JP4160869B2 - Method for reducing nitrous acid and / or nitrosamine in leaf tobacco using microorganisms having denitrification ability - Google Patents
Method for reducing nitrous acid and / or nitrosamine in leaf tobacco using microorganisms having denitrification ability Download PDFInfo
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- JP4160869B2 JP4160869B2 JP2003195137A JP2003195137A JP4160869B2 JP 4160869 B2 JP4160869 B2 JP 4160869B2 JP 2003195137 A JP2003195137 A JP 2003195137A JP 2003195137 A JP2003195137 A JP 2003195137A JP 4160869 B2 JP4160869 B2 JP 4160869B2
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- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 title claims description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 9
- XKLJHFLUAHKGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous amide Chemical compound ON=N XKLJHFLUAHKGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 4
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、葉タバコの乾燥および/または貯蔵中に、葉タバコ中で亜硝酸とアルカロイドなどが反応して生成するタバコ特異的ニトロソアミン(Tabacco Specific Nitrosamine;以下「TSNA」と記す)含量を低減する方法に関する。より詳しくは、葉たばこ中の硝酸あるいは亜硝酸を脱窒化することで亜硝酸の蓄積を減少させTSNAの生成を阻害する方法である。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
乾燥した葉タバコに特異的に含まれるTSNAは、収穫直後の葉タバコには存在しない。しかし、その後の乾燥および貯蔵の過程において、葉タバコに含まれる亜硝酸態窒素とアルカロイドが反応することによって生成される。このように生成されるTSNAの主成分は、N−ニトロソノルニコチン(以下「NNN」と記す)、4−(N−ニトロソメチルアミノ)−1−(3−ピリジル)−1−ブタノン(以下「NNK」と記す)、N−ニトロソアナタビン(以下「NAT」と記す)およびN−ニトロソアナバシン(以下「NAB」と記す)などである。
【0003】
日本で栽培されているタバコは、大きく、黄色種、バーレー種および在来種の三つの品種に分類することができる。
これらのタバコの葉は、収穫時には緑色をしているが、乾燥過程を経ることによりクロロフィルが分解されてカロチノイド系色素が現れる。このカロチノイド系色素は黄色の色素であるので、葉タバコの色は黄変する。
黄色種では、黄変した段階で脱水速度を速めて葉肉および中骨が乾固され、葉色が黄色に固定される。
一方、在来種やバーレー種では、黄変後も引き続き乾燥が行われ、この続く乾燥過程においてカロチノイド系色素は分解し、褐色の色素が生成されて葉タバコは褐色に変化する。その後、葉肉や中骨を乾固して乾燥は終了する。このように、バーレー種および在来種は、収穫後に黄変期、褐変期および中骨乾燥期を経て乾葉となる。
【0004】
また、黄色種と、バーレー種および在来種とでは乾燥方法が異なる。黄色種は、収穫した葉タバコを加熱器の装備された乾燥機(バルク乾燥機)内に吊り込み、風火力を利用して温度および湿度を制御しながら乾燥し、黄変期、色沢固定期および中骨乾燥期を順次経て5〜7日間で乾燥される。これに対してバーレー種および在来種の乾燥は、収穫した葉タバコをパイプハウスや木造乾燥室に吊り込んで、主に自然の温度および湿度条件下での制御を行いながら乾燥を実行し、黄変期、褐変期および中骨乾燥期を経て、25〜35日間に亘って乾燥される。
【0005】
このような葉タバコの乾燥は、葉タバコ中の水分を除いて乾かすというだけでなく、葉タバコ中の内容成分を変化させ、品種特有の色と香喫味を付与する目的をもっている。そして、乾燥過程を経た葉タバコはさらに香喫味を熟成するために貯蔵が行われる。しかし、このような乾燥と貯蔵の過程において、葉タバコに含まれる亜硝酸態窒素とアルカロイドが反応することによってTSNAが生成される。黄色種の場合、TSNAは主に加熱乾燥中に生成され、バーレー種の場合、TSNAは、乾燥過程の褐変期から中骨乾燥期に生成する。
