WO2026073496A1 - Method of performing random access in iot communication and related apparatus - Google Patents
Method of performing random access in iot communication and related apparatusInfo
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- WO2026073496A1 WO2026073496A1 PCT/CN2025/120004 CN2025120004W WO2026073496A1 WO 2026073496 A1 WO2026073496 A1 WO 2026073496A1 CN 2025120004 W CN2025120004 W CN 2025120004W WO 2026073496 A1 WO2026073496 A1 WO 2026073496A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
- H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
- H04W74/0833—Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access
- H04W74/0836—Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access with 2-step access
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Abstract
A method of performing random access (RA) performed by a device in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication includes performing a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process triggered by a reader, receiving, from the reader, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N, and selecting an access occasion or slot number randomly between zero and the total number of access occasions or slots minus 1.
Description
BACKGROUND OF DISCLOSURE
1. Field of the Disclosure
1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to the field of communication systems, and more particularly, to a method of performing random access (RA) , a reader, a device, and a related apparatus, which can provide a good communication performance and/or provide high reliability.
In the past two decades, wireless communication for interconnecting millions or even billions of small and low power consumption devices or things with reduced capability to create “Internet of Things” (IoT) has attracted much attention and development in communication standard forums and deployment across various industries. When many of these IoT devices are interconnected to a network, which could be a local area private network for inventory in a warehouse or a wide area public network for transportation within/across cities, it can greatly improve productivity efficiency in an organization and increase comforts of life at home. Today a very commonly used IoT technology is Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) , which typical consists of a reader and tags attached to objects. RFID tags are used in many areas, such as tracking production progress through the assembly line, identifying objects/containers in warehouses and logistics, charging road tolls from vehicles using eTags, authenticating passengers using ePassport in airports, etc.
However, the technology of RFID is primarily used for identification of objects, assets, people or animals from emitting a tag ID, the reading range is limited to just a few meters and it requires handheld scanning which leads to labor intensive and time-consuming operations or costly deployments of RFID portals/gates. Other IoT technologies include NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) developed by 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) , which can provide much higher data rates and communication range/coverage, but at a cost of higher power consumption and implementation complexity. In turn, this translates into a higher device price and requires a battery to operate that needs to be replaced or recharged manually, which leads to high maintenance cost, serious environmental issues, and even safety hazards for some use cases.
Therefore, there is a need for a method of performing random access (RA) , a reader, a device, and a related apparatus, which can solve issues in the prior art and other issues.
In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method of performing random access (RA) performed by a device in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication includes performing a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process triggered by a reader, receiving, from the reader, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N, and selecting an access occasion or slot number randomly between zero and the total number of access occasions or slots minus 1.
In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of performing random access (RA) performed by a reader in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication includes triggering a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process for at least one device and transmitting, to the at least one device, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N.
In a third aspect of the present disclosure, a device includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The device is configured to perform the above method.
In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a reader includes a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver. The reader is configured to perform the above method.
In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium has stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the above method.
In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a chip includes a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the above method.
In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, causes a computer to execute the above method.
In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program product includes a computer program, and the computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.
In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program causes a computer to execute the above method.
In order to illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or related art more clearly, the following figures may be described in the embodiments are briefly introduced. It is obvious that the drawings are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, a person having ordinary skill in this field can obtain other figures according to these figures without paying the premise.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second A-IoT communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station, an IoT device, and an intermediate node user equipment (UE) of communication in a communication network system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of performing random access (RA) performed by a device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of performing random access (RA) performed by a reader according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary illustration of IoT device charging and discharging behaviors before an inventory or command communication process in A-IoT communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary illustration of the proposed accumulation-based method of determining random access timing occasions and state transition for a device according to control indication (s) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a system for wireless communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with the technical matters, structural features, achieved objects, and effects with reference to the accompanying drawings as follows. Specifically, the terminologies in the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely for describing the purpose of the certain embodiment, but not to limit the disclosure.
There is a need for a new form/type of IoT devices, the new form/type of IoT devices can be densely deployed (e.g., 150 devices per 100m2) and still manageable by a network communication node. The new form/type of IoT devices supports a communication range of 10-50 m, a maximum data rate of 5 kpbs to convey tag ID, user, sensor and/or location/positioning information, a latency target between 1-10 seconds, infrequent transmissions (once in an hour/day/week) , and a positioning accuracy of 1-3 meters for indoor and several tens of meters for outdoor.
Additionally, the new form/type of IoT devices, once deployed, may be able to operate for a very long period of time without the need of a battery (e.g., for years) , such that the maintenance and operation costs are minimized, the form factor of a device can be small for easy application (e.g., sticker type of tags) and the device is safe to operate everywhere. As such, this gives rise to ambient powered IoT devices, where the device without any battery is powered purely by radio energy transmitted by a data communication triggering node (e.g., base station (BS) , user equipment (UE) ) or an external carrier wave node. But an Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) device may be equipped with a storage for energy harvested from radio waves for data processing and radio transmission at a later time.
As observed from the above operation requirements (coverage, data type and data rate, latency, transmission frequency and positioning) , which are higher than RFID, the intended use cases for A-IoT devices include: 1. Indoor inventory: automated warehousing, medical instruments inventory management and positioning, non-public network for logistics, automobile manufacturing, airport terminal/shipping port, smart homes, automated supply chain distribution, fresh food supply chain, end-to-end logistics, electronic shelf label. 2. Indoor command: online modification of medical instruments status, device activation and deactivation, elderly health care, device permanent deactivation.
Types of A-IoT devices/tags:
Considering the limited size and complexity required by practical applications for battery less A-IoT devices with no energy storage capability or A-IoT devices with limited energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually, the output power of energy storage unit is typically from a few μW to a few hundreds of μW. In general, it is expected that A-IoT devices are categorized into the following types.
1. Lower peak power consumption A-IoT devices/tags (afew μW) are equipped with energy storage, neither downlink (DL) nor uplink (UL) amplification in the device. Device’s UL transmission is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
2. Higher peak power consumption A-IoT devices/tags (afew hundreds of μW) has energy storage, both DL and/or UL amplification in the device. The device’s UL transmission may be generated internally by the device, or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
A-IoT communication topologies:
FIG. 1 illustrates a first Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. That is topology 1: Direct data and signaling communication between BS and A-IoT devices. FIG. 2 illustrates a second Ambient-IoT (A-IoT) communication topology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. That is topology 2: Data and signaling communication between BS and A-IoT devices via an intermediate node. Different from RFID devices, where a handheld reader or an expensive RFID portal/gate is used to obtain ID information from the tags, A-IoT devices are expected to exchange data and signaling information with a base station (BS) directly or via an intermediate node acting like an information relay/transfer point as shown by the above Topology 1 and Topology 2 illustrations.
In Topology 1 (direct communication between BS and A-IoT) , A-IoT devices/tags directly communicates in both directions (DL and UL) with a BS. The communication between the BS and A-IoT devices/tags includes data information (e.g., tag IDs, sensor information, positioning, etc. ) and signaling information (paging, random access, configuration details, scheduling information, etc. ) The carrier wave node has two main functions in Topology 1; one it provides to A-IoT devices additional energy that is needed for processing DL information from the BS and performing UL transmission to the BS when the separation distance is far (i.e., pathloss is high) ; second it provides a UL carrier wave on which A-IoT devices perform backscattering transmission to resolve a full-duplex and a spectrum usage regulation issue when a Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) spectrum band is used for A-IoT operation. Since the BS directly communicates with A-IoT devices/tags to exchange commands and data information, it is also commonly referred to as the ‘reader’ in A-IoT communication.
In Topology 2 (indirect communication between the base station (BS) and A-IoT devices via an intermediate node) , the intermediate node (which could be a user equipment (UE) or a repeater) under the BS's control relays or transfers data and signaling information between the BS and the A-IoT devices. The intermediate node UE communicates directly with the BS and relays information from the A-IoT devices to the BS over the existing cellular Uu interface for both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) . For simplicity, this bidirectional communication between the BS and the intermediate node is referred to as “intermediate UE DL and UL” or “Uu DL and UL. ” The intermediate node UE also communicates directly with the A-IoT devices, relaying information from the BS to the A-IoT devices. For simplicity, this bidirectional communication is referred to as “A-IoT device DL and UL. ” In Topology 2, A-IoT devices harvest radio energy transmitted from the intermediate node UE to power data/signaling processing and A-IoT device UL transmissions. When an FDD spectrum band is used for A-IoT operation, both A-IoT device DL and UL transmissions are expected to occur on an uplink frequency carrier. Topology 2 is typically used in scenarios where the base station (BS) is located outdoors, and A-IoT devices are located indoors. In this setup, an intermediate UE facilitates communication between the BS and the A-IoT devices.
As seen in both Topology 1 and Topology 2, there is only one central communication node (i.e., a ‘reader’ ) that exchange commands and data information directly with A-IoT devices/tags, for simplicity, let’s refer this bidirectional communication between the reader and A-IoT devices/tags as “reader-to-device” (R2D) and “device-to-reader” (D2R) communications. And let’s further define the communication channel in the physical layer for transmitting command, control and data information in R2D communication as “physical reader device channel” (PRDCH) and the communication channel in the physical layer for transmitting response, control and data information in D2R communication as “physical device reader channel” (PDRCH) .
Synchronization in cellular communication:
In cellular communication, it is essential for UEs (e.g., a smartphone UE after power on or moving from one cell to another) to perform cell selection and re-selection procedures to constantly search for a “best cell” to camp on or to be connected with in order to have a best available link quality and service. To achieve this, a UE can first identify all detectable cells (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc. ) , determine which cells are accessible (as some cells may be barred from access and some may belong to a different cellular network operator) and measure which cell provides the best signal strength (among the ones that are accessible to the UE) . Once this process is completed, the UE makes a connection to the network (e.g., a gNB) and reports its measurements to finalize the cell camping or cell handover procedure. As described, this entire process includes cell searching and communication with a gNB. To provide all these functionalities to the UE in a cellular communication system, synchronization signals and essential system information are constantly and periodically broadcasted by a cell’s BS.
The synchronization signals transmitted by the BS primarily serve a few essential functions in a 5G cellular system, including at least one of the followings.
1. Enable UE identification of a radio carrier frequency within a spectrum band and maintaining UE’s frequency synchronization to the cell’s radio carrier.
2. Provide a reference point in time for which UEs are able to determine and derive radio communication frame, subframe and slot boundaries (time synchronization) .
3. Support beam sweeping and beam management operation when UE reports a best synchronization signal block index.
In a frequency division duplex (FDD) spectrum band, the communication between BS and UEs in a cell is carried out over a pair of a DL and a UL frequency carrier. Due to spectrum regulations, the BS transmits (UE receive) all signals and channels only in the DL carrier, and UEs transmit (BS receive) in the UL carrier. As such, all UEs in a cell need to firstly monitor and detect synchronization signals transmitted from the BS to achieve both frequency and time synchronization to the cell’s DL carrier. Then based on a pre-defined frequency separation between DL and UL frequency carriers in a FDD band, a UE derives the exact frequency for the UL carrier of the cell, tunes its radio frequency (RF) oscillator to the desired/derived frequency, and transmits in the UL carrier at a radio frame and slot timing that are aligned with the DL carrier. In a time division duplex (TDD) spectrum band, on the other hand, DL (BS transmit) and UL (UE transmit) communication between the BS and UEs in a cell is performed on a same frequency carrier but separated in different time instances (i.e., subframes or slots) to avoid a full duplexer issue. Since the same carrier frequency is used in both DL and UL, the synchronization signals transmitted in the DL is directly used by UEs in setting the UL carrier frequency. Thus, no frequency tuning or retuning is required in the UE RF oscillator to perform UL transmissions. As seen, in both FDD and TDD cellular systems, the carrier frequency and timing in which the UE performs its UL transmissions are fully relied and derived base on the DL synchronization signals transmitted from the cell’s BS. Due to mobility of UEs moving across different cells, new UEs could power-on at any time in a cell, and existing idle and connected UEs need to constantly monitor and measure signal strength of neighbor cells all the time, the synchronization signals are always and constantly transmitted by the BS to support these functions.
Device energy harvesting:
As mentioned earlier, an A-IoT device/tag without any battery will need to rely on an external power source in order to communicate (for both transmission and reception in R2D and D2R) with a BS or an intermediate UE. For RFID applications, depending on the use case and operating environment, typical external power sources include solar/light energy, heat energy, wind energy, RF energy, kinetic energy and etc. As A-IoT communication is primarily designed to operate in an indoor static environment (e.g., warehouses factories and homes) and logistic/transportation usages (e.g., inventory, food/parcel transportation and electronic shelf labels) where the environment is likely to provide no exposure to lights, high temperature, wind, motion and movements, the only viable power source that can be considered for A-IoT devices/tags to harvest energy for storage is wireless RF signals (since the devices/tags are equipped with RF antennas for wireless communication anyway) .
As such, A-IoT devices/tags should harvest/convert energy in the received RF signals that are not intended for A-IoT communication (i.e., R2D transmissions) and store the RF energy in an internal capacitor for later use (such as channel monitoring, R2D reception, data processing and D2R transmission) . It is important to note that received RF signals in an A-IoT device/tag would not and cannot be used for both energy harvesting/charging and R2D communication or signal backscattering at the same time due to device architecture is expected to be very simple. If the RF signal energy received by a single device antenna is split (e.g., 50/50) between the R2D communication and energy harvesting functions, it is expected that the R2D information reception performance and the energy harvesting efficiency of the device will be both significantly degraded. Consequently, both functions will suffer as such and making a such operation infeasible for any A-IoT device. Therefore, the energy harvesting/charging and R2D communication operations in an A-IoT device are expected to operate in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) manner (i.e., not at the same time/simultaneously) .
When an A-IoT device/tag receives RF signals for energy harvesting/charging, there is no distinction in the kind of RF signals that can be used for the energy harvesting/charging, as long as the RF signals are received in the radio spectrum that the A-IoT device/tag is designed to operate. Therefore, wireless energy sources could include any RF signal transmitted by a BS, an intermediate UE, a designated/dedicated RF emitter for wireless energy charging or an interference node. Typically, the size of a capacitor for energy storage is in a range between 1μF (for a lower peak power consumption A-IoT device/tag) and 10μF (for a higher peak power consumption A-IoT device/tag) . Beside the capacitor size for energy storage in a device/tag, RF energy charging efficiency also depends on the emitting power of the RF signals and the distance between the RF energy source (s) and the device/tag. Generally, the higher the received power the higher the RF energy conversion rate. As such, the energy harvesting time require to fully charge an A-IoT device/tag could range from a few milliseconds to several tens of seconds. In a practical deployment, a mixture of lower and higher power consumption devices/tags is expected in an A-IoT communication system.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, in a random-access method based on receiving an indication relating to an access occasion or slot from the reader, it is proposed that a device/tag accumulates a number of occasions or slots to determine device state transition for maximizing the device/tag energy storage level during an inventory or command process. Other benefits from adopting the proposed access occasion/slot number accumulation method for device state transition may include at least one of the followings: 1. Maximizing the chance that a device/tag is able to complete a round of inventory or command process with the reader. 2. Minimizing the occurrences that a device needs to perform multiple rounds of inventory or command process. 3. Reducing the delay/latency of making an inventory of multiple devices/tags in an IoT communication system.
FIG. 3 illustrates that, in some embodiments, a reader 10 (such as a base station) , one or more devices 20 (such as one or more IoT readers) , and an intermediate node user equipment (UE) 30 of communication in a communication network system 40 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are provided. The communication network system 40 includes the reader 10, the one or more devices 20, and the intermediate node UE 30. The reader 10 may include a memory 12, a transceiver 13, and a processor 11 coupled to the memory 12 and the transceiver 13. The one or more devices 20 may include a memory 22, a transceiver 23, and a processor 21 coupled to the memory 22 and the transceiver 23. The intermediate node UE 30 may include a memory 32, a transceiver 33, and a processor 31 coupled to the memory 32 and the transceiver 33. The processor 11, 21, or 31 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and/or methods described in this description. Layers of radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 11, 21, or 31. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 is operatively coupled with the processor 11, 21, or 31 and transmits and/or receives a radio signal.
The processor 11, 21, or 31 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , other chipset, logic circuit and/or data processing device. The memory 12, 22, or 32 may include read-only memory (ROM) , random access memory (RAM) , flash memory, memory card, storage medium and/or other storage device. The transceiver 13, 23, or 33 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in the memory 12, 22, or 32 and executed by the processor 11, 21, or 31. The memory 12, 22, or 32 can be implemented within the processor 11, 21, or 31 or external to the processor 11, 21, or 31 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processor 11, 21, or 31 via various means as is known in the art.
In some embodiments, the processor 21 is configured to perform a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process triggered by the reader 10, the transceiver 23 is configured to receive, from the reader 10, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N, and the processor 21 is configured to select an access occasion or slot number randomly between zero and the total number of access occasions or slots minus 1. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and/or improve communication performance and reliability.
In some embodiments, the processor 11 is configured to trigger a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process for at least one device 20 and the transceiver 13 is configured to transmit, to the at least one device 20, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and/or improve communication performance and reliability.
FIG. 4 illustrates a method 410 of performing a random access (RA) performed by a device in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 410 includes: an operation 412, performing a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process triggered by a reader; an operation 414, receiving, from the reader, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N; and an operation 416, selecting an access occasion or slot number randomly between zero and the total number of access occasions or slots minus 1. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and/or improve communication performance and reliability.
In some embodiments, the control information is transmitted or carried in a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) . In some embodiments, the method further includes updating an internal counter of the device according to the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the internal counter of the device is equal to or greater than the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, if the internal counter is less than the number of access occasions or slots, the device performs a RA procedure with the reader. In some embodiments, the indicator is signaled in an ascending order, and the device increments the internal counter based on the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the indicator is signaled in a descending order, and the device decrements the internal counter based on the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the device determines to remain in an on operating state when the internal counter is equal to the number of access occasions or slots.
In some embodiments, the device determines to remain in the on operating state when the internal counter is equal to zero. In some embodiments, the device determines to transit to a sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to the number of access occasions or slot numbers. In some embodiments, the device determines to transit to the sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to zero. In some embodiments, the number of access occasions or slots of the indicator is set to a non-zero value when a paging message is transmitted. In some embodiments, the method further includes counting a time gap between an end of the control information and a start of a next access occasion or slot based on a time length of one RA procedure. In some embodiments, the method further includes switching an operating state of the device to an on operating state when the internal counter of the device reaches the time gap. In some embodiments, the device switches to the on operating state a time earlier than the time gap to mitigate a sampling frequency offset of the internal counter of the device.
In some embodiments, the term “/” can be interpreted to indicate “and/or. ” The term “configured” can refer to “pre-configured” and “network configured” . The term “preset” , “pre-defined” or “pre-defined rules” in the present disclosure may be achieved by pre-storing corresponding codes, tables, or other manners for indicating relevant information in devices. The specific implementation is not limited in the present disclosure. For example, “preset” and “pre-defined” may refer to those defined in a protocol. It is also to be understood that in the disclosure, “protocol” may refer to a standard protocol in the field of communication, which may include, for example, a relevant protocol applied in the future communication system, which is not limited in the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 illustrates a method 510 of performing a random access (RA) performed by a reader in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 510 includes: an operation 512, triggering a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process for at least one device; and an operation 514, transmitting, to the at least one device, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information includes an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N. This can solve issues in the prior art and other issues and/or improve communication performance and reliability.
In some embodiments, the control information is transmitted or carried in a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) . In some embodiments, the indicator includes the number of access occasions or slots configured to determine an internal counter of the device. In some embodiments, if the internal counter is less than the number of access occasions or slots, the device performs a RA procedure with the reader. In some embodiments, the indicator is signaled in an ascending order, and the internal counter is incremented based on the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the indicator is signaled in a descending order, and the internal counter is decremented based on the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the device remains in an on operating state when the internal counter is equal to the number of access occasions or slots.
In some embodiments, the device remains in the on operating state when the internal counter is equal to zero. In some embodiments, the device transits to a sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to the number of access occasions or slots. In some embodiments, the device transits to the sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to zero. In some embodiments, the number of access occasions or slots of the indicator is set to a non-zero value when a paging message is transmitted. In some embodiments, a time gap between an end of the control information and a start of a next access occasion or slot is determined based on a time length of one RA procedure. In some embodiments, an operating state of the device is switched to an on operating state when the internal counter of the device reaches the time gap. In some embodiments, the on operating state of the device is switched a time earlier than the time gap to mitigate a sampling frequency offset of the internal counter of the device.
Examples:
In order for the IoT industry to be successful, it is crucial that the communication access link between the reader and the devices to be reliable and efficient. If a IoT device is reliant on harvesting ambient radio energy to power its operation, the design of the communication protocol should be as simple and power efficient as possible, without a complicated procedure and excessive processing at the device end. However, when an IoT reader performs an inventory/query of multiple devices at the same time within a round of communication process, it is natural and inevitable that extra delay/communication latency will be created for the devices/tags. The IoT communication protocol may remain simple and power-efficient to ensure reliable links, even though multi-device queries inevitably introduce latency.
For the existing slotted-ALOHA access mechanism used in the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) system, devices that are intended for an inventory process are assumed to be fully charged or the system provides an external power source to ensure the devices will be powered and have sufficient energy to endure at least a round or two of inventory processes. Furthermore, for the existing slotted-ALOHA access mechanism in the RFID system, since it does not employ any transmission (Tx) collision handling or avoidance mechanism to cater for a large number of devices to simultaneously connect and communicate with a reader (as it relies on processing one device at a time in a time-division multiplexing (TDM) manner) , the number of devices that can be handled/treated in a single inventory process would be small. And hence, the total/entire time duration in a RFID process would expect to be short. The amount of energy to sustain a round of process is also small as such. Therefore, there is never an issue in the RFID system that a device will run out of energy during a round of process, and that, the communication access mechanism would not need to take into account of energy saving or conserving energy for the devices. In RFID systems using slotted ALOHA, devices are assumed to have sufficient power, so energy saving is not a concern despite limited device handling per inventory round.
On the other hand, the Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system currently being study in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is expected to handle/make an inventory of hundreds and even up to thousands of devices within a service area in a warehouse or a factory. Therefore, an A-IoT device may sustain its operating time within at least one round of inventory process, which could be a long duration of time of up to tens of seconds. Based on some study analysis shown in 3GPP, a lower power consumption device with a 10μF energy storage capacitor could only last in a range between 2.5 to 15 seconds (subject to device implementation) without additional energy harvesting and the device is assumed to be fully charged at the beginning of the inventory process. However, a such fully charged assumption for all devices in practice may not be possible. In A-IoT systems, devices may endure longer inventory rounds with limited energy storage, making the assumption of all devices being fully charged impractical.
As detailed earlier, an A-IoT device/tag may run out of energy in its storage during a communication process if the storage size is small and the process is long (including both reception Rx and transmission Tx) . In a case of an A-IoT reader tries to conduct an inventory process for a single or multiple device/tags in a factory or warehouse, the reader would need to provide pre-charging of energy to the devices/tags before starting the inventory or command type of communication process. The pre-charging time could be long (e.g., in the order of tens of seconds) to account for energy harvesting efficiency of different devices/tags in the coverage area. Some devices/tags may be charged quickly (e.g., due to a short distance to the RF energy source, the reader) and power-ON/wake-up early, while some may power-ON/wake up later as illustrated in FIG. 6. Usually, once a device/tag that powers-ON/wakes-up before an inventory or command communication process, it will start to monitor the radio channel for any Reader-to-Device (R2D) transmission from the reader (e.g., perform radio frequency (RF) reception and baseband decoding) and its energy in the storage will begin to deplete immediately (e.g., Device 1 to 4 in FIG. 6) . Therefore, naturally, the energy storage level of an early power-ON/wake-up device at the end of pre-charging time (which is the beginning of the inventory or command process) would not be full (e.g., not 100%) , since it has been monitoring the channel for a period of time. As such, this creates a potential issue/problem that the remaining energy of the device/tag in the storage may not be sufficient to complete the inventory or command communication process. Given the above pre-charging operation and the likelihood that the energy storage level will not be 100%for most of A-IoT devices at the beginning of an inventory or command process, if the same slotted-ALOHA access mechanism from RFID is reused for A-IoT system with large number of devices accessing at the same time, it is expected that many of these A-IoT devices will not sustain the long inventory or command process (due to the TDM access mechanism and the lack of Tx avoidance) . Note that, for an A-IoT command process, a device/tag may need to transmit a large amount of information data (e.g., collected sensor data over time) , which uses a significant amount of device energy to encode the data, modulate to a RF carrier and perform RF transmission (which typically involves a power amplification process) . In A-IoT, early wake-up devices may deplete energy before inventory begins, and with long processes and many devices, the reused slotted-ALOHA mechanism risks devices lacking sufficient power to complete communication.
Moreover, in the existing slotted-ALOHA access mechanism, the time duration of an ALOHA slot has a variable length since an on-going inventory or command procedure could be terminated early by the reader when it detects a Tx collision from multiple devices trying to respond to or communicate with the reader at the same time. As such, the reader could initiate the next round of inventory or command process at any time (e.g., typically immediately after) . Although this access mechanism property in the existing slotted-ALOHA may seem to be efficient in cutting down the wait time for the devices by quickly sending the next inventory or command query for the next slot, but the devices remained power-ON to monitor the channel for potentially a new slot of access, so that the devices do not miss-out their opportunities to send responses and complete the inventory or command process. As can be seen, this is a rather energy consuming operation for the devices to stay ON, and it would not be suitable for the A-IoT system operation that is currently under study in 3GPP. The variable slot timing of slotted-ALOHA forces devices to stay powered on to monitor channels, causing high energy consumption unsuitable for A-IoT systems.
In general, the sustainable operating time of a device/tag during an inventory or command communication process depending on various factors, such as the remaining energy, energy consumption rate for Rx and Tx operations, device energy storage size, waiting time within the inventory communication process, occurrence of collision (s) , and etc. It is hard to estimate or calculate the sustainable operating time in advance, even for the device/tag itself as some factors are not controllable or predictable (e.g., number of devices/tags in the system, collision probability, and wait time from scheduling) . Therefore, in the present disclosure of radio channel access in IoT communication, it is proposed to prolong the sustainability of a device operating time by providing opportunities to the device to perform energy harvesting/re-charging such that it will have sufficient energy in its storage capacitor to complete the inventory process, regardless of the time duration for the entire round of process, even if the device selected the very last access occasion within a process. Some embodiments of this disclosure propose enabling devices to harvest or recharge energy during IoT access, ensuring they can sustain operation and complete the inventory process regardless of its duration.
Proposed method of random access in IoT communication:
In order to perform and complete an inventory of one or multiple devices/tags in a factory production line or warehouse, or to perform a command type of IoT communication to just one device/tag (e.g., in a home environment setting) , it is necessary to use a random access (RA) procedure of 2 or 4 steps of message exchanges between a IoT reader and devices. In reference to diagram 100 in FIG. 7, to initiate a 4-step or 2-step RA procedure, the reader should transmit a paging message 101 as a first step (e.g., a message 0, Msg. 0) indicating information such as who is the target device (s) that the reader is intending to communicate with. In the paging message, the reader could further indicate the intended type of IoT communication (e.g., inventory or command) , number of steps (which could be implicitly derived from the type of IoT communication) , target device type (e.g., type 1, type 2a, type 2b) , and whether the paging is repeated within an inventory/command process (e.g., when more than one RA occasion is configured or triggered) . After the initiating paging message, the next step (Step 2) is for the device to send a RA sequence (as Msg. 1) indicating device’s intention and attempt to access the initiated RA procedure. As Step 3, the reader sends a response in Msg. 2 to the device if device’s RA access attempt (Msg. 1) is successfully received by the reader. In Step 4, the device provides an acknowledgement in Msg. 3 to the Msg. 2 that the device received in Step 3. It is only when all these messages (the paging, Msg. 1, Msg. 2 and Msg. 3) are transmitted and received by the corresponding nodes, the initiated RA procedure is then considered as complete for the device; otherwise, the device may re-attempt the RA procedure in another RA occasion. In reference to diagram 100 in FIG. 7, four 4-step RA procedures are illustrated where each RA procedure is initiated separately by a corresponding paging message 101, 102, 103, and 104. An IoT reader completes inventory or command communication through a 2-step or 4-step random access procedure initiated by a paging message and followed by message exchanges (Msg. 1-Msg. 3) .
To trigger a round of inventory or command process, which may be used by a IoT reader to conduct one or more of RA procedures with multiple devices, the reader firstly determines a total number of RA occasions (2N) needed for the process (e.g., based on a known number of intended devices or past experience of inventory processes) and signals the value N at the beginning of the inventory or command process, where one RA occasion corresponds to only one RA procedure. In reference to diagram 100 in FIG. 7, four RA occasions are illustrated 105, 106, 107, and 108 within a round of inventory or command process of 2N RA occasions. For example, a total of 16 RA occasions (containing 16 individual RA procedures) is triggered when N=4 is selected by the reader. Each of the RA occasion/RA procedure may be used by one or multiple devices for access attempt (to communicate with the reader) . The signaling of the N value could be indicated by the IoT reader to devices in a broadcast manner (e.g., as a control signaling information) . For example, the indication signaling is carried in a Physical Reader to Device CHannel (PRDCH) when the first paging message is transmitted from the reader 101 triggering the procedure (in a same PRDCH) or just prior to the first paging message is transmitted from the reader (in a separate PRDCH) . An IoT reader initiates an inventory or command process by broadcasting the value N to define 2N RA occasions, with each occasion corresponding to one RA procedure for device access.
Note that, the value N could be increased or decreased by the reader during an inventory or command process to adjust the remaining number of RA occasions/slots, which represents the ending time for the inventory or command process. The adjustment to increase the N value could be necessary for the reader to accommodate more devices within an on-going inventory or command process when the reader detects Tx collisions in early RA occasions/slots. Likewise, the adjustment to decrease the N value could be beneficial for the reader and the system to terminate an on-going inventory or command process early and to start a new round of process (e.g., targeting a different group or type of devices) when the reader detects the number of devices accessing the system in early RA occasions/slots is less than expected. The reader can dynamically adjust the value N during an inventory or command process to extend RA occasions for collision handling or shorten the process when fewer devices are detected.
When a IoT device receives the N value signaling information from the reader, if the device is a target device intended by the reader and/or the device determines and intends to access/participate (e.g., responding to the reader) for the reader triggered inventory or command process, the device selects at least one RA occasion/slot (avalue n) within the total number of RA occasion determined by 2N, e.g., by random selection with equal probability of an integer value between 0 and 2N-1, where RA occasion (0) is the first occasion/slot and RA occasion (2N-1) is the last occasion/slot for the current/triggered inventory or command process. In reference to diagram 100 in FIG. 7, this is illustrated by RA occasion (n) 108. The device may select one other RA occasion (another value n) within the current/triggered process for access re-attempt in case when a response message from the reader (Msg. 2) is not received after the device has sent a sequence for an access attempt (Msg. 1) in the first device selected RA occasion, e.g., for example when a Tx collision occurs between multiple devices sending access attempts (Msg. 1) using a same resource or simply the device could not decode the response message from the reader due to interference.
In general, an IoT device has at least two operating states, namely an ON state and an OFF state. During the ON/available state, almost all functions of a device are activated for operation and communication, but except for RF energy harvesting as detailed previously. For example, the device performs radio frequency (RF) reception for channel monitoring, decodes signals and data from the reader, retains an information memory necessary for IoT communication, authentication and security, runs an internal clock for signal sampling and transmission, generates and modulates data information on a RF waveform carrier and performs transmission of the waveform carrier. During the OFF state, the operation of a device is essentially opposite to the ON state with all functions of a device are stopped, but except for energy harvesting. An IoT device operates in either an ON state, enabling full communication functions, or an OFF state, disabling functions except for energy harvesting.
In addition, it is also possible for a device to operate in a third state, namely a SLEEP state, where the SLEEP state is similar to the OFF state except that a device internal clock is still running for time keeping/counting purpose. Since a device is capable of harvesting energy and running an internal clock at the same time in the SLEEP state, the device would be able to perform state transition autonomously (without any control or indication from the reader) based solely on its clock timer to switch between the ON and SLEEP states as needed to conserve power and perform energy harvesting/re-charging its storage level. That is, the device switches to the ON state only for the selected RA occasion (s) to perform the above RA procedure with a reader and remains in the SLEEP state (unavailable for IoT communication with a reader) for energy harvesting/storage re-charging. An IoT device may use a SLEEP state, keeping only its clock active, to harvest energy and autonomously switch to ON state for RA occasions, conserving power.
In order for a device/tag to further harvest/re-charge its energy storage capacitor within a triggered inventory or command process, it is proposed for the device to transit from a ON state to a SLEEP state for a time period that the device does not monitor/receive information from a reader. That is, the goal/intention of the proposed methods is to provide opportunities and maximize ‘sleep time’ of the device before the selected/target RA occasion (n) . To achieve this goal/intention, an accumulate indicator (accumulator) or a RA occasion/slot number parameter is provided by a reader as a part of control information in PRDCH at the start of each RA occasion/slot in order for a device to identify or derive the occasion/slot number of a current RA procedure, determine whether a self-selected RA occasion/slot (n) is reached, and determine its operating state transition. From decoding the control information in PRDCH, the device obtains or derives a RA occasion/slot number of the current RA procedure by reading the RA occasion/slot number parameter field or updating an internal counter in the device according to the accumulator parameter field, respectively. The devices switch to SLEEP before their selected RA occasion, using control info in PRDCH to track slot numbers and maximize energy harvesting time.
For one case, when the value of a provided RA occasion/slot number parameter field in PRDCH for a RA procedure (initiated by the associated paging/paging repeat message) equals to a device’s self-selected RA occasion/slot number n, the device determines that it has reached the self-selected RA occasion/slot and determines to remain in a ON operating state to carry out a RA procedure/communication with a reader. Conversely, when the obtained value of the RA occasion/slot number parameter field in PRDCH for a RA procedure is not equal to a device’s self-selected RA occasion/slot number n, the device determines that it has not reached the self-selected RA occasion/slot and determines to transit to a SLEEP operating state for energy harvesting/re-charging. A device stays ON to perform RA when the PRDCH slot number matches its chosen slot, otherwise it switches to SLEEP to harvest energy until its turn.
For another case, when an accumulator parameter field is provided by the reader in the control information of PRDCH, the value of the accumulator could be defined and signaled in an ascending or descending order/manner.
If the accumulate indicator (accumulator) is defined and signaled in the ascending order, a device derives a RA occasion/slot number of the current RA procedure (initiated by the associated paging/paging repeat message) and increment its internal counter based on at least the accumulator parameter field. For example, when a N value for the total number of RA occasions (2N) is provided at the beginning of a triggered IoT inventory or command process (e.g., in the first RA occasion/slot) , a device resets/initializes its internal counter to ‘0’ . For each decoded control information in PRDCH, if the accumulator parameter field is provided or enabled, or its value is not equal to zero, or set to increment, the device increments its internal counter by ‘1’ or by the value indicated. With an ascending accumulator, a device initializes its counter at 0 and increments it based on PRDCH control info to track the current RA slot number.
If the accumulate indicator (accumulator) is defined and signaled in the descending order, a device derives a RA occasion/slot number of the current RA procedure (initiated by the associated paging/paging repeat message) and decrement its internal counter based on at least the accumulator parameter field. For example, when a N value for the total number of RA occasions (2N) is provided at the beginning of a triggered IoT inventory or command process (e.g., in the first RA occasion/slot) , a device sets/initializes its internal counter to ‘2N-1’ . For each decoded control information in PRDCH, if the accumulator parameter field is provided or enabled, or its value is not equal to zero, or set to decrement, the device decrements its internal counter by ‘1’ or by the value indicated. With a descending accumulator, a device initializes its counter to 2N–1 and decrements it based on PRDCH control info to track the current RA slot number.
Note that, since the control information may need to be provided by the reader in every PRDCH transmission even when a paging trigger/repeat message is not transmitted (e.g., in Msg. 2) , the accumulator parameter field may not need to be provided or enabled or set to a non-zero value in some scenarios. That is, the accumulator parameter field should be provided or enabled or set to a non-zero value at least whenever a paging repeat message is sent. The accumulator field only needs to be active when a paging repeat message is sent, not in every PRDCH transmission.
Once the device internal counter is updated, if the updated internal counter equals to a device’s self-selected RA occasion/slot number n (for ascending order) or equals to 0 (for descending order) , the device determines that it has reached the self-selected RA occasion/slot and determines to remain in a ON operating state to carry out a RA procedure/communication with a reader. Conversely, if the updated internal counter does not equal to a device’s self-selected RA occasion/slot number n or 0, the device determines that it has not reached the self-selected RA occasion/slot and determines to transit to a SLEEP operating state for energy harvesting/re-charging. A device stays ON to perform RA when its counter matches the chosen slot (or 0 in descending order) , otherwise it switches to SLEEP to harvest energy.
From the afore-described device state transition behaviors, it is clear regardless if an accumulate indicator (accumulator) or a RA occasion/slot number parameter is provided by a reader as part of a control information in PRDCH, a device is provided with opportunities to transit to a SLEEP operating state in RA occasions/slots before the selected RA occasion/slot (n) is reached to conserve energy and even perform energy harvesting to re-charge its energy storage capacitor. Therefore, the device energy storage level is maximized by the proposed random-access method in an IoT communication. The proposed RA method allows devices to enter SLEEP before their chosen slot, conserving energy and harvesting power to maximize storage levels.
To illustrate this device transition behavior and its effect/benefit on device energy storage level, in diagram 100 of FIG. 7, assuming a device is in a ON operating state to receive from a reader a control information signaling 109 and a paging message 101 in PRDCH from a reader triggering an inventory process, the device starts depleting its energy and the energy storage drops to a level lower than that at the beginning of the inventory process X % (at time T0) . Assuming the device selects a RA occasion (n) 108, where n ≠ 0. Since the device does not need to carry out the remaining RA procedure (Msg. 1, Msg. 2 and Msg. 3) with the reader in RA occasion (0) 105, the device transits to a SLEEP state at the end of the paging trigger 101 at time T1 for energy harvesting, and its energy storage level begins to increase. In order for the device to receive the control information 110 to obtain an accumulate indicator (accumulator) or a RA occasion/slot number in the next RA occasion 106, the device transits to a ON state at time T2. Once the device has received and decoded the control information 110 in PRDCH and determined that RA occasion (1) 106 is not the self-selected/target RA occasion, the device switches back to the SLEEP state at T3 to continue its energy harvesting. Note that, since RA occasion (1) 106 is not selected by the device to perform a RA procedure with the reader, it does not need to remain in the ON state to receive the paging repeat message 102. Similarly, the device re-charges its energy storage from time T3 to T4 and transits to the ON state at time T4 to receive the next control information 111 at the start of RA occasion (2) 107. Again, RA occasion (2) 107 is determined by the device to be not the selected RA occasion (n) , the device transits back to the SLEEP state at time T5. Then the device repeats the same state transition and energy harvesting process until the selected RA occasion (n) 108 and determines it has reached the self-selected RA occasion based on the control information received in 112. As can be seen, by transmitting an accumulate indicator (accumulator) or a RA occasion/slot number in the control information from the reader, the device is provided with opportunities to perform energy harvesting and increase its energy storage level before its selected RA occasion (n) , and the resulting energy storage level in the device at the start of the selected RA occasion (n) (at time T6) would be higher than that at the beginning of the inventory process (at time T0) . By alternating between ON for control info and SLEEP for harvesting until its chosen slot, a device raises its energy level above the initial level by the time it reaches its selected RA occasion.
To support the above device state transition behavior, one more aspect is for the device to determine/derive the timing of T2, T4 and T6 in diagram 100 of FIG. 7 in order for a device to transit from the SLEEP state to the ON state. That is, the device needs to count the time in each RA occasion/slot in a time gap between the end of the control information signaling or PRDCH to the start of the next RA occasion/slot before the selected RA occasion/slot (n) is reached. In reference to diagram 100 in FIG. 7, this refers to the time gap between T1/T2 and the time gap between T3/T4. To enable this time counting in a device, it is further proposed that the time length to complete one RA procedure (which corresponds to a RA occasion) is pre-defined and/or indicated also as part of a control information from the reader when an inventory or command process is triggered. A device determines when to wake from SLEEP by using the predefined or signaled RA procedure duration to count time gaps between RA slots.
The time length of one RA procedure could be of a certain duration or a minimum duration. When the time length of one RA procedure is explicitly signaled from the reader or can be implicitly derived by a device (based on pre-definition) , the device would be able to determine the time gap between the end of a control information signaling or PRDCH to the start of the next RA occasion/slot. For example, since the time taken to transmit the control information or PRDCH can be measured by the device, the time gap could be determined/calculated accordingly by the time length minus the time taken measured for the control information signaling or the entire PRDCH. Then based on an internal clock timer of the device, the device counts the time (e.g., number of samples or clock ticks) and switches its operating state to the ON or available state when the time count reaches the calculated time gap. By knowing or deriving the RA procedure duration, a device calculates the time gap after PRDCH and uses its clock to wake up at the right slot.
However, due to a sampling frequency offset (SFO) in the internal clock timer that causes a timing drift in all devices, the device would not be able to precisely transit to the ON/available state right at the start of the next RA occasion to receive the special signal. As such, the device should transit to the ON/available state a short time earlier to mitigate this SFO effect, so that the device would not miss the special signal at the start of the next RA occasion/slot. To counter clock drift from sampling frequency offset, a device wakes slightly early to ensure it does not miss the special signal at the next RA slot.
In summary, some embodiments propose an energy-aware random access (RA) method for IoT devices. A reader provides an accumulation indicator in PRDCH control information, enabling each device to track RA slot numbers using an internal counter. Depending on ascending or descending signaling, the device increments or decrements its counter until it matches its self-selected slot, where it remains ON to perform RA; otherwise, it switches to SLEEP to harvest or recharge energy. To support this behavior, the RA procedure duration is predefined or signaled, allowing the device to calculate time gaps between slots with its internal clock. To compensate for clock drift from sampling frequency offset, the device wakes slightly earlier, ensuring it does not miss the special signal at the start of the next RA slot. This approach maximizes device energy sustainability while maintaining reliable RA communication.
Commercial interests for some embodiments are as follows. 1. Solving issues in the prior art and other issues. 2. Improving a communication performance. 3. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are used by 5G-NR chipset vendors, V2X communication system development vendors, automakers including cars, trains, trucks, buses, bicycles, moto-bikes, helmets, and etc., drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) , smartphone makers, smart watches, wireless earbuds, wireless headphones, communication devices, remote control vehicles, and robots for public safety use, AR/VR device maker for example gaming, conference/seminar, education purposes, smart home appliances including TV, stereo, speakers, lights, door bells, locks, cameras, conferencing headsets, and etc., smart factory and warehouse equipment including IoT devices, robots, robotic arms, and simply just between production machines. In some embodiments, commercial interest for the disclosed invention and business importance includes lowering power consumption for wireless communication means longer operating time for the device and/or better user experience and product satisfaction from longer operating time between battery charging. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are a combination of “techniques/processes” that can be adopted in 3GPP specification to create an end product. Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to mobile cellular communication technology in 3GPP NR Releases 19, and beyond for providing IoT wireless communication services.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example of a computing device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Any suitable computing device can be used for performing the operations described herein. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the computing device 1100 that can implement some embodiments in FIG. 1 to FIG. 7, using any suitably configured hardware and/or software. In some embodiments, the computing device 1100 can include a processor 1112 that is communicatively coupled to a memory 1114 and that executes computer-executable program code and/or accesses information stored in the memory 1114. The processor 1112 may include a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit ( “ASIC” ) , a state machine, or other processing device. The processor 1112 can include any of a number of processing devices, including one. Such a processor can include or may be in communication with a computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor 1112, cause the processor to perform the operations described herein.
The memory 1114 can include any suitable non-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can include any electronic, optical, magnetic, or other storage device capable of providing a processor with computer-readable instructions or other program code. Non-limiting examples of a computer-readable medium include a magnetic disk, a memory chip, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a configured processor, optical storage, magnetic tape or other magnetic storage, or any other medium from which a computer processor can read instructions. The instructions may include processor-specific instructions generated by a compiler and/or an interpreter from code written in any suitable computer-programming language, including, for example, C, C++, C#, visual basic, java, python, perl, javascript, and actionscript.
The computing device 1100 can also include a bus 1116. The bus 1116 can communicatively couple one or more components of the computing device 1100. The computing device 1100 can also include a number of external or internal devices such as input or output devices. For example, the computing device 1100 is illustrated with an input/output ( “I/O” ) interface 1118 that can receive input from one or more input devices 1120 or provide output to one or more output devices 1122. The one or more input devices 1120 and one or more output devices 1122 can be communicatively coupled to the I/O interface 1118. The communicative coupling can be implemented via any suitable manner (e.g., a connection via a printed circuit board, connection via a cable, communication via wireless transmissions, etc. ) . Non-limiting examples of input devices 1120 include a touch screen (e g., one or more cameras for imaging a touch area or pressure sensors for detecting pressure changes caused by a touch) , a mouse, a keyboard, or any other device that can be used to generate input events in response to physical actions by a user of a computing device. Non-limiting examples of output devices 1122 include a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, an external monitor, a speaker, or any other device that can be used to display or otherwise present outputs generated by a computing device.
The computing device 1100 can execute program code that configures the processor 1112 to perform one or more of the operations described above with respect to FIG. 1 to FIG. 7. The program code may be resident in the memory 1114 or any suitable computer-readable medium and may be executed by the processor 1112 or any other suitable processor.
The computing device 1100 can also include at least one network interface device 1124. The network interface device 1124 can include any device or group of devices suitable for establishing a wired or wireless data connection to one or more data networks 1128. Non limiting examples of the network interface device 1124 include an Ethernet network adapter, a modem, and/or the like. The computing device 1100 can transmit messages as electronic or optical signals via the network interface device 1124.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example system 700 for wireless communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Embodiments described herein may be implemented into the system using any suitably configured hardware and/or software. FIG. 9 illustrates the system 700 including a radio frequency (RF) circuitry 710, a baseband circuitry 720, an application circuitry 730, a memory/storage 740, a display 750, a camera 760, a sensor 770, and an input/output (I/O) interface 780, coupled with each other at least as illustrated.
The application circuitry 730 may include a circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include any combination of general-purpose processors and dedicated processors, such as graphics processors, application processors. The processors may be coupled with the memory/storage and configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications and/or operating systems running on the system.
The baseband circuitry 720 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processors may include a baseband processor. The baseband circuitry may handle various radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation, encoding, decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry may support communication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN) , a wireless local area network (WLAN) , a wireless personal area network (WPAN) . Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.
In various embodiments, the baseband circuitry 720 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a baseband frequency. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
The RF circuitry 710 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network.
In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 710 may include circuitry to operate with signals that are not strictly considered as being in a radio frequency. For example, in some embodiments, RF circuitry may include circuitry to operate with signals having an intermediate frequency, which is between a baseband frequency and a radio frequency.
In various embodiments, the transmitter circuitry, control circuitry, or receiver circuitry discussed above with respect to the user equipment, eNB, or gNB may be embodied in whole or in part in one or more of the RF circuitry, the baseband circuitry, and/or the application circuitry. As used herein, “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) , and/or a memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the electronic device circuitry may be implemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or more software or firmware modules.
In some embodiments, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry, the application circuitry, and/or the memory/storage may be implemented together on a system on a chip (SOC) . The memory/storage 740 may be used to load and store data and/or instructions, for example, for system. The memory/storage for one embodiment may include any combination of suitable volatile memory, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) ) , and/or non-volatile memory, such as flash memory.
In various embodiments, the I/O interface 780 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to a physical keyboard or keypad, a touchpad, a speaker, a microphone, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, and a power supply interface.
In various embodiments, the sensor 770 may include one or more sensing devices to determine environmental conditions and/or location information related to the system. In some embodiments, the sensors may include, but are not limited to, a gyro sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, an ambient light sensor, and a positioning unit. The positioning unit may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry and/or RF circuitry to communicate with components of a positioning network, e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) satellite.
In various embodiments, the display 750 may include a display, such as a liquid crystal display and a touch screen display. In various embodiments, the system 700 may be a mobile computing device such as, but not limited to, a laptop computing device, a tablet computing device, a netbook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a AR/VR glasses, etc. In various embodiments, system may have more or less components, and/or different architectures. Where appropriate, methods described herein may be implemented as a computer program. The computer program may be stored on a storage medium, such as a non-transitory storage medium.
A person having ordinary skill in the art understands that each of the units, algorithm, and operations described and disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are realized using electronic hardware or combinations of software for computers and electronic hardware. Whether the functions run in hardware or software depends on the condition of application and design requirement for a technical plan.
A person having ordinary skill in the art can use different ways to realize the function for each specific application while such realizations cannot go beyond the scope of the present disclosure. It is understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art that he/she can refer to the working processes of the system, device, and unit in the above-mentioned embodiment since the working processes of the above-mentioned system, device, and unit are basically the same. For easy description and simplicity, these working processes may not be detailed.
It is understood that the disclosed system, device, and method in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be realized with other ways. The above-mentioned embodiments are exemplary only. The division of the units is merely based on logical functions while other divisions exist in realization. It is possible that a plurality of units or components are combined or integrated in another system. It is also possible that some characteristics are omitted or skipped. On the other hand, the displayed or discussed mutual coupling, direct coupling, or communicative coupling operate through some ports, devices, or units whether indirectly or communicatively by ways of electrical, mechanical, or other kinds of forms.
The units as separating components for explanation are or are not physically separated. The units for display are or are not physical units, that is, located in one place or distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the units are used according to the purposes of the embodiments. Moreover, each of the functional units in each of the embodiments can be integrated in one processing unit, physically independent, or integrated in one processing unit with two or more than two units.
If the software function unit is realized and used and sold as a product, it can be stored in a readable storage medium in a computer. Based on this understanding, the technical plan proposed by the present disclosure can be essentially or partially realized as the form of a software product. Or, one part of the technical plan beneficial to the conventional technology can be realized as the form of a software product. The software product in the computer is stored in a storage medium, including a plurality of commands for a computational device (such as a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to run all or some of the operations disclosed by the embodiments of the present disclosure. The storage medium includes a USB disk, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM) , a random access memory (RAM) , a floppy disk, or other kinds of media capable of storing program codes.
While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments but is intended to cover various arrangements made without departing from the scope of the broadest interpretation of the appended claims.
Claims (36)
- A method of performing random access (RA) performed by a device in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication, comprising:performing a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process triggered by a reader; receiving, from the reader, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information comprises an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N; andselecting an access occasion or slot number randomly between zero and the total number of access occasions or slots minus 1.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the control information is transmitted or carried in a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) .
- The method of claim 1, further comprising:updating an internal counter of the device according to the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 3, further comprising:determining whether the internal counter of the device is equal to or greater than the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 4, wherein if the internal counter is less than the number of access occasions or slots, the device performs a RA procedure with the reader.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the indicator is signaled in an ascending order, and the device increments the internal counter based on the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the indicator is signaled in a descending order, and the device decrements the internal counter based on the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the device determines to remain in an on operating state when the internal counter is equal to the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the device determines to remain in the on operating state when the internal counter is equal to zero.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the device determines to transit to a sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to the number of access occasions or slot numbers.
- The method of claim 10, wherein the device determines to transit to the sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to zero.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the number of access occasions or slots of the indicator is set to a non-zero value when a paging message is transmitted.
- The method of claim 1, further comprising:counting a time gap between an end of the control information and a start of a next access occasion or slot based on a time length of one RA procedure.
- The method of claim 13, further comprising:switching an operating state of the device to an on operating state when the internal counter of the device reaches the time gap.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the device switches to the on operating state a time earlier than the time gap to mitigate a sampling frequency offset of the internal counter of the device.
- A method of performing random access (RA) performed by a reader in an Internet of Things (IoT) communication, comprising:triggering a 4-step or a 2-step RA procedure for an inventory or command process for at least one device; and transmitting, to the at least one device, a control information at a start of an access occasion or slot, wherein the control information comprises an indicator, N, for counting a number of access occasions or slots, and a total number of access occasions or slots is determined by 2N.
- The method of claim 16, wherein the control information is transmitted or carried in a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) .
- The method of claim 16, wherein the indicator comprises the number of access occasions or slots configured to determine an internal counter of the device.
- The method of claim 18, wherein if the internal counter is less than the number of access occasions or slots, the device performs a RA procedure with the reader.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the indicator is signaled in an ascending order, and the internal counter is incremented based on the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the indicator is signaled in a descending order, and the internal counter is decremented based on the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the device remains in an on operating state when the internal counter is equal to the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 22, wherein the device remains in the on operating state when the internal counter is equal to zero.
- The method of claim 22, wherein the device transits to a sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to the number of access occasions or slots.
- The method of claim 24, wherein the device transits to the sleep operating state when the internal counter is not equal to zero.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the number of access occasions or slots of the indicator is set to a non-zero value when a paging message is transmitted.
- The method of claim 16, wherein a time gap between an end of the control information and a start of a next access occasion or slot is determined based on a time length of one RA procedure.
- The method of claim 27, wherein an operating state of the device is switched to an on operating state when the internal counter of the device reaches the time gap.
- The method of claim 28, wherein the on operating state of the device is switched a time earlier than the time gap to mitigate a sampling frequency offset of the internal counter of the device.
- A device, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the device is configured to perform any one of claims 1 to 15.
- A reader, comprising:a memory;a transceiver; anda processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver;wherein the reader is configured to perform any one of claims 16 to 29.
- A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 29.
- A chip, comprising:a processor, configured to call and run a computer program stored in a memory, to cause a device in which the chip is installed to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 29.
- A computer readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 29.
- A computer program product, including a computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 29.
- A computer program, wherein the computer program causes a computer to execute the method of any one of claims 1 to 29.
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| US202463702464P | 2024-10-02 | 2024-10-02 | |
| US63/702,464 | 2024-10-02 |
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| WO2026073496A1 true WO2026073496A1 (en) | 2026-04-09 |
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| CN116418371A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-11 | 华为技术有限公司 | An identification method and device |
| US20240260092A1 (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2024-08-01 | Ofinno, Llc | Triggering Multiple Preamble Transmissions in NTN |
| WO2024187398A1 (en) * | 2023-03-15 | 2024-09-19 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Random access procedures for low-power devices |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US20240260092A1 (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2024-08-01 | Ofinno, Llc | Triggering Multiple Preamble Transmissions in NTN |
| CN116418371A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-11 | 华为技术有限公司 | An identification method and device |
| WO2024187398A1 (en) * | 2023-03-15 | 2024-09-19 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Random access procedures for low-power devices |
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