Analisis Normalisasi Hubungan Diplomatik Turki & Arab Saudi

Arab Saudi merupakan salah satu negara terbesar di dunia yang perkembangannya cukup signifikan terkait ekonomi maupun militer. Meskipun Arab Saudi bukan negara demokratis dan menolak untuk menjadi negara demokratis, kebijakan luar negeri Arab Saudi dapat dilihat sebagai salah satu kebijakan luar negeri negara Timur Tengah yang memiliki efek counterdemocratic. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kebijakan luar negeri Arab Saudi yang utama yaitu memperangi kelompok Islamis ektremis yaitu Muslim Brotherhood. Pemerintah Saudi meningkatkan kebijakan luar negeri yang asertif dengan tujuan untuk mencegah domestic insecurity terkait akan cadangan minyak serta penjualan minyak itu sendiri dan persaingannya dengan Iran. Arab Saudi berpendapat bahwa masalah tersebut dapat dipengaruhi oleh masuknya ideologi-idelogi ekstrem yang dianggap dapat mempengaruhi perdagangan minyak Timur Tengah, termasuk diantaranya perkembangan ideologi Iran khususnya yang saat ini mulai menyebarkan pengaruhnya kembali di Timur Tengah. Disisi lain dibalik pengambilan kebijakan tersebut, secara tidak langsung mencerminkan Arab Saudi yang sedikit demi sedikit menerapkan konsep demokratisasi. Dapat dilihat dari kerajaan Saudi yang mulai mendengarkan pendapat rakyatnya terkait penerapan kebijakan antiterror serta kepercayaan Saudi akan adanya pembentukan organisasi regional yang solid di Timur Tengah.

Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara

Abstrak-Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hubungan diplomasi pertahanan antara Indonesia dan Turki. Dalam konteks ini, praktik diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia berupa kerjasama pertahanan dengan Turki dalam bidang industri pertahanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Data didapatkan melalui praktik wawancara dengan Menteri Pertahanan RI periode 2009-2014. Selain itu, data sekunder didapatkan dari hasil pencarian dokumen resmi, website resmi serta sumber-sumber lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan mengenai faktor yang mendasari mengapa Indonesia menjalin kerjasama industri pertahanan yang strategis dengan Turki dibandingkan dengan negara industri pertahanan yang lebih maju. Kontribusi diplomasi pertahanan terhadap Turki bagi Indonesia yaitu meningkatnya hubungan dua negara, meningkatnya kapabilitas militer dan menuju kemandirian industri pertahanan.

JUPIIS: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL, 2020

This study aim to explain phenomenon of Arab spring that occurred in Syria and describing the triggering factors of conflict Syria and the analysis of Alawie group in Syria. The type of this study uses a qualitative approach with the literature study method, because the data collection techniques used make books and documents related to the Arab spring in Syria as a reference frame, as well as some data from a valid website. Data analysis techniques through three components, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions in which data verification is also accompanied by triangulation of data sources. The results showed that the phenomenon of Arab spring that occurred in Syria converged on inter-ethnic conflict that occurred between the Sunni-Alawie, then triggered by the phenomenon of Arab spring that spread in the Middle East.

Kunjungan Presiden Joko “Jokowi” Widodo pada 26-29 Januari 2018 ke Pakistan, Bangladesh, dan Afghanistan memiliki makna penting bagi Islam (moderat) Indonesia. Di Bangladesh, Jokowi didamping Menlu Retno Marsudi mengunjungi kamp pengungsian Muslim Rohingya di Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh. Di Pakistan dan Afghanistan, Jokowi menyatakan pentingnya peningkatan hubungan bilateral dan kerja sama strategis di bidang bisnis, ekonomi, politik dan penuntasan konflik dan perdamaian dunia. Pakistan, Afghanistan dan Bangladesh adalah negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim. Seperti Indonesia, negara di Asia Selatan tersebut juga tengah menghadapi isu radikalisme, terorisme, dan ekstrimisme yang mengganggu kesejahteraan dan perdamaian. Kekerasan di Indonesia, apatah lagi, seringkali dilekat-hubungkan dengan ekstrimisme global, terutama di Afghanistan atau Pakistan. Presiden meyakini, untuk menciptakan dunia yang aman dan damai dari ancaman dan ketakutan, Indonesia perlu membangun sinergi dan kolaborasi strategis dan taktis dengan negara (Muslim) lainnya.