【0006】
収穫直後の葉タバコの葉身(ラミナ)中には、アミノ酸、タンパク質およびアルカロイドが含有されると共に、硝酸塩と亜硝酸塩も含まれることが知られている。通常、植物はその体内で硝酸塩から亜硝酸塩を経てアミノ酸を生成し、植物体の形成に利用する。その一方で、高濃度の亜硝酸塩は生体の生存に悪影響を及ぼすので、植物体の形成に利用するための最小限を合成するのみである。従って、収穫直後の葉タバコ中の亜硝酸態窒素含量は1ppm以下である。
【0007】
しかしながら、葉タバコの乾燥過程で、葉タバコ表面に存在する微生物の硝酸還元酵素の作用により、葉タバコ中の硝酸塩が亜硝酸塩に還元されてしまう。この生成された亜硝酸塩が、葉タバコ中のアルカロイドと反応してTSNAが生成される。
【0008】
従来から葉タバコ中のTSNA含有量を低減するために様々な技術が提案されており、例えば以下のようなものがある。
▲1▼タバコの栽培面では、窒素肥料の施用量を低減する方法が挙げられる。窒素肥料の施用量を減らすことによってTSNAの生成原因物質である葉中のアルカロイド含量が減少する。この方法によって葉中のTSNA含量が低下することも証明されている。
【0009】
▲2▼品種改良の面からは、例えば、葉中のアルカロイド含量の低い品種の新たな開発が行われている。このような開発では、アルカロイド含量が低い個体から種子を採取し栽培することによって、TSNA含量が低い品種を得ることが可能である。
【0010】
▲3▼黄色種タバコに関しては、直熱方式から間熱方式の乾燥機を用いる方法が提案されている。これは、間熱方式の乾燥機の使用によって、TSNAの前駆物質である燃料由来のNOxを減少させ、乾燥中のTSNA生成を抑制する方法である(特許文献1)。
また、乾燥初期のTSNA含量の低い黄変期の葉タバコに対してマイクロ波処理を行って、急激脱水を施して乾燥を終了する方法が提案されている(特許文献2)。しかしながらこの方法では、従来の乾燥の途中でその乾燥を終了させることになり、乾燥の目的である葉中に含まれる内容成分を変化させ、特有の色と香喫味を出すことができない。従って、従来法によって乾燥した葉タバコよりも喫味が悪くなってしまうという問題がある。
【0011】
▲4▼葉タバコの乾燥過程で、葉タバコ表面に生存する微生物の硝酸還元酵素の作用により、葉タバコ中の硝酸塩が亜硝酸塩に還元されることを阻害するために、葉タバコ表層の関与する微生物を取り除く方法が提案されている。例えば、重炭酸ソーダなどで洗浄する方法(特許文献3)、二酸化塩素ガスなどで微生物を死滅する方法(特許文献4)が知られている。
また、葉タバコに由来する微生物を利用し、乾燥を終了した葉タバコの脱窒素処理をする方法も開示されている(特許文献5)。しかし、この方法は、乾燥が終了した葉タバコの硝酸含量および窒素化合物を低減する方法であって、TSNAを効果的に低減することはできない。
なお、本発明者らは、乾燥/貯蔵中に生成する葉タバコ中のTSNA含量を低減する方法としてTSNA分解菌を用いる方法を提案している(特許文献6)。
【0012】
【特許文献1】
US2001/386号公報
【特許文献2】
特表2001−503247号公報
【特許文献3】
WO01/35770号公報
【特許文献4】
WO02/13636号公報
【特許文献5】
特開昭58−501573号公報
【特許文献6】
特願2002−135777号
【0013】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明者らは、収穫直後の黄変期では、シュードモナス(Pseudomonas)、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)およびキサントモナス(Xanthomonas)属の微生物など、非腸内微生物(すなわち、好気性微生物)が優勢種であるが、続く褐変期になると、硝酸還元能を有する腸内微生物(すなわち、通性嫌気性微生物)、特にエンテロバクター属(Enterobacter)やパントエア(Pantoea)属の微生物が優勢種となることを見出した。
【0014】
通気性嫌気性微生物は、好気性微生物に比較して、高い硝酸還元能を有する。実際に、褐変期に葉面上から分離されたエンテロバクターおよびパントエア属の微生物を葉タバコに添加処理してみると、葉タバコ中に亜硝酸態窒素が蓄積されていた。
【0015】
葉タバコ中に蓄積された亜硝酸はアルカロイドと反応してTSNAを生成する。しかしながら、生成された亜硝酸が更なる還元を受けたとすれば、N2OやN2などのガス態として放出されるので、葉面での亜硝酸の蓄積はなくなり、それによってTSNAの生成は抑制されるだろうと予想される。
【0016】
葉タバコ葉面での亜硝酸還元の手段の1つは、微生物により達成されることが期待される。微生物による硝酸還元の形態は、同化型と異化型に分けられる。同化型還元は、亜硝酸塩を経てアミノ酸を合成し、合成されたアミノ酸は細胞形態の維持や増殖のために利用される。異化型還元には、硝酸呼吸と脱窒があり、微生物の活動のためのエネルギーを得るためのものである。硝酸呼吸は、硝酸塩を亜硝酸塩に還元はするが、それから先の還元までには至らない。これに対して、脱窒は、硝酸塩をNO3 ‐→NO2 ‐→NO→N2O→N2の反応により還元し、最終的にガス態の窒素として体外に放出することになる。
【0017】
そこで、本発明者らは亜硝酸を還元する能力を有することが知られているシュードモナス属微生物により葉タバコ中のTSNA生成阻害効果を試みた。しかし、シュードモナス属微生物は、葉タバコの乾燥過程において葉タバコの表面上では優勢種になりえないことから、期待した亜硝酸還元効果が得られず、その結果、TSNA低減も十分に達成されなことが判明した。
【0018】
本発明の目的は、乾燥および貯蔵中に葉タバコ中に蓄積される亜硝酸を還元することにより、葉タバコ中でのTSNA生成を阻害し、結果としてTSNA含量を低減することである。さらに、葉タバコの香喫味品質に悪影響を与えることなく、また現在行われている乾燥および貯蔵形態を変更せずに葉タバコ中のTSNAを低減する方法を提供することである。
【0019】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、葉タバコの乾燥過程において、葉タバコ表面での生存率が高く、かつ脱窒能を有する微生物であってタバコの香喫味に悪影響を与えない微生物を調査した結果、アグロバクテリウム(Agrobacterium)に属する微生物が該当することを見出し本発明を完成した。
すなわち、本発明は、アグロバクテリウムに属し、脱窒能を有する微生物を葉タバコに処理することを特徴とする葉タバコ中の亜硝酸含量および/またはTSNAを低減する方法を提供する。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明は、アグロバクテリウム属に属し、脱窒能を有する微生物を葉タバコに処理することを特徴とする葉タバコ中のTSNA含量を低減する方法と、アグロバクテリウム属に属し、脱窒能を有する微生物を葉タバコに処理することを特徴とする葉タバコ中の亜硝酸含量を低減する方法を提供する。
ここで、脱窒能とは、亜硝酸/亜硝酸塩を還元する能力をいい、本発明方法で用いられる微生物は、アグロバクテリウム属に属し脱窒能を有する微生物が含まれる。好ましくは、脱窒能を有するアグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクター微生物である。
【0021】
なお、本発明者らにより分離された微生物は、菌学的性質から、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクター(Agrobacterium radiobacter)に属する微生物であると同定され、LG77として特許生物寄託センターに寄託されている(FERM
BP−8386)。
また、LG77は、上述のように葉タバコの表層から分離された株であり、葉タバコの品質に悪影響を及ぼさない菌株である。
【0022】
前述したように、本発明に従う方法は、当該微生物を処理する以外は、現行の葉タバコ乾燥方法を変更することなく利用して実施することが可能である。従って、種々の研究開発によって達成された現行の葉タバコの品質を同様に維持できるものである。
本発明により処理される葉タバコは、バルク乾燥や自然乾燥を行うものであれば何れの品種であってもよい。好ましくは、自然乾燥される品種であり、より具体的にはバーレー種および在来種である。
【0023】
本発明における微生物を「処理」するとは、対象となる葉タバコに対して微生物を添加することをいい、例えば、本発明に従う微生物の懸濁液の噴霧、微生物の菌体を含む粉末の塗布、および微生物を含む液体への葉タバコの浸漬など何れの方法により行ってもよい。
また、ここで使用される「低減」とは、葉タバコにおいて乾燥以後に生成する亜硝酸態窒素および/またはTSNAの含量および蓄積を減少させることを意味する。
【0024】
本発明に使用され得る微生物を培養するための培地は、微生物培養用としてそれ自身公知の何れの培地を使用してもよい。また、微生物を培養するための条件は、例えば、温度が25〜35℃の範囲、pHが6.0〜8.0の範囲であればよく、好ましくは温度が28〜32℃、pHが7.0前後である。
【0025】
本発明に従う何れかの微生物を本発明に使用する場合、当該微生物を一定期間培養した後に、遠心分離により集菌して、特定の緩衝液に懸濁して菌液を作成すればよい。本菌体を懸濁させる緩衝液は、例えば、滅菌蒸留水およびリン酸緩衝液を使用してよい。
また、本発明に従う何れかの菌体を緩衝液に懸濁する場合には、緩衝液1mL当たり、107〜1012個、好ましくは108〜1010個であり、この濃度に当該何れかの菌体を懸濁して用いることが好ましい。
【0026】
上述のように調製した菌体を用いて葉タバコの処理を行う。例えば、必要な菌量を含有する当該菌液に滅菌蒸留水を加えて接種液を作成し、この液を葉タバコに均一に噴霧すればよい。
噴霧量は、上記のように調製した菌体懸濁液を葉タバコ1枚当たり、収穫直後および乾燥初期では2〜10mL、乾燥中期以降では0.5〜3mLでよい。
【0027】
本発明の方法に従って、微生物を処理するための時期は、対象となる葉タバコの乾燥前後の何れの期間であってもよいが、少なくとも亜硝酸が葉タバコ中に蓄積される以前、すなわち黄色種にあっては黄変期以前、バーレー種にあっては褐変期前に処理することが望ましい。例えば、収穫直前にほ場で処理し、その後に収穫して乾燥に供してもよい。微生物の処理は、前記期間に1回以上処理してもよい。なお、2回目以降の処理を乾燥後から貯蔵期間に行う場合は、貯蔵開始時に処理することが好ましい。
【0028】
【実施例】
[実施例1]脱窒菌の分離・選抜
栃木県小山市のタバコ畑の葉タバコから微生物を以下の手順で分離した。
【0029】
バーレー種タバコのみちのく1号の本葉を収穫し、収穫した葉タバコの葉肉部分の一部を切り取ってサンプルとした。得られたサンプルを5mm角に細断し、その約10gを300mL容の三角フラスコに採取した。200mLの10mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)を添加し、これをホモジナイザーで粉砕した。得られた懸濁液を、微生物分離用のタバコ懸濁液とした。
【0030】
タバコ懸濁液を微生物が分離できる濃度(102〜105倍)に前述と同様のリン酸緩衝液を用いて希釈した。
得られた希釈液をYG寒天平板培地(酵母エキス:1.0g、グルコース:1.0g、K2HPO4:0.3g、KH2PO4:0.2g、MgSO4・7H2O:0.2g、寒天:15g、蒸留水:1000mL、pH6.8)に0.1mLずつ滴下して塗抹した後、30℃で7日間培養した。
【0031】
生育したコロニーを新しいYG寒天平板培地を用いて単一コロニーに分離した。分離した微生物は使用時まで−80℃で保存した。
分離した微生物から以下の操作により脱窒能を有する微生物を選抜した。
供試微生物の前培養には、YG寒天平板培地を使用した。生育した微生物を滅菌蒸留水に約107cfu/mLになるように懸濁し、接種用菌液とした。
【0032】
ダーラム管とGiltay培地(KNO3:1.0g、アスパラギン:1.0g、1%ブロモチモールブルー溶液:5mL、クエン酸ナトリウム:8.5g、MgSO4・7H2O:1.0g、FeCl3・6H2O:0.05g、KH2PO4:1.0g、CaCl2・6H2O:0.2g、蒸留水:1,000mL、pH7.0)を1mLずつ入れた試験管とGiltary培地のみを入れた試験管に、上記の葉タバコ表面から分離した菌株をリン酸緩衝液で希釈した微生物懸濁液を100μLずつ接種した。夫々の試験管を30℃で7日間培養した。
【0033】
ダーラム管とGiltay培地については、硝酸塩の消失によって培地の色が緑から濃青色への変化、硝酸塩のガス化によるダーラム管への気泡の生成の有無について調査した。
また、Giltay培地については、グリース・イロスベイ試薬(1液 スルファニル酸:0.5g、酢酸:30mL、蒸留水:70mL、2液 α−ナフチルアミン:0.5g、酢酸:30mL、蒸留水:70mL、1液と2液を当量混合する)と、亜鉛抹で液体中の硝酸塩と亜硝酸塩の有無を調査した。
【0034】
その結果、88菌株中4菌株について、ダーラム管中への気泡の生成がみられ、且つ培養後の培地における硝酸塩および亜硝酸塩の存在は認めらなかった。
従って、当該4菌株が脱窒能を有する菌株であると判定し、選抜した。
【0035】
次に、得られた脱窒菌4菌株の硝酸還元能を評価した。
【0036】
各々の微生物をトリプチックソイ液体培地(Difco社製、Bacto Tryptic Soy Brot;すなわち、Soybean−Casein Digest Medium;以下、1/10TS液体培地と記す)で培養した後、遠心集菌した。集菌菌体を100mMリン酸緩衝液で2回洗浄した後、再度リン酸緩衝液に懸濁した。更に、それらの懸濁液中の菌数を108〜109cfu/mLに調整した。
[1/10TS液体培地の組成]
・最終容量 蒸留水で1000mlにする
・カゼイン 1.7g
・D−グルコース 0.25g
・NaCl 0.5g
・K2HPO4 2.5g
【0037】
微生物懸濁液100μLを硝酸ナトリウムとグルコースを含む100mMリン酸緩衝液に添加し、全量を500μLにした。反応液中には10mM硝酸ナトリウムと10mMグルコースが含まれている。これを30℃で1時間静置した。氷冷して反応を停止した後、遠心して反応液上清を採取した。反応液上清中の亜硝酸態窒素の発色には、スルファニルアミドとN−ナフチルエチレンジアミン塩酸塩を使用した。BIOLISEを使用して、550nmのフィルターの透過率から反応液中の亜硝酸態窒素濃度を換算した。結果を図1に示す。
この結果を基に硝酸還元能力の強い菌株を選抜し、LG77と命名した。
【0038】
[実施例2]脱窒微生物の同定
実施例1で選抜した脱窒能を有する微生物LG77菌株の菌学的性質を表1に示す。
【0039】
【表1】
【0040】
表1に示す結果から、LG77菌株は、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクターに属すると同定された。
なお、上記の同定は財団法人日本食品分析センターに依頼して行った。
また、LG77菌株は、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクター LG77として特許生物寄託センターに寄託されている(FERM BP−8386)。
【0041】
[実施例3]乾燥期間中の処理による葉タバコ中のTSNA生成抑制効果
実施例2に記載した1/10TS培地にLG77菌株を接種し、30℃で72時間培養した。培養後、この菌体を含む培地を5,000rpmで遠心して菌体を集めた。
得られた菌体を滅菌蒸留水で2回洗浄した後、再度滅菌蒸留水に懸濁した。懸濁液の菌体濃度を108〜1010cfu/mLに蒸留水で調整した。
【0042】
前述の微生物懸濁液を、収穫して乾燥に供するバーレー種(きたかみ1号)の葉タバコに対して処理した。
処理時期は、収穫直後、収穫3日および8日後の3回で、葉タバコ1枚当たり10mLとなるように、葉タバコの表裏に噴霧器を使用して処理した。無処理および微生物懸濁液処理と同時に当量の菌体を含有しない滅菌蒸留水を処理したものを対照とした。
【0043】
葉タバコの乾燥は、パイプハウスを使用して行った。
乾燥21日および32日後に無処理区と各処理区の葉タバコを採取した。採取した葉タバコを、葉肉部分と中骨部分に分離した後、凍結乾燥を行った。
【0044】
凍結乾燥した葉肉部分のサンプルを、ミキサーを使用して粉砕した。TSNA含量の定量には葉肉部分のサンプルのみを使用した。
前述の粉砕処理した各区の葉肉サンプル約5gを200mL容三角フラスコに量り取り、0.01MのNaOH溶液(Thimerosal:100μg/mL含有)を100mL加え、振盪機により室温で2時間抽出した。その後、ろ紙(ADVANTEC社、No.5C)を用いて抽出液を濾過した。
【0045】
TSNA4成分量(NNN、NNK、NATおよびNAB)の定量は、次の方法で行った。すなわち、抽出液中のNNN、NNK、NATおよびNABを、改良Spiegelhalder法に準じたガスクロマトグラフィによって定量した(Spiegelhalder B., Kubacki S. and Fischer S.(1989)Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int., 14(3), 135-143, Fischer S.and Spiegelhalder B.,(1989)Beitr.Tabakforch. Int.,14(3),145-153)。
【0046】
まず、各濾液の10mLをキーゼルグール(粒径60−160mm、MERCK社)及びアスコルビン酸を充填したカラムに添加した。ジクロロメタンを用いてTSNAを転溶、流下させた。このジクロロメタンの流下液をガスクロマトグラフィ用のサンプルとした。得られたサンプルを、カラムDB−17(J&W社)、検出器TEA−543(Thermedics社)を装備したガスクロマトグラフィHP6890(Hewlett Packard社)を用いて分析した。
【0047】
結果を表2に示す。
【0048】
【表2】
【0049】
TSNA含量は、3試験区の中で水のみを処理した区が最も高く、乾燥21日、32日目で各々3.45、3.36μg/gであった。脱窒菌を処理した葉タバコ中のTSNA含量は、3試験区の中で最も低く、乾燥21日、32日目で各々2.22、1.71μg/gであり、無処理区の3.01,2.33μg/gと比較しても低かった。
以上の結果から、LG77菌株は葉タバコ中のTSNA生成を抑制することが示唆された。
【0050】
[実施例4]乾燥期間中の処理のよる葉タバコ中の亜硝酸態窒素生成抑制効果実施例3で処理した葉タバコ中の亜硝酸態窒素含量を定量した。定量方法を次に記す。まず、各区の葉肉サンプル約0.5gを50mL容の遠沈管に量り取り、下記に示す抽出液25mLを加え、室温で30分間振盪して亜硝酸態窒素を抽出した。これらの抽出液を濾紙(ADVANTEC社、No.1)を用いて濾過した後、濾液10mLを別の遠沈管に採取し、活性炭0.5gを加えて、室温で15分間振盪した。更に、濾紙(ADVANTEC社、No.5C)を用いて濾過し、活性炭を除去した。得られた濾液を亜硝酸態窒素定量用試料とした。
【0051】
抽出液中の亜硝酸態窒素含量の定量には、アートアナライザー(BRAN+LUEBBE社、AACSII)を使用し、550nmのフィルターの透過率から亜硝酸態窒素含量を換算した。なお、亜硝酸態窒素の発色には、1%スルファニルアミドと0.1%N−ナフチルエチレンジアミン二塩酸塩を使用した。
【0052】
結果を表3に示す。
【0053】
【表3】
【0054】
亜硝酸態窒素含量は、3試験区の中で水のみを処理した区が最も高く、乾燥21日、32日目で各々4.54、5.17μg/gであった。脱窒菌を処理した葉タバコ中の亜硝酸態窒素含量は、3試験区の中で最も低く、乾燥21日、32日目で、各々3.93、2.09μg/gであり、無処理区と比較しても低かった。
実施例3および実施例4の結果から、葉タバコ中のTSNAは、葉タバコ中の亜硝酸含量との関連があることが示唆された。すなわち、亜硝酸含量が多いほどTSNAの生成が多くなることが示唆された。
【0055】
[実施例5]乾燥期間中の脱窒菌の定着性
本実験に用いたLG81菌株は、実施例1で分離したアグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクターに属する脱窒菌Aであり、LG30およびCB301菌株は、脱窒能を有するシュードモナス属微生物である。これらの菌株は、葉タバコ葉面上から分離した微生物であり、脱窒能を有する微生物である。
【0056】
各々の菌株を、上述の実施例2と同様の組成の1/10TS液体培地に接種し、30℃で72時間培養した。培養後、この菌体を含む培地を5,000rpmで遠心して菌体を集めた。
得られた菌体を滅菌蒸留水で2回洗浄した後、再度滅菌蒸留水に懸濁した。懸濁液の菌体濃度を108〜1010cfu/mLに蒸留水で調整した。
【0057】
得られた菌懸濁液を、収穫1日および7日後のバーレー種(きたかみ1号)の葉タバコ1枚当たり10mLとなるように、葉タバコの表裏に噴霧器を使用して処理した。
【0058】
乾燥20日後に、無処理葉と処理葉を採取した。採取した葉タバコを、葉肉部分と中骨部分に分離した後、葉肉部分の一部を切り取りサンプルとした。得られたサンプルを5mm角に切断し、その約10gを300mL容の三角フラスコに採取した。200mLの10mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)を添加し、これをホモジナイザーで粉砕した。得られた懸濁液を微生物分離用のタバコ懸濁液とした。
【0059】
リン酸緩衝液を用いて、タバコ懸濁液を微生物が分離できる濃度(102〜105倍)に希釈した。得られた希釈液を実施例1と同様の組成のYG寒天平板培地に0.1mLずつ滴下して塗抹した後、30℃で7日間培養した。生育したコロニーを新しいYG寒天平板培地を用いて単一コロニーに分離した。分離した微生物は使用時まで−80℃で保存した。
供試微生物の前培養には、YG寒天平板培地を使用した。生育した微生物を滅菌蒸留水に107cfu/mLになるように懸濁し、接種用菌液とした。
【0060】
上述の例2と同様にダーラム管とGiltay培地について、硝酸塩の消失による培地の色の緑色から濃青色への変化、硝酸塩のガス化によるダーラム管への気泡の生成の有無を調査した。また、Giltay培地についても実施例1と同様に、グリース・イロスベイ試薬と、亜鉛抹で液体中の硝酸塩と亜硝酸塩の有無を調査した。
LG77およびLG81菌株を処理した区から分離した脱窒能を有する微生物10菌株について同定を行った。同定にはバイオログシステム(グンゼ産業社)を用いた。
【0061】
結果を表4に示す。
【0062】
【表4】
【0063】
乾燥20日目の分離微生物数に対する脱窒能を有する微生物の割合を指標としたところ、無処理区、シュードモナス spp.の処理区において、脱窒能を有する微生物は分離されなかった。一方、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクターの処理区では、乾燥20日でも分離微生物中の30%近くが脱窒菌であった。また、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクター処理区から分離した脱窒能を有する微生物10菌株を同定したところ、全ての微生物がアグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクターであった。このことから、アグロバクテリウム・ラジオバクターは、葉タバコの乾燥期間中の葉タバコにおいて定着性が高いことが示唆された。
【0064】
【発明の効果】
以上のような本発明によれば、現在行われている乾燥および貯蔵形態の中において使用することが可能な、乾燥および貯蔵中に生成されるTSNAを低減する方法が提供された。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 分離した脱窒菌の中でLG77株の硝酸還元活性が最も強いことを示すグラフ。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention reduces the content of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (hereinafter referred to as “TSNA”) produced by the reaction of nitrous acid with alkaloids in leaf tobacco during drying and / or storage of leaf tobacco. Regarding the method. More specifically, this is a method of inhibiting the production of TSNA by denitrifying nitric acid or nitrous acid in leaf tobacco to reduce the accumulation of nitrous acid.
[0002]
[Prior art]
TSNA specifically contained in dry leaf tobacco is not present in leaf tobacco immediately after harvest. However, in the subsequent drying and storage process, it is produced by the reaction of nitrite nitrogen contained in tobacco and alkaloids. The main component of TSNA thus produced is N-nitrosonornicotine (hereinafter referred to as “NNN”), 4- (N-nitrosomethylamino) -1- (3-pyridyl) -1-butanone (hereinafter “ NNK "), N-nitrosoanatabine (hereinafter referred to as" NAT "), N-nitrosoanabasin (hereinafter referred to as" NAB "), and the like.
[0003]
Tobacco grown in Japan can be broadly classified into three varieties: yellow, Burley and native.
These tobacco leaves are green at the time of harvesting, but chlorophyll is decomposed and carotenoid pigments appear through a drying process. Since this carotenoid pigment is a yellow pigment, the color of tobacco leaves turns yellow.
In the yellow species, the dehydration rate is increased at the stage of yellowing, the mesophyll and the middle bone are dried and the leaf color is fixed to yellow.
On the other hand, conventional and Burley varieties continue to dry after yellowing, and in the subsequent drying process, carotenoid pigments are decomposed, brown pigments are produced, and leaf tobacco turns brown. Thereafter, the mesophyll and the middle bone are dried to complete the drying. Thus, Burley species and native species become dry leaves through the yellowing period, the browning period, and the middle bone drying period after harvesting.
[0004]
Further, the drying method is different between the yellow species, the Burley species and the native species. For yellow varieties, harvested leaf tobacco is suspended in a dryer equipped with a heater (bulk dryer) and dried using wind power to control temperature and humidity. It is dried in 5 to 7 days through successive stages and dry stages of bone. In contrast, the drying of Burley and conventional varieties is carried out by suspending harvested leaf tobacco in a pipe house or wooden drying room, and performing drying mainly while controlling under natural temperature and humidity conditions. It is dried for 25 to 35 days after a transition period, a browning period, and a middle bone drying period.
[0005]
Such drying of leaf tobacco not only removes the moisture in the leaf tobacco but also has the purpose of changing the content components in the leaf tobacco and imparting a variety-specific color and flavor. And the leaf tobacco which passed through the drying process is stored in order to further mature the flavor. However