metaphor by Gestaltoriented psychologists and comparing them to CMT. Secondly, the paper discusses the ways in which CMT has appropriated Gestalt ideas, usually as a 'translation', but not a true assimilation. Lastly, the paper focuses on Lakoff's discussion of a static image using CMT and uses the insights of Gestalt-theoretic critiques of CMT to explain its shortcomings in the visual domain.

In Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary Judgment (1963[1929]), I. A. Richards marks his standing as the herald of three trends of literary criticism: the empirical study of literature, New Criticism, and Reader-Response Criticism. What is more, in this book he affiliates himself with the experimental psychology of his time and by extension with the rising prominence of Gestalt theory within this discipline. Our research weaves together not only these three trends but also his Interaction Theory of Metaphor, detailed in The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936). This essay draws out the implications of Richards's approach to cognitive literary studies for our work on poetic metaphor. In the section entitled “A Gestalt Approach to Poetry” we develop and incorporate his Interaction Theory of Metaphor into our Gestalt-Interaction Theory of Metaphor, applying it to a reading of John Donne's poem “The Bait.” In the section“An Empirical Study of Poetry” we discuss Richards's empiri...

Fictional Worlds and Cognitive Science Cogsci 2011 Symposium Cristobal Pagan Canovas (cpcanovas@um.es) https://sites.google.com/site/cristobalpagancanovas/ Department of Cognitive Science, Case Western Reserve University 605 Crawford Hall, 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 USA Tel. +1 2163684753 Keywords: cognition-fiction -literature-performance-narrative. Thalia Goldstein Cognitive Science and the Study of Fictionality Classical computationalism was committed to viewing cognition in terms of physical symbol systems, using representational formats akin to numbers, or language. Yet it is now becoming clear this is at best a very partial model that cannot account for and is in many cases incompatible with the emerging evidence from neuroscience. The study of how the human mind builds and inhabits intricate fictional worlds has proved to be indispensable to our understanding of representation, meaning construction, social cognition, and many other central issues in Cognitive Scienc...

Abstract:How is the concept of intermediality used in theatre and performance studies? And how can we understand the notion of ‘the in-between’ that is at the core of intermediality? This article will develop a methodological approach to theatre practice and perception that goes beyond media difference and media comparison. I will take the very destabilizing of media difference and media identity as a phenomenological issue, and concentrate on the transactions between media, the mediated, and the observers that are activated by internal structural effects of multistability: the shifting of figure and ground, the switching of aspects. In doing so, I will argue for performance analysis that considers the whole ensemble of relations between media and between those phenomena that are brought to light by media: the interplay of seeing and speaking, of sounds and images, of words and things, the visible and the audible. Using the performance Forever Godard by Igor Bauersima, I will highlight the complex interplay between theatricality, performativity and mediality to offer a methodological approach that departs from the so-called vortex effect that brings forth processes of intermedial transfigurations in performances.

Background. Th e article is devoted to the psychological analysis of a new problem for the psychology of a possible — possibilistic thinking. It is substantiated that if classical psychology was directed to the past, focused on identifying the connections of past experience with current behavior, then the creative potential of the psychology of thepossible lies in the fact that a very signifi cant part of it is directed towards an unknown indefi nite future. In the perspective of modern methodology of scientifi c knowledge, research in the psychology of the possible is based on the possibilistic thinking, including counterfactual reasoning and intuitive insight. Th e objective of the study: to analyze the theoretical and methodological foundations of possibilistic thinking based on counterfactual reasoning and intuitive insight. Results. Th e article presents an analytical review of research in the fi eld of counterfactual thinking and serendipity. Two main areas of research into th...

В статье анализируются условия возникновения когнитивной науки как новой области междисциплинарных исследований. В основу анализа кладется метафора «торговых зон», заимствованная из антропологии. Автор выделяет пять условий успешного становления междисциплинарности: это люди с выраженными междисциплинарными интересами; места, где они получают возможность проводить исследования (университеты, научные центры и т.п.); специализированные организации (общества, журналы и т.п.); идеи, которые пересекают границы отдельно взятых областей; методы, применимые на их пересечении. В качестве примера автор рассматривает междисциплинарные исследования мышления по аналогии в когнитивной науке.