POLITEA

In 2020, Morocco became the fourth Arab state that normalized ties with Israel in that year. The normalization deal is brokered by the US under Trump administration. This article aims to explain the reason behind Morocco’s decision to normalized ties with Israel. This article utilizes conceptual framework of transactionalism as the tool of analysis with qualitative-explanative research methods. The findings of this article indicate that Morocco was willing to normalize ties with Israel in exchange for US recognition of Morocco sovereignty over Western Sahara. Moreover, the US was giving additional incentives in the form of financial investment and military equipment sale. The US recognition of Morocco sovereignty over Western Sahara is problematic because it is contrary to the UN resolution. However, US success in brokering the normalization deal has improved Trump’s image. The Moroccan government also managed to gain popularity due to recognition over Western Sahara.

As a country which never colonized does not mean that Turkey have no view about the threats that may arise for the country. Turkey has a different view of threats that are considered interfering its national interests and stability. Turkey considers the threat may come from domestic case in the form of ideological conflict or the others, which then affect the external relations where the ideologist seek of mutual assistance through external support. On the other hand, Turkey also considers that the neighboring countries could turn into some threats. Turkey considers that the existing conflicts around its borders be the responsibility of Turkey. This perspective came because Turkey has a fear about possibility for the conflict to spread into its territory and lead to government's instability. This view be the basic argument on the Turkey's involvement in the existing problems in Iraq. Furthermore, Turkey considers that homogenity, whether ethnic, religious, etc can be the reasons for Turkey to cooperate. This assumption encourages Turkey to assume that the Iraqi Kurdish movement in northern Iraq will also influence Kurdish in Turkey. Due to this assumption, it is proper for Turkey to intervene against Kurdish Iraq.

Gusar karena merasa "dikhianati" Amerika, Arab Saudi menolak posisi sebagai anggota tak-tetap di Dewan Keamanan PBB. Sumber utama kegusaran Saudi adalah kegagalan AS mewujudkan aksi militer ke Suriah dan terjadinya pendekatan diplomatik AS-Iran.

Abstrak Modernisasi politik di dunia Islam telah menimbulkan dinamika yang keras dalam hubungan agama (syari'ah) dengan negara. Makalah ini membahas latar belakang historis munculnya persoalan hubungan agama (syari'ah) dengan politik serta munculnya model-model yang berbeda terkait penerapan syariah dalam konteks negara modern. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga model politik syariah di tiga kawasan dunia Islam itu, yaitu integratif yang menyatukan urusan agama dengan negara seperti di Arab Saudi dan Republik Islam Iran; pendekatan sekularistik di Republik Turki, dan pendekatan simbiosis-interseksional yang mencoba menjadi solusi alternatif dari dua model tersebut. Model ini terjadi di Republik Indonesia. Perbedaan ketiga model politik syari'ah itu lahir dan dipegaruhi faktor historis dan kondisi sosio-ekonomi-politik pada masing-masing negara. Abstract Modernization of politics in islamic world causes hard dynamics in the relation betwen religion (sharī'ah) with state or politics. This paper tries to discuss the historical background of that discussion, and tries to show the models of sharī 'ah implementation in the context of modern state. The result of this study is that there are three models of sharī 'ah implementation in modern Islamic world: integration betwen religion (Islam) and state as in Saudi Arabia and Islamic Republic of Iran. In this model sharī ah formally becomes the positive law. The second model is secular state. In this model religion (and sharī'ah) separated from the state. The best example for this model is Republic of Turkey. And the last is symbiosis-intersectional model as Republic of Indonesia. This model is the middle position betwen both of them. The difference of the models are caused by the diversity of socio-historical-economic-political background of these states.

Peran Al Jazeera Dalam Pemutusan Hubungan Diplomatik Arab Saudi Terhadap Qatar Tahun 2017, 2019

This thesis is about the role of Al Jazeera, a news media based in Qatar, in terminating the diplomatic relations of Saudi Arabia against Qatar in 2017. The termination illustrates the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The conflict made Qatar experience a diplomatic crisis with its other neighboring countries. The interesting part is when Al Jazeera was in a vortex of the conflict and become one of the reasons for the diplomatic crisis. In this research, using role of media concept which is the agenda-setting agent by Steven Livingston for the analyzes. The concept explained about how media play the role that can influencing a government’s policy. In this case, Al Jazeera carries out the agenda-setting agent concept by through emphasize its activities on the Arab revolution issue in 2011, which in the fact threatened Saudi Arabia. This is compounded by Qatar’s full support for Al Jazeera’s role, so that the termination diplomatic relations of Saudi Arabia with Qatar more reas...