Atypical Development

This paper examines the intersection of biolinguistic theories and early childhood education, emphasising how biological predispositions and environmental factors influence language acquisition. Biolinguistic theories posit that humans are biologically equipped to learn language, but the environment plays a role in shaping language skills. The review examines current research on the biological foundations of language development, including the role of Universal Grammar, critical periods, and brain plasticity. Additionally, it discusses how pedagogical practices, such as interactive reading, social interaction, and bilingual education, enhance language learning. By integrating these biological and pedagogical perspectives, this paper aims to inform strategies in early childhood education that foster language acquisition and literacy. The findings suggest that early, rich linguistic environments are vital for maximising language development, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Further research is needed to refine pedagogical practices in diverse cultural and educational contexts.

Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD) is commonly described as an acute emotional reaction to perceived rejection or criticism, particularly in individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While often framed as emotional hypersensitivity, this paper proposes an alternative model: that RSD may stem from the cognitive phenomenon of hyperfocus a well-documented ADHD trait when directed inward toward ambiguous or unresolved social cues. This inward-facing hyperfocus traps the individual in a cognitively demanding simulation loop, lacking the dopamine reinforcement typical of external task-based focus, and instead provoking stress responses. This paper outlines the neurocognitive mechanisms behind this phenomenon and offers a framework for understanding RSD as a problem-solving loop in the absence of actionable input. Implications for therapy, self-management, and further empirical research are discussed.

Background Labial synechiae is a common condition in prepubertal girls characterized by adhesion of the labia minora. Typically, these adhesions originate from the posterior fourchette and advance anteriorly. While most cases are asymptomatic, some present with urinary symptoms. This case series highlights three unusual presentations of labial synechiae with distinct urinary manifestations. Methods We retrospectively reviewed three pediatric cases of labial synechiae with atypical presentations seen at our tertiary care center between January 2022 and December 2023. Patient demographics, presenting symptoms, physical examination findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes were documented. Results The three cases (ages 3, 4, and 5 years) presented with distinct urinary symptoms: bifid urinary stream, post-void dribbling, and dysuria with urinary retention, respectively. Notably, all three demonstrated atypical patterns of labial adhesions: mid-labial fusion with patent anterior and posterior openings, anterior fusion with posterior patency, and asymmetric lateral fusion, respectively. All cases were successfully managed with a combination of manual separation and topical estrogen therapy, with no recurrence at 6-month follow-up. Conclusion This case series highlights the diverse clinical presentations of labial synechiae beyond the classical pattern. Clinicians should consider labial synechiae in the differential diagnosis of various urinary symptoms in prepubertal girls and perform careful genital examination. Early recognition enables simple, effective treatment and prevents unnecessary investigations and psychological distress.

Problem and purpose. Self-actualisation is a topical and socially significant subject, meeting the demands of the society
and the state, oriented towards achieving every citizen’s benefit. The issue of self-actualisation of persons with atypical
developmental disabilities is particularly complex and understudied. Learning is a critically important area for young
people having disabilities relative to formation of adult identity and gaining basic qualification; therefore, the presented
research addresses the problem of specifics of self-actualisation in people with developmental disabilities in the domain
of learning.
The purpose is identifying the specifics of self-actualisation in individuals with developmental disabilities in learning.
Materials and methods. The sample encompasses 204 respondents and comprises two groups with different health
status. The study uses the methodological tools covering a number of relevant test methods (S. Maddi’s viability test; the
author’s questionnaire based on S.I. Kudinov’s Judgment test of personality self-actualisation; Lyubomirsky’s Subjective
happiness scale; G. Perue-Badu’s Subjective well-being scale; K. Neff’s Self-compassion scale; Carver’s express test; Ryan
& Frederick’s Subjective vitality scale) as well as interviewing by the author. The research used data processing statistical
methods: descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney’s U-test, correlation and regression analysis.
Results. The research revealed the lowest performance rates in self-actualisation of individuals with atypical development
in the educational sphere (M=55.11; SD=20.69) relative to other spheres of self-realisation. The learners with impairment
had significantly lower self-actualisation scores in learning compared to normatively developing peers (p=0.045). The
authors identified certain differences in self-actualisation parameters for individuals with typical and atypical development
(activity (p=0.002), internality (p=0.0002), externality (p=0.03), self-orientation (p=0.007), conservatism (p=0.009),
productivity (p=0.024), destructivism (p=0.048), general motivation (p=0.017), self value (p=0.005), meaning of selfactualisation (p=0.003)). Based on the interviewing data, barriers and resources of successful self-actualisation were
identified. The method of frequency analysis with subsequent ranking revealed that the barriers include own laziness (75%)
and other activities, most often – entertainment (54%). The undertaken correlation analysis revealed no links between selfactualisation in learning, on the one part, and resilience and general level of happiness, on the other part. No correlation
was as well revealed between academic self-actualisation, on the one part, and subjective well-being and life satisfaction.
Certain correlations were found with the parameters of plaintive attitude to one’s self. The specificity of correlations
depending on the learners’ health status was noted: in case of impaired development, correlation with the parameter
“benevolence to one’s self” (p=0.04) was recorded, while in case of normal development – with the parameter “accord with
the humanity” (p=0.04). Predictive specificity depending on the respondents’ health status was revealed.
Discussion and conclusion. The research proved certain specificity of self-actualisation of individuals with atypical
development in the learning sphere. Some differences in self-actualisation parameters of individuals with typical and
atypical development were identified. Predictive specificity of self-actualisation in the learning sphere, depending on
respondents’ health status, was revealed.

Learning, attention, hyperactivity, and autism spectrum disorders have common neurological roots. They are manifested in differences in the development and functioning of the neurological processes involved in neurological maturation. Neurological maturation is a product of the cultural evolution of Homo Sapiens. The transition to an agricultural, ranching lifestyle required behavior and cognitive functions that were markedly different from the previous foraging, nomad lifestyle. The result was a more precise and reliable ability to control and think systematically, which later became the base of literacy. The recent spread of learning difficulties, control disorders, and autism spectrum are due to the vulnerability of brain functions that are very new to human development, most of all executive functions. There are significant changes in culture since the last century, whereby the developing nervous system receives less natural cultural developmental effects but more harmful agents...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) begins in childhood and its manifestations must be present in more than one environment. Meta-analyses involving samples from several countries show that around 2.5% of adults have ADHD. ADHD can lead to numerous adverse consequences in many areas of adult life, such as impairments in academic and professional performance and social relationships.

When different images are presented to the eyes, the brain is faced with ambiguity, causing perceptual bistability: visual perception continuously alternates between the monocular images, a phenomenon called binocular rivalry. Many models of rivalry suggest that its temporal dynamics depend on mutual inhibition among neurons representing competing images. These models predict that rivalry should be different in autism, which has been proposed to present an atypical ratio of excitation and inhibition [the E/I imbalance hypothesis; Rubenstein & Merzenich, 2003]. In line with this prediction, some recent studies have provided evidence for atypical binocular rivalry dynamics in autistic adults. In this study, we examined if these findings generalize to autistic children. We developed a child‐friendly binocular rivalry paradigm, which included two types of stimuli, low‐ and high‐complexity, and compared rivalry dynamics in groups of autistic and age‐ and intellectual ability‐matched typi...

Os paradigmas da Síndrome de Down Resumo A Síndrome de Down, com incidência de um em cada 600 nascimentos, é um acidente do desenvolvimento celular que provoca limitações motoras e mental. Esses indivíduos configuram-se com traços peculiares anátomas-funcionais, como aspectos faciais próprios, aparências corporais arrendondadas, debilidade muscular, hipermobilidade articular. Dentre eles, de 12% a 15% apresentam a instabilidade atlanto-axial (Nahas, 1990), 30% a 40% cardiopatias congênitas, infecções respiratórias, miopia, hipertropia, estrabismo, ambliopia, astigmatismo, catarata, problemas auditivos, tiróide, problemas gastrointestinais, leucemia e outros problemas em vida adulta, como a doença de Alzheimer (Marques, 2000). O objetivo deste estudo foi, por meio de uma investigação bibliográfica, analisar a história da Síndrome de Down e realizar um levantamento sobre como a síndrome era percebida em períodos anteriores e atual. Buscaram-se, igualmente, informações a respeito dos problemas de saúde e da prática das atividades da vida diária. Notou-se que estes indivíduos superaram muitos dos paradigmas atribuídos pela sociedade e que podem viver com saúde e qualidade de vida. Em outras palavras, podem viver uma vida com dignidade e autonomia igual à de qualquer jovem sem a Síndrome de Down.

this study a total of 195 patients were observed. All patients were subjected to detailed history and examination. Standard preoperative procedures were adopted. Data including age, gender, height, weight, BMI were recorded in the proforma. Results: In this study mean age was 30 years with SD± 12.54. Sixty two percent of patients were male and 38% of patients were female. Nine percent of patients had perforated appendicitis while 91% of patients did not have perforated appendicitis. Sociodemographic such as gender and age did not significantly correlate with the incidence of perforation in patients with acute appendicitis. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the frequency of perforated appendicitis was 9% among patients subjected to appendectomy for acute appendicitis.

When a student begins to learn a second language (L2), it is expected that they will face challenges in the phonological aspect of the L2. For instance, Brazilian learners tend to insert an epenthetic vowel [i] in words containing occlusive consonants /p, b, t, d, k, g/ in coda position, as
these segments do not occupy the syllabic coda in Brazilian Portuguese. This article aims to examine whether Brazilian learners with Down syndrome also utilize vowel epenthesis when learning English,
influenced by the phonotactic rules of their L1, Brazilian Portuguese, as they acquire their L2, English. Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 (T21), is a genetic alteration that impacts theoverall development of individuals, with implications for cognitive, physical, motor, and linguistic
aspects (MUSTACCHI, 1997, PUESCHEL, 1990). To conduct this study, we collected speech data from two Brazilian learners with Down syndrome. The participants completed an English word naming test inside an acoustic booth. Subsequently, we analyzed the data using Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2022) with the intention of confirming whether the participants produced epenthetic vowels. The results indicate that learners with Down syndrome also adapt words with occlusive
consonants in coda position in English by inserting an epenthetic vowel. Therefore, we conclude that learners with Down syndrome, despite their overall challenges stemming from the genetic alteration, are influenced by the phonotactic rules of their L1, as they employ vowel epenthesis as a
repair strategy for English words containing occlusive consonants.

INTRODUCTION A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted to study seasonal variation in the incidence of pityriasis rosea (PR) and its temporal association with various meteorological variables, and dengue virus infection. METHODS The study was conducted at a tertiary referral center in Guwahati, Assam, India. We searched for and retrieved all medical records of patients diagnosed with PR by dermatologists from December 1st, 2014 to July 31st, 2017. The diagnosis was made only if the patient fulfilled at least three out of the following four clinical features: 1) herald patch, 2) peripheral collaret scales, 3) predominant truncal and proximal limb distribution of the lesions, and 4) orientation of lesions along the lines of cleavage. For each visit by every patient, we retrieved data for the monthly mean air temperature, mean total rainfall, and mean relative humidity. PR patients that had dengue fever with NS1 antigen and/or IgM/IgG antibody positivity were studied along wi...

This research aims to highlight the common traits of atypical motherhood portrayed in Euripides‟ tragic play, “Medea‟‟ focusing on the character of Medea. The study explores the contrast between revenge and motherhood, showcasing how Medea challenges the traditional maternal roles which often emphasize nurturing and protective qualities. Medea challenges these norms and Conventional expectations through her complex and controversial actions by navigating the intricate interplay between love, revenge, and societal norms. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating literary analysis, psychoanalytic perspectives, and cultural studies to unravel the layers of Medea‟s action. Through a detailed analysis of Medea‟s character, the paper examines subtle representations of motherhood, revealing the tensions between maternal instinct and the pursuit of individual agency. Additionally, the research investigates how cultural and historical context of ancient Greece influenced the construction of maternal roles in the play. By delving into the character of Medea, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding motherhood within the context of classical Greek literature. Furthermore, it invites reflection on the enduring relevance of these themes in contemporary discussions on gender, power, and societal expectations. Through this exploration, the paper aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of maternal roles in classical literature and stimulate discourse on the portrayal of atypical motherhood in ancient narratives.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the postoperative length of hospital stay. In addition, the impact of radiologic and histopathologic findings on hospital stay was also evaluated. This was a retrospective study; 103 patients with appendicitis were included. Diagnosis was confirmed with computerized tomography (CT) scans, ultrasonography, and histopathologic examination. Correlations between the length of hospital stay and age; sex; NLR; c-reactive peptide (CRP) levels; appendix diameter on CT scan or ultrasonography; appendix localization; and pathology reports were evaluated. The length of hospital stay was not related to age or sex. The length of hospital stay after appendectomy was correlated with appendix diameter on CT scan and phlegmonous appendicitis, but it was not associated with NLR, CRP levels, or appendix diameter on ultrasonography. This is a pioneer study, given there is no comprehensive study to date evaluating the association between NLR levels and the length of hospital stay of patients with acute appendicitis. NLR is not associated with the length of hospital stay. Appendix diameter with CT scan and appendix pathology reports are correlated with the length of postoperative hospital stay in appendectomy patients.

Intussusception is the most common cause of acute intestinal obstruction between 3 months and 3 years. Intussusception can be associated with some types of rotavirus vaccines such as RotaShield. Rotavirus vaccine is being planned to be included in Iran's national immunization program. Intussusception, associated with rotavirus vaccination, is a potential safety concern. →What this article adds: The annual incidence of intussusception in the pre-vaccine set up was 66.54 cases per 100.000 in children less than one-yearold and 31.61 cases per 100.000 in children less than five years old. This study is expected to be used in risk/benefit analysis of the rotavirus vaccination program in Iran in the future.

Psoriasis is a common, immunologically mediated, inflammatory disease characterized by skin inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, and increased risk of painful and destructive arthritis, as well as cardiovascular morbidity and psychosocial challenges. The prevalence of psoriasis varies widely in various populations, between 0.1-11.8%. 1-3 Psoriasis may be precipitated by drugs, infection, stress, physical trauma, and vaccination. 4 A lower rate of influenza vaccination in psoriasis patients may be attributed to the fact that vaccines may be a triggering factor for aggravation. 5 Psoriasis vaccinalis had been described in different types of vaccines, including influenza, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, tetanusdiphtheria, and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Patients may present as widespread severe

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease. Many triggering factors can cause exacerbation of psoriasis, such as infection, trauma, and drugs. Several vaccines are known to cause new lesions or exacerbation of psoriasis, including Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), influenza, tetanus-diphtheria, and pneumococcal polysaccharide. In the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 vaccine is known to cause the appearance of new lesions or exacerbation of psoriasis. Case presentation: A woman, 31 years old, came to the clinic with itchy reddish patches with white scales on her face, chest, stomach, back, arms, and both legs, and increased since 2 weeks ago. Previously, the patient got the first COVID-19 vaccine (Sinovac), and three days later, red patches appeared with white scales on the chest, stomach, and back. The patient had been diagnosed with psoriasis 3 years ago. Dermatology examination showed reddish patches with white scales on the face, chest, stomach, back, arms, and ...

In an increasingly competitive era of trade, training is insufficient to help solve business problems and challenges that often change daily. Meanwhile, business professionals realize that the coaching process used for the past dozen years by athletes, orators, and artists to improve their performance can also be used to help entrepreneurs to help accelerate business goals and personal success. Organizations that offer coaching have grown rapidly over the past decade. Even though in Indonesia, several coaching Islamic businesses have their communities, until now there is limited literature on Islamic business coaching. This study develops definitions for Islamic business coaching along with its characteristics for the Indonesian setting. This was achieved using qualitative research. Data were collected by interviewing 5 Islamic Indonesian master coaches. The recording of interviews was transcribed and coded. Then, those were analyzed with content analysis. The paper concludes that I...

Objective: The pandemic has affected the entire world. Even though most elective surgeries have been canceled, emergency cases pose a significant concern when the hospital resources are used for patients with COVID. Notably, surgery is the standard treatment for acute appendicitis; however, some studies have analyzed the use of antibiotics in selected cases. Our study aimed to analyze a surgeon’s preferences in treating acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Method: An online survey was conducted for surgeons via the social media platform. 102 surgeons participated in the survey.. The survey was designed for consultant general surgeons. The survey queried regarding the surgeons’ work hospitals, pandemic status, and treatment strategy before and after the pandemic. Answers to the survey questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 31% of surgeons reported they had changed the treatment strategy for acute appendicitis during the pandemic. 7% of...

To assess the sensitivity and specificity of emergency physician-performed point-of-care ultrasonography (EP-POCUS) for diagnosing acute appendicitis (AA). Material and methods: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched, and the diagnostic performance of EP-POCUS was evaluated using bivariate modeling and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves. Subgroup analysis was performed for pediatric patients to compare EP-POCUS and radiologistperformed ultrasonography (RADUS). Meta-regression analyses were performed according to patient and study characteristics. Results: In 17 studies (2385 patients), EP-POCUS for diagnosing AA exhibited a pooled sensitivity of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72%-92%) and a pooled specificity of 91% (95% CI: 85%-95%), with even better diagnostic performance for pediatric AA (sensitivity: 95%, 95% CI: 75%-99%; specificity: 95%, 95% CI: 85%-98%). A direct comparison revealed no significant differences (p = 0.18-0.85) between the diagnostic performances of EP

We aimed at identifying early non-social behavioural indicators that predict later ASD. Likewise, we were interested in the moment in which non-social signs discriminate between children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a later diagnosis of ASD, and children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome. In addition, we intended to explore the developmental evolution of children’s symptomatology over time. A systematic literature search was conducted for longitudinal studies on early non-social behavioural indicators among siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD. The following databases were searched: PUBMED, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. The study identification process was conducted by two reviewers independently. Compared to siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome, siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with later ASD show impairments in attention disengagement, in gross and fine motor development and c...

Background: Over the years, different explanations have been given on the relationship between syntax and Theory of Mind, i.e., the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict, describe, and explain behavior based on such mental states. In the present study, we focus on the relationship between false-belief understanding as a crucial aspect of Theory of Mind, and on the ability to master the syntax of complementation, i.e., the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a recursive way. Objective: Our purpose is to test two main hypotheses on the relationship between false-belief understanding and the ability to master the syntax of complementation: the dependence and the independence of false-belief understanding on syntactic complementation. Method: We analyze studies on children with typical development, deaf children with deaf signing or hearing parents, children with specific language impairment, children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, longitudinal and training studies, and studies on adults with neuropsychological disorders. Conclusion: Strengths and weaknesses of the two hypotheses are discussed and limitations of the current state of knowledge are presented. A lifespan approach taking into account both the emergence and maintenance of false-belief understanding and using both implicit and explicit false-belief tasks is proposed to face the issue discussed.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and repetitive behaviors that typically emerge by 24 months of age. To develop effective early interventions that can potentially ameliorate the defining deficits of ASD and improve long-term outcomes, early detection is essential. Using prospective neuroimaging of 59 6-month-old infants with a high familial risk for ASD, we show that functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging correctly identified which individual children would receive a research clinical best-estimate diagnosis of ASD at 24 months of age. Functional brain connections were defined in 6-month-old infants that correlated with 24-month scores on measures of social behavior, language, motor development, and repetitive behavior, which are all features common to the diagnosis of ASD. A fully cross-validated machine learning algorithm applied at age 6 months had a positive predictive value of 100% [95% confidence inter...

To carry out the analysis and review of available articles on intussusception in children, evaluating aspects of its etiology, diagnosis, clinic and treatment. Methodology: The study consists of a bibliographical review, with a bibliographical survey in the databases: PubMed, Analysis and online retrieval system (MedLine); Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Google Scholar and LILASCS. Literature review: Most cases are idiopathic in nature, but infections and malformations may be the basis of the disease. The clinical picture is mainly characterized by abdominal pain, irritability and crying. The best diagnostic tool is ultrasound, with high sensitivity and specificity. Treatment is usually carried out with pneumatic or hydrostatic enema, with surgical treatment aimed at complications such as necrosis and loop perforation.

Bin Rubaian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Adenomyoma of small intestine causing intussusception in adults is a rare condition. The small intestine is the second most frequent location, usually in the periampullary area, but the lesion also occurs in the jejunum and ileum.We present a case of 76 years old female who presented with pain abdomen and was diagnosed to have jejunal intussusception. She underwent surgery with segmental resection and anastomosis of jejunum and the histopathological examination revealed jejunal adenomyoma as the pathological lead point. Adenomyoma of jejunum as a lead point should be taken into consideration while dealing with a patient with jejunal intussusception.

This book presents a comprehensive set of tools for assessing the linguistic abilities of bilingual children. It aims to disentangle effects of bilingualism from those of Specific Language Impairment (SLI), making use of both models of bilingualism and models of language impairment.

Το φαινόμενο της διαφθοράς στη δημόσια υγεία, ως παγκόσμιο και διαχρονικό είναι ιδιαιτέρως ανησυχητικό για όλες τις χώρες καθόσον αποτελεί παράγοντα αποσταθεροποίησης των συστημάτων υγείας. Με δεδομένο ότι τα χαμηλότερα εισοδηματικά στρώματα εξαρτώνται περισσότερο από τις δημόσιες δομές υγείας και οι οποίες εξαιτίας της διαφθοράς γίνονται ακριβότερες, το πρόβλημα γίνεται ακόμα πιο κρίσιμο για τις χώρες, στις οποίες οι δημόσιοι πόροι είναι ήδη περιορισμένοι, όπως στην Ελλάδα.Η διαφθορά στον τομέα της δημόσιας υγειονομικής περίθαλψης αποτελεί έναν από τρεις πυλώνες που διαβρώνουν το σύστημα υγείας στη χώρα μας. Μαζί με τους άλλους δύο πυλώνες, τη σπατάλη και την παραοικονομία, έχουν δημιουργήσει ένα τόσο νοσηρό κλίμα στα δημόσια νοσοκομεία μας, το οποίο έχει κλονίσει την εμπιστοσύνη, όχι μόνο των ασθενών ως προς την αξιόπιστη εκπλήρωση της αποστολής του Κράτους, αλλά και του επιχειρηματικού κόσμου που δραστηριοποιείται στο χώρο της Υγείας και ανήμπορος παρατηρεί να απομυζάται κάθε υγι...

Parents often use partial self-repetitions with variation in successive utterances (e.g.,Want to get your ball? Get your ball? Do you want to get your ball?). Such ’variation sets’ contain latent distributional information about the building blocks of language andare predictive of children’s lexical and grammatical structures. Because these properties in parents of atypically developing children are virtually unknown, we compared for the first time variation sets in parental speech directed to toddlers with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Down Syndrome (DS), and a baseline group of Typically Developing toddlers (TD). In Study 1, we analyzed transcripts of mothers’ child-directed utterancesduring naturalistic dyadic play interactions. While children’s mean developmental age was the same across the three groups, we found that measures of partial repetitions in child-directed speech were larger in the ASD than in the DS and typical groups. In Study 2 we also found that these larger ...

Language development requires both basic cognitive mechanisms for learning language and a rich social context from which learning takes off. Disruptions in learning mechanisms, processing abilities, and/or social interactions increase the risks associated with social exclusion or developmental delays. Given the complexity of language processes, a multilevel approach is proposed where both cognitive mechanisms, genetic and environmental factors need to be probed together with their possible interactions. Here we review and discuss such interplay between environment and genetic predispositions in understanding language disorders, with a particular focus on a possible endophenotype, the ability for statistical sequential learning.

The wide range of ability and disability in ASD creates a need for tools that parse the phenotypic heterogeneity into meaningful subtypes. Using eye tracking, our past studies revealed that when presented with social and geometric images, a subset of ASD toddlers preferred viewing geometric images, and these toddlers also had greater symptom severity than ASD toddlers with greater social attention. This study tests whether this "GeoPref test" effect would generalize across different social stimuli. Two hundred and twenty-seven toddlers (76 ASD) watched a 90-s video, the Complex Social GeoPref test, of dynamic geometric images paired with social images of children interacting and moving. Proportion of visual fixation time and number of saccades per second to both images were calculated. To allow for cross-paradigm comparisons, a subset of 126 toddlers also participated in the original GeoPref test. Measures of cognitive and social functioning (MSEL, ADOS, VABS) were collect...

Atypical development is caused by the interaction of innate and environmental factors. Certain hypotheses aiming at explaining atypical development have different understanding of  the etiological background. These alternative interpretations led to various methods which helped to achieve deeper understanding of developmental disorder. Moreover, it is a well-known fact that neurological dysfunctions can cause delay in the postnatal development of the nerve system thus leading to atypical development. Symptoms of severe disorders overlap causing numerous anomalies, hence their understanding is essential for special education and in choosing the right psychological therapy.Az atipikus fejlődést úgy definiálhatjuk, mint a veleszületett állapot és a környezeti hatások eredőjeképpen létrejött eltérő fejlődésmenetet. Egyes elméletek, amelyek kísérletet tettek az atipikus fejlődés magyarázatára, különböző módon értelmezték az etiológiai hátteret. Az alternatív értelmezések heterogén v...

Atypical development is caused by the interaction of innate and environmental factors. Certain hypotheses aiming at explaining atypical development have different understanding of the etiological background. These alternative interpretations led to various methods which helped to achieve deeper understanding of developmental disorder. Moreover, it is a well-known fact that neurological dysfunctions can cause delay in the postnatal development of the nerve system thus leading to atypical development. Symptoms of severe disorders overlap causing numerous anomalies, hence their understanding is essential for special education and in choosing the right psychological therapy.Az atipikus fejlődést úgy definiálhatjuk, mint a veleszületett állapot és a környezeti hatások eredőjeképpen létrejött eltérő fejlődésmenetet. Egyes elméletek, amelyek kísérletet tettek az atipikus fejlődés magyarázatára, különböző módon értelmezték az etiológiai hátterek súlypontját. Az alternatív értelmezések heter...

Μαθηματικά και Ψυχολογία Ένας ορισμός συνόρου, στα εγκεφαλικά ηλεκτρομαγνητικά σήματα, είναι ο τρόπος, για την κατεύθυνση τους, και επομένως, προϋπόθεση, για τη συνείδηση μίας σκέψης ή ενός συναισθήματος. Όπως αναφέρουν, πολλοί μελετητές, η ψυχική ζωή, συνιστάται σε ένα τρίπτυχο, συγκεκριμένα, στο τρίπτυχο «ανάγκη-επιθυμία-φαντασίωση». Αλλιώς παριστάμενες, επί των κορυφών ενός τριγώνου, θα μπορούσαμε, να πούμε, ότι μια αναλογία των τριών στοιχείων, μία εκκεντρότητα, του τριγώνου, συνιστά ένα χαρακτήρα, έναν αυτοέλεγχο, χωρίς να αναφερόμαστε, στο ήθος και το είδος του αυτοελέγχου. Ανάλογα, σε ένα μηχανικό σύστημα, περιλαμβάνον, ένα επίπεδο φορέα, στηριζόμενο, σε ένα σημείο, με μία ειδική, πώς άραγε, άρθρωση, είτε αμιγώς μηχανική ή μαγνητική, θα μπορούσε, εάν εφαρμόσουμε, μία διαταραχή, να περιστρέφεται, αλλάζοντας τη θέση του επιπέδου περιστροφής, χωρίς να χάνεται η ενέργειά του, συνιστώντας, ένα αεικίνητο. Ένας εγκέφαλος, συμμετέχον σε μία συζήτηση, συνδιαλλαγή, εάν αλλάζει εκκεντρότητα, του τριπτύχου, που είπαμε ότι τον χαρακτηρίζει, κάθε, δύο λεπτά, επί παραδείγματι, προκύπτει, ένα τεράστιο εύρος συμπεριφορών και στάσεων απόψεων. Άραγε, η μεταβλητή αυτή εκκεντρότητα, είναι πιο κοντά στην διάνοια ή στην παράνοια; Ακόμη, τι μας λέει αυτό το φαινόμενο, από την οπτική γωνία των σύγχρονων επιτευγμάτων της κβαντομηχανικής; Θα ήταν χρήσιμο στη δημιουργία των σύγχρονων υπερ-υπολογιστών; Ιωάννινα, 15-04-2023 Μεγάλο Σάββατο @tr3s-ing (Άρης Τ.

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the contribution of age-at-insult and brain pathology on longitudinal outcome and recovery of pragmatic language in a sample of children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Children and adolescents with mild to severe TBI (n = 112) were categorized according to timing of brain insult: (i) Middle Childhood (5-9 years; n = 41); (ii) Late Childhood (10-11 years; n = 39); and (iii) Adolescence (12-15 years; n = 32) and group-matched for age, gender and socioeconomic status (SES) to a typically developing (TD) control group (n = 43). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including a susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequence 2-8 weeks after injury and were assessed on measures of pragmatic language and behavioural functioning at 6-and 24-months after injury. Children and adolescents with TBI of all severity levels demonstrated impairments in these domains at 6-months injury before returning to age-expected levels at 2years post-TBI. However, while adolescent TBI was associated with post-acute disruption to skills that preceded recovery to age-expected levels by 2-years post injury, the middle childhood TBI group demonstrated impairments at 6-months post-injury that were maintained at 2-year follow up. Reduced pragmatic communication was associated with frontal, temporal and corpus callosum lesions, as well as more frequent externalizing behaviour at 24-months post injury. Findings show that persisting pragmatic language impairment after pediatric TBI is related to younger age at brain insult, as well as microhemorrhagic pathology in brain regions that contribute to the anatomically distributed social brain network. Relationships between reduced pragmatic communication and more frequent externalizing behavior underscore the need for context-sensitive rehabilitation programs that aim to increase interpersonal effectiveness and reduce risk for maladaptive behavior trajectories into the long-term post injury.

Background: Coronavirus (COVID-19) is the newest pandemic disease. The surgical management of acute appendicitis was the gold standard, but new studies suggest the safety of antibiotics treatment alone. NOTA avoid surgery, risks of general anesthesia; long hospital stay and risk of corona virus exposure. We aim to study the safety, cost effectiveness and outcome of NOTA during Covid-19 pandemic and compare it to Single incision pediatric endo-surgery appendectomy (SIPESA) Methods A prospective cohort study for NOTA of patients from 6-12 years old in Covid-19 pandemic period from 1st April 2020 to 30th April 2021. Patients divided in 2 groups: Group S managed by SIPESA; group N managed by NOTA. Family education and assurance with detailed explanation was done for early detection of any complication and we continue monitoring of the patients until complete recovery. Results sixty patients were managed. Group S had 24 cases (40%), mean age 9.3 years. Group N had 36 cases (60%), mean age 9.1 years. six cases (17%) in group N were converted to surgical management in rst 6 month of study. Mean length of hospital stay dropped from 72 hours to 18 hours. The mean cost dropped from 2736$/day to 400$/day. Mean psychological stress for the children improved from 4.4 in April to 2 in September. Mean follow up was 3.5 months. Conclusions NOTA is safe and cost-effective. we recommend it especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Motor dysfunction has been reported as one of the first signs of atypical development in infants at high familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (HR infants). However, studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the nature of motor dysfunction and whether it can be predictive of later ASD diagnosis. This is likely because current standardized motor assessments may not identify subtle and specific motor impairments that precede clinically observable motor dysfunction. Quantitative measures of motor development may address these limitations by providing objective evaluation of subtle motor differences in infancy. Methods: We used Opal wearable sensors to longitudinally evaluate full day motor activity in HR infants, and develop a measure of motion complexity. We focus on complexity of motion because optimal motion complexity is crucial to normal motor development and less complex behaviors might represent repetitive motor behaviors, a core diagnostic symptom...

Imagine playing a video game that is so fun you do not realize someone is calling your name. Everyone can probably think of a time like that—when you were so focused that you did not notice things happening around you. For some people, this feeling of deep attention, called hyperfocus, happens really often. In our research, we first developed a way to measure hyperfocus. Next, we tested whether people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) hyperfocus more often. ADHD is a condition that can make it harder to pay attention to things. Despite this, many people with ADHD say that they often hyperfocus. We found that people with ADHD do have higher hyperfocus levels. In this article, we talk about our hyperfocus research, how hyperfocus can be an ADHD superpower, and our next steps toward better understanding hyperfocus and how to harness it.

Background:Over the years, different explanations have been given on the relationship between syntax and Theory of Mind,i.e., the ability to attribute mental states to others and predict, describe, and explain behavior based on such mental states. In the present study, we focus on the relationship between false-belief understanding as a crucial aspect of Theory of Mind, and on the ability to master the syntax of complementation,i.e., the ability to produce and comprehend sentences in a recursive way.Objective:Our purpose is to test two main hypotheses on the relationship between false-belief understanding and the ability to master the syntax of complementation: the dependence and the independence of false-belief understanding on syntactic complementation.Method:We analyze studies on children with typical development, deaf children with deaf signing or hearing parents, children with specific language impairment, children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, longitudinal and train...

The difficulties of differential diagnostic between funicular myelosis with atypical development and idiopathic myelitisIntroducere. Mieloza funiculară presupune degenerare medulară de tip demielinizant, fiind asociată în majoritatea cazurilor cu anemie pernicioasă, aclorhidrie gastrică și manifestările neurologice (parestezii). Mielita reprezintă o afecțiune neurologică polietiologică caracterizată prin inflamație localizată strict la nivelul măduvei spinării manifestându-se prin slăbiciuni sau paralizie musculară rapid progresive dependente de zona afectată. Prezentare de caz. Pacient, bărbat de 56 ani, este internat în secția Terapie cu diagnosticul de pneumonie comunitară, acuzând febră 39°C, frisoane, tuse uscată, cefalee, tremor cu senzație de hiperestezie toracală, astenie generală. Atât pe parcursul aflării sale în staționar, cât și ambulator pacientul a fost amplu investigat, consultat de medicul reumatolog, hematolog, neurolog ...

Background: Buccal mucosa metastasis is rare in breast cancer patients. Case Presentation: A 50-year-old female breast cancer patient with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) in his eight years follow-up period presented with a swelling in the right eye. Head and neck MRI was showed soft tissue formation with dimensions of 59x31 mm was detected in the axial plane, extending from the level of the right infratemporal fossa to the right buccinator muscle and right maxillary sinus in front of the alveolar process. In the right periorbital region, there was a thickness increase of up to 1 cm in the thickest part of the globe, which was evident in the anterolateral. In addition, there was no bone destruction in the right infratemporal region in maxillofacial CT, and no additional organ metastasis was detected in PET-CT performed for systemic scanning. In the histopathological examination of the tissue, carcinoma infiltration was detected. Radiotherapy was applied to the right buccal and orbital region of the patient as 30 Gy in 12 fractions (2.5 Gy per fraction) with volumetric modulated arc therapy technique and then 15 Gy in 6 fractions (2.5 Gy per fraction) boost radiotherapy with the adaptive technique were applied. At the follow-up 2 months later, clinical response was observed in the patient, and significant regression of the lesion was observed in facial and orbital MRI. At the 15th month follow-up of the patient, clinical and radiological remission continues. All clinical complaints regressed. Conclusion: ILC is a subtype of breast cancer that is characterized by unusual metastasis. Therefore, during the follow-up of these patients, it is necessary to monitor both laboratory values and clinical complaints very carefully.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues its impact worldwide. Estimated prevalence of skin findings in patients with COVID-19 is estimated to be 5%, but the prevalence and clinical presentation varies greatly among series (0.1-60%). 1 National registries have become an important tool to understand this highly contagious and potentially mortal infection. In this report, we aimed to describe the results of the Mexican Academy of Dermatology nationwide survey of dermatological manifestations of COVID

The aim of our research is to work out a testing program to differentiate the typical and atypical sensory motor development. In this recent study we examined children with and without specific learning difficulties using midi-controller, a small percussion-like device as the tool for the testing. In a previous study we found age differences in children in the beat-keeping accuracy using the midicontroller, which indicates that this variable is crucial and indicative in the maturation of the brain and our test device is appropriate for the assessment (Kertesz, 2016). In our recent research the test results show significant differences between the beat keeping accuracy of children with and without specific learning difficulties, which means that the device can be used as an aid in the early identification of specific learning difficulties, and can be developed for a training device, too.

Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) associated with LMNA gene mutations is a rare form of lipodystrophy disorder characterized by partial absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue and metabolic complications. Recently, this peculiar phenotype has been associated to cardiac disease or to atypical progeroid syndrome (APS). We present a case of 31-yearold woman with progeria features, partial lipodystrophy, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. Genetic analysis revealed a missense heterozygous LMNA mutation c.1045 C > T, p. (Arg349Trp) that established APS diagnosis with FPLD, so far studied and described in only 10 patients worldwide. The patient was initially treated with metformin, fenofibrate, omega-3 and low carb and low fat diet; later, liraglutide (a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 analog, GLP-1) therapy was added and follow-up was arranged. During the initial follow-up we observed a significant improvement in metabolic and anthropometric conditions, body composition, liver volume and distribution of fat mass with a reduction of visceral fat. However, with disease progression, the patient's lipid profile worsened, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and peripheral neuropathy developed. This case highlights the clinical signs and the progression of this rare lipodystrophy disorder and propose an innovative therapeutic approach to manage the disease.

Existing evidence suggests executive functioning (EF) deficits may be present in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by 3 years of age. It is less clear when, prior to 3 years, EF deficits may emerge and how EF unfold over time. The contribution of motor skill difficulties to poorer EF in children with ASD has not been systematically studied. We investigated the developmental trajectory of EF in infants at high and low familial risk for ASD (HR and LR) and the potential associations between motor skills, diagnostic group, and EF performance. Participants included 186 HR and 76 LR infants. EF (A-not-B), motor skills (Fine and Gross Motor), and cognitive ability were directly assessed at 12 months and 24 months of age. Participants were directly evaluated for ASD at 24 months using DSM-IV-TR criteria and categorized as HR-ASD, HR-Negative, and LR-Negative. HR-ASD and HR-Negative siblings demonstrated less improvement in EF over time compared to the LR-Negative group. Motor skills were associated with group and EF performance at 12 months. No group differences were found at 12 months, but at 24 months, the HR-ASD and HR-Negative groups performed worse than the LR-Negative group overall after controlling for visual reception and maternal education. On reversal trials, the HR-ASD group performed worse than the LR-Negative group. Motor skills were associated with group and EF performance on reversal trials at 24 months. Findings suggest that HR siblings demonstrate altered EF development and that motor skills may play an important role in this process.

Introduction: Acute peritonitis defined as inflammation or infection of the peritoneal serosa. Most often found in young male adults. The diagnosis is clinical and paraclinical. The management consists of medical resuscitation and the surgery itself. Our study aimed to study the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in five hospitals in the city of Douala. Patients and methods: A descriptive study was conducted from January 2015 to May 2020, including patients of all ages and both sexes who presented with acute peritonitis in any clinical form, and who underwent surgery within one of our hospitals We collected patients’ parameters through a survey, from complete history to clinical examination, then followed them up from surgery to post-operative period. Gathered information was analyzed by stata15 (Statistical and Data). Results: At the end of our study 400 patients were included for acute peritonitis, among 35 in prospective and 365 in retrospective. Acute peritoniti...