Innovations in neural imaging have given rise to the relatively new field of neuroaesthetics, an interdisciplinary approach to issues of aesthetics located at the intersection of the cognitive sciences, arts, and humanities. Using G. Gabrielle Starr's discussion of Gian Bernini's Apollo and Daphne in Feeling Beauty: The Neuroscience of Aesthetic Experience (2013), this essay expands on her work by stressing the importance of the phenomenological body and a theory of time to an understanding of the aesthetic experience.

This special issue of Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia (from now on Acta) interrogates religious practices of reading, writing, praying, and engaging with texts, images, architecture, music, and ritual spaces in late antique Rome and medieval Europe. More specifically, it aims to analyze and deepen our understanding of how liturgy and religious practice modelled and modified selves and communities, how they shaped and transformed identities and built communitiesboth individual and collective, religious and lay. The cover of the present issue shows a miniature from a large liturgical book, the Olivetan Gradual. This illuminated manuscript, produced for a monastery of the Olivetan order, a branch of the Benedictines, at Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan in the 1430s, has only just recently come to the attention of scholars. 1 The large script, ornamental initials, illustrations, and musical notations indicate that the book was made for use in the choir (measuring 595 x 435 mm). An entire congregation of monks would have been able to see and read as they sang in choir: just as we see in the illustration from the manuscript itself, on the cover of this issue (fol. 9v). The illustration in question accompanies an antiphon, based on Psalm 50.9 (in the Vulgate numbering), which is a penitential psalm, in the voice of David. It reads: Asperges me ysopo et mundabor lavabis me et super nivem dealbabor ("Thou shalt sprinkle me with hyssop, and I shall be cleansed: thou shalt wash me, and I shall be made whiter than snow"). 2 The antiphon was chanted during the sprinkling of believers with holy water at the start of the Mass on Sunday (except during Eastertide). In the miniature itself, we see the text of the antiphon Asperges me reduplicated in the open liturgical book in the centre of the image. The image shows the monks singing the antiphon while they are actually being sprinkled with holy water by the celebrant, symbolizing the cleansing of the participants.

The development of next-generation secondary batteries, including lithium-ion batteries (LIB), requires performance enhancements such as high energy/high power density, low cost, long life, and excellent safety. The discovery of new materials with such requirements is a challenging and time-consuming process with great difficulty. To pursue this challenging endeavor, it is pivotal to understand the structure and interface of electrode materials in a multiscale level at the atomic, molecular, macro-scale during charging / discharging. In this regard, various advanced material characterization tools, including the first-principle calculation, high-resolution electron microscopy, and synchrotronbased X-ray techniques, have been actively employed to understand the charge storage-and degradationmechanisms of various electrode materials. In this article, we introduce and review recent advances in in-situ synchrotron-based x-ray techniques to study electrode materials for LIBs during thermal degradation and charging/ discharging. We show that the fundamental understanding of the structure and interface of the battery materials gained through these advanced in-situ investigations provides valuable insight into designing next-generation electrode materials with significantly improved performance in terms of high energy/high power density, low cost, long life, and excellent safety.

The theme of this paper is the idea that imaginative literature can disclose our tacit knowledge of emotions. It this does with the aid of such devices as metaphors and similes. The kind of insight we get thanks to the disclosive power of literature is akin to that which Kjell S. Johannessen has called 'knowledge by familiarity,' Frank Palmer 'knowing what' and Charles Taylor implicitly 'the result of articulation.' I defend the theory that at least some important emotions cannot be understood (or even exist) outside of behavioral contexts and that this understanding is mainly tacit. I try to show that certain works of literature can disclose this kind of tacit knowledge, not least because of the productive distance to this knowledge imaginative literature gives. Further, I use several examples from imaginative literature to show how poetical metaphors, poetical similes, the Verfremdung and other poetical devices disclose tacit knowledge of emotions.

This study aims to investigate the impact of educational background on perceived opportunities, perceived capacities, and entrepreneurial intention among Vietnamese students. By collecting data from 617 students at universities, colleges and institutes in Vietnam, the study employs some quantitative approaches including descriptive statistics, explorative factor analysis (EFA), correlation coefficient analysis, ANOVA tests and multiple linear regression to analyze the relationship between educational background, perceived opportunities perceived capacities and entrepreneurial intention. In addition, Chi-square and Cramer's V tests are implemented to show the difference of educational background in Vietnamese students' entrepreneurial intention. The research results show that there was a negative relationship between field of studies and perceived opportunities, perceived capacities, and entrepreneurial intention while educational level had positive effects on perceived opportunities, perceived capacities and entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, Chi-square and Cramer's V tests report that there was a strong evidence of educational level difference in entrepreneurial intention but no difference of field of study in entrepreneurial intention.

This study refines the relationship between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention by considering the mediating roles of perceived opportunity and fear of failure and the moderating role of gender. A moderated mediation framework is developed on the basis of perspectives of the cognitive phenomenon of categorization and the social role theory. Two samples of Taiwan and China obtained from the database released by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor were used to test the hypotheses. A logistic regression analysis followed by a bootstrap approach reveals several interesting results. First, perceived capability positively affects entrepreneurial intention through perceived opportunity; this indirect linkage is stronger in China than in Taiwan. Second, compared with the fear of failure, perceived opportunity has a stronger mediating effect in linking perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention. This difference is more remarkable in China than in Taiwan. Third, gender partially moderates the mediating effect of perceived opportunity. Specifically, perceived capability has a stronger indirect effect on entrepreneurial intention through perceived opportunity among men than among women in Taiwan; however, the difference is not significant between men and women in China. In addition, age negatively affects perceived opportunity and entrepreneurial intention.

Remembering is a realization of belonging, even a social obligation (Assmann, 2008: 114) Can we learn to listen? Or to allow silence to speak to us? Can we visualize the space among us and inhabit it with our memories? These are among the questions raised by, and embedded in, my recent participatory art project 'lo scarto', which evolved through the relational dynamics within the group. It was informed by the Reciprocal Maieutics Approach (RMA Dolci, 1973), a pedagogic process based on collective exploration of individuals' experience and intuition. This enabled intersubjective exchange, the activation of history and memories, and the construction of a narrative related to the current intercultural process taking place in Italy. My creative process is here discussed as research as art practice, in relation to socially engaged and dialogic art, and communicative memory, to act as an interface in an intercultural society. Research As Art Practice In Context As an artist and a researcher, my creative process can be defined as 'Research As Art Practice'. According to Busch (2009) contemporary art is often characterised by an explicit recourse to philosophical or sociological theories, and scientific research and process that "critically analyses both the commodity aspect of artworks and their purely aesthetic impact, as well as the power structures of the art world" (Busch 2009: 1) resulting in interdisciplinary and socially engaged artistic research. My ongoing investigation into the 'interchange' (Cologni, 2004) of artist and audience/participant, based on the co-functioning of self and other (Merleau-Ponty, 1962), and the perceptual, psychological and social dynamics within it, is manifested in participatory and collaborative events, sculptures, drawings and workshops. The live encounter in the form of dialogue is central to the construction of meaning. In particular in my production platform Rockfluid ii my approach was also in-disciplinary "not only a matter of going besides the disciplines but of breaking them" (Baronian, Rancière and Rosello 2008: 2). I have recently focused on processes of memorization in the present and in relation to space/place, through for example 'Spa(e)cious' and 'lo scarto' discussed below. Research as art practice is a natural development from the art practice as research paradigm that emerged in the 1990s, defined as the context where the produced artworks also produced (often critical) knowledge (Busch, 2009), of which my piece Diagrammi (Venice Biennale, 1999, Cologni 2000) is an example. The art research debate grew and intertwined with movements in contemporary art, allowing research in the arts and an evolution of the relationship between theory and practice (Busch, 2009; Sullivan, 2005). These are interwoven in research as art practice, which through different manifestations acts through many registers, and has a wider impact in society because it talks to-while engaging with-different audiences to share the transformation taking place from ideas to artworks, from raw matter to specific constructs, from subjective needs to shared meaningful actions. My artistic research within the Anti Ocularcentric Discourse (Cologni, 2004; Jay, 1993), a critique of the vision-centered western cultural context, is filtered through my own experience as a transnational artist within a now rapidly changing multi-ethnic European continent (Risse, 2004; Checkel and Katzenstein, 2009). The Council of Europe issued the following statement about

Qu Yuan (c. 340-278 BC) is often called "the first Chinese poet," because the primary work attributed to him, Li sao ("Sublimating Sorrow"), is the first in the tradition to evoke a distinctive persona engaged in self-reflection and personal narrative. To explain why this story of frustrated political ambition became arguably the first instance of Chinese autobiography or life writing, this paper uses the notion of "biological handicap," proposed by Amotz Zahavi. As a peacock's cumbersome tail feathers reduce its individual chances of survival but communicate valuable information to potential mates, the Li Sao's poetic persona uses images its audience understood as external marks of invisible, spiritual potency, like long eyebrows and fragrant adornments, to evoke unfulfilled political potential, resulting in an early model of literary interiority. The Li sao 離騷 ("Sublimating Sorrow," better known as "Encountering Sorrow" or "Leaving my Troubles" 1) may be the most influential poem in Chinese history. Formally, it laid groundwork for classical poetry and prose. 2 Thematically, it transmuted a regional genre of shamanistic ritual songs into a political life story imitated for 2,300 years. Though not escaping intermittent criticism, its putative author, a minister and royal clansman of the state of Chu 楚 named Qu Yuan 屈原 (ca. 4 th-3 rd cs. BC), has been hailed as "the first Chinese

This article explores what is intercultural about intercultural theology. It starts with some of the founding fathers of intercultural theology who saw it as a new form of missiology. The author argues that intercultural theology and missiology can enrich each other but that they must not be confused. Intercultural theology is based on intercultural hermeneutics which has a long tradition of understanding the relation between sameness and otherness. Based on intercultural philosophy, the author defi nes interculturality in terms of cultural overlaps between "us" and the "others". From this perspective he argues that much of what is presented as intercultural theology is more comparative than intercultural, and suggests new fi elds of research: the genetic and linguistic links between people of different continents; information-processing of the brains; and the primal beliefs that underlie particular traditions. He suggests that the Dialogical Self Theory offers an fruitful perspective for such research.

In this article, Amato discusses how the hand or glove puppet connects intimately to the human body, as well as its role in the expression of the social self. She explores important qualities of the puppet that affect the way it functions, especially at very subtle levels. She describes a variety of insights from teachers and therapists who work in applied puppetry, specifically with students with exceptionalities. These include Maurizio Gioco of Verona Italy, Z Briggs of the Henson Foundation, and Susan Linn.  She surveys additional literature on puppets in therapeutic settings. She offers insights and recommendations for ways to integrate puppets into practitioners' work with all students and, in particular, those with exceptionalities.

In the introduction to his 1912 edition of John Donne's poetry, Herbert J. C. Grierson writes of “the vein of sheer ugliness which runs through his work, presenting details that seem merely and wantonly repulsive.” What is more, Donne displays what Samuel Johnson argues is “a kind of discordia concors; a combination of dissimilar images.” Through both a cognitive-literary and an empirical study of the metaphors in Donne's poems “The Bait” and “The Flea,” the authors discuss the grotesque nature of his poetic imagery as constituting “a clash of incompatibles, generated by the great distance between the two semantic fields.” The authors argue that it is this clash that sustains bidirectionality in a metaphor, by preserving the tension between its two subjects, while allowing each to alternatively become the focus of one's attention while reading. Donne's use of grotesque imagery thereby juxtaposes semantic fields and their worlds with frightening consequences, and this...

Metonymy and Intimacy A metaphor has two terms, one of which is to be mapped into the other. A metonym also has two terms, but with no necessary similarity or mapping between them. It is a linguistic figure and way of thinking in which one term prompts, or connects with, another by a mental association in the hearer or reader. We follow Jakobson's (1956) proposal that metaphor is at the semantic pole of language and works by similarity, whereas metonymy is at the syntactic pole, and works by juxtaposition. Gerrig (1993) has argued that some kinds of innovative language make for intimacy between a writer and a reader. We extend his argument by proposing that metonymy, specifically, can have this property, because a metonym can derive from any association made in the mind of the writer who hopes that the reader will make the same kind of association in his or her own mind. The effect can be to allow the reader to enter the other's mind in a way that is similar to that of self-disclosure between friends. From Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, we give literary examples of metonymy, including its best-known kind, synecdoche, and also of juxtapositions of events and ideas that enable readers to enter the mind of Anna. We follow this with an example of an invitation to intimacy from Woolf 's To the Lighthouse. Readers who are unwilling or unable to enter the mental world of a particular piece of fiction are likely to miss intimacy-prompting metonyms, and see them as merely incidental to a story. We then take our proposal through three further stages. The first stage is to relate it to Clark's (2008) proposal that the mind is a hybrid, with an intuitive-associative processor that runs on distributed neural networks, plus a more recently installed, verbal-deliberative processor the conclusions of which enter consciousness as short-term working memory. A writer's job is to translate intuitions of the associative processor into terms of the verbal-deliberative processor, and externalize them onto the page. A reader's job is to take in verbal forms such as metonyms and translate them into intuitions that can be linked in the associative processor. The second stage is to relate our argument to Baumeister/Masicampo's (2010) proposal that consciousness is not the initiator of actions, but a simulation that relates autobiographical memory, understanding of the social world, and future planning. A piece of fiction is a simulation of a similar kind, which can be incorporated into a reader's ongoing conscious simulation. A third stage is to show that childhood acquisition of language involves what Tomasello (1995) calls joint attentional scenes, in which an attachment figure and an infant jointly attend to some third object, often give it a name (a synecdoche), and also attend to each other. These processes of acquisition, themselves based on metonymy, then,

We are fortunate to have detailed descriptions of both the ritual and the suppliant’s experience at the sanctuary of Trophonius in Lebadeia, that provide an opportunity for a case study juxtaposing ancient evidence with the results of modern research in cognitive science. The paper explores changes in the suppliant’s body and mind, experienced during his stay in Trophonius’ sanctuary.

The main rite was a descent into the artificial subterranean cave of Trophonius, who was believed to appear to the suppliants in person. In the subterranean chamber the inquirer experienced alteration of consciousness, induced by sensory deprivation, and comprising vortex and out-of-body experiences, as well as hallucinations and the sensation of unmediated communication with supernatural beings. The core experience was preceded by a series of preliminary rites, each of them involving a different cognitive and/or physiological mechanism.

The ritual of descent to Trophonius combined characteristics of a mystery rite, such as secrecy, brush with death, utter distress, obliteration of memory, and personality change, and an oracular consultation, which was based on interpretation of hidden knowledge revealed in the sacred grotto.

Anderson, Miranda, Douglas Cairns, and Mark Sprevak, eds. Distributed
Cognition in Classical Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. 294pp.
Patrick Colm Hogan announced in 2002 that “cognitivist methods, topics, and principles have come to dominate what are arguably
the most intellectually exciting academic fields today” (1). Today, what
dominates those “cognitivist methods, topics, and principles” is likely
to be Distributed Cognition. The term was initially addressed by Edwin
Hutchin in Cognition in the Wild (1995) and currently has been developed
to encompass an intertwined group of theories including embodied cognition, embedded cognition, extended cognition, and enactive cognition
(together also called “4E Cognition”). The distributed views of cognition
generally hold that mind is “spread out over the brain, the non-neural
body and an environment consisting of objects, tools other artefacts, texts,
individuals, groups and/or social/institutional structures” (Hutchin 2).
Over the past two decades, the notion has become a key tenet of cognitive
studies in the humanities and has been practiced by an ever-increasing
number of scholars such as Karin Kukkonen, who applies theories of
distributed cognition to literature in 4E Cognition and Eighteenth-Century
Fiction: How the Novel Found Its Feet (2019). In spite of that, there is so far
no work comparable to The Edinburgh History of Distributed Cognition
series, ambitiously edited by Miranda Anderson and Douglas Cairns,
who solicit “scholars from across the disciplinary spectrum to track the
notions of distributed cognition in a wide range of historical, cultural and
literary contexts from antiquity through to the twentieth century” (x). The
series is composed of 4 volumes: Distributed Cognition in Classical Antiquity, Distributed Cognition in Medieval and Renaissance Culture, Distributed  Cognition in Enlightenment and Romantic Culture, and Distributed Cognition
in Victorian Culture and Modernism.

Fictional Worlds and Cognitive Science Cogsci 2011 Symposium Cristobal Pagan Canovas (cpcanovas@um.es) https://sites.google.com/site/cristobalpagancanovas/ Department of Cognitive Science, Case Western Reserve University 605 Crawford Hall, 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 USA Tel. +1 2163684753 Keywords: cognition-fiction -literature-performance-narrative. Thalia Goldstein Cognitive Science and the Study of Fictionality Classical computationalism was committed to viewing cognition in terms of physical symbol systems, using representational formats akin to numbers, or language. Yet it is now becoming clear this is at best a very partial model that cannot account for and is in many cases incompatible with the emerging evidence from neuroscience. The study of how the human mind builds and inhabits intricate fictional worlds has proved to be indispensable to our understanding of representation, meaning construction, social cognition, and many other central issues in Cognitive Scienc...

My paper focuses on an emergent research field in t he humanities that may create the intellectual Weltanschauung, ideology and praxis of the XXIst century: the cognitive paradigm. The pioneering concepts and methods of Pinker, Damasio, Turner, Fauconnier, Lakoff et alii coalesced as a coherent intellectual program, aiming to rethink art, literature and their metalanguages on neurophysical bases. Two study-cases are discussed: Fauconniers and Turner’s The Way We Think and Antonio Damasio’s The Feeling of What Happens : Body and Emotions in the Making of Consciousness.

The article is aimed at the establishment of the impact of entrepreneurial education promoting entrepreneurship among young people. The results of the research confirmed that the main factors of entrepreneurial intention are personality traits (self-efficacy, risk-taking, need for achievement, proactiveness, attitude towards entrepreneurship, behavioural control and internal locus of control), and they can be developed during the study process. With reference to the research results, it was established that in spite of the chosen study program, young people studying in the higher education institution (Kaunas University of Technology) are inclined to seek for entrepreneurship after completion of the studies-it was stated by 77 per cent of the students of economics and 70 per cent of the students of mechanical engineering. It also appeared that the chose study program differently impacts students' intentions to seek for entrepreneurship. The students of economics are of the opinion that economic education not only provides useful knowledge about business start-up, but also contributes to the development of the personality traits mentioned above (mean values vary in the interval from 3.16 to 4.07), while the opinion of the students of mechanical engineering is opposite-education does not provide useful information about business, does not encourage young people's creativity for business start-up, does not contribute to the development of particular personality traits (favourable attitude towards entrepreneurship and the initiative to start-up business) (mean values are lower than 3). In general, studies in a higher education institution should develop entrepreneurial abilities, so the programs designed for the students with technological specialization should be supplemented with the subjects enabling to form entrepreneurial knowledge and skills.

The article is aimed at the establishment of the impact of entrepreneurial education promoting entrepreneurship among young people. The results of the research confirmed that the main factors of entrepreneurial intention are personality traits (self-efficacy, risk-taking, need for achievement, proactiveness, attitude towards entrepreneurship, behavioural control and internal locus of control), and they can be developed during the study process. With reference to the research results, it was established that in spite of the chosen study program, young people studying in the higher education institution (Kaunas University of Technology) are inclined to seek for entrepreneurship after completion of the studies-it was stated by 77 per cent of the students of economics and 70 per cent of the students of mechanical engineering. It also appeared that the chose study program differently impacts students' intentions to seek for entrepreneurship. The students of economics are of the opinion that economic education not only provides useful knowledge about business start-up, but also contributes to the development of the personality traits mentioned above (mean values vary in the interval from 3.16 to 4.07), while the opinion of the students of mechanical engineering is opposite-education does not provide useful information about business, does not encourage young people's creativity for business start-up, does not contribute to the development of particular personality traits (favourable attitude towards entrepreneurship and the initiative to start-up business) (mean values are lower than 3). In general, studies in a higher education institution should develop entrepreneurial abilities, so the programs designed for the students with technological specialization should be supplemented with the subjects enabling to form entrepreneurial knowledge and skills.

Keywords, tags... and what else?Keywords and their latest versions, called tags, are the object of this paper. Those expressions are treated as elements of the lexical systems of respective languages: the keyword language and the tag language. Our presentation of those vocabulary groups is intended to demonstrate that they are not homonymous, in structural or functional respects. Those two lexical resources are presented rather from the viewpoint of the theory of indexing and retrieval languages as well as the information search theories.Considering the future of the languages in question, the author presents the folksonomies and the possibilities of application of the respective vocabulary collections in the construction of tools required for semantization of the information retrieval environment in the Internet, including the construction of ontology and thought maps.Special attention was paid to the idea that keywords and tags are practically equivalent to specific “languages” wh...

Learning to program in a programming language is a difficult task for Computer Science students. Vygotsky's constructivism theory states that learning is unavoidably done through association of new concepts with existing ones. Based on this theory, students must build upon life experience concepts, abstract computer concepts (like memory indirection and execution threads), and programming language concepts (like pointers and threads). We hypothesize that we can ease the association process and improve the learning of abstract concepts by using metaphors, letting students program them directly through gamified development environments. We propose a methodology to design gamified development environments supporting the concept association principle. We provide an example of a gamified development environment idea using metaphors for learning abstract programming concepts reported as difficult to learn in a student survey. The gamified development environment idea was validated by Programming II (CS2) professors through two focus groups with slightly positive results.

The ink and stylus tablets discovered at the Roman Fort of Vindolanda are a unique resource for scholars of ancient history. However, the stylus tablets have proved particularly difficult to read. This paper describes a system that assists expert papyrologists in the interpretation of the Vindolanda writing tablets. A model-based approach is taken that relies on models of the written form of characters, and statistical modelling of language, to produce plausible interpretations of the documents. Fusion of the contributions from the language, ...

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationships between perceptual variables and entrepreneurial intention among 13 Asian economies, and to depict the differences in the relationships among three types of Asian economies (factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven). Data were drawn from the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey (GEM APS) data set. Based on the cognitive theory, relevant research questions were developed, and the data were analysed through the logistic regression model. For the case of 13 Asian countries (full sample), except social status and respect, all perceptual variables are significantly related to entrepreneurial intention, and fear of fail found a negative and significant relationship. In sub-sample analysis, we have observed that regarding risk-taking, career choice, and social status, there are some significant differences among the three types of economies. The study contributes as the first attempt on Asian sa...

МЕЖДУ АДАПТАЦИЕЙ И ПОБОЧНЫМ ПРОДУКТОМ * Т. В. МАЛЕВИЧ * Текст подготовлен в рамках проекта «Религия, наука, общество: серия лекций и семинаров», осуществляемого Общецерковной аспирантурой и докторантурой РПЦ при поддержке Фонда Джона Темплтона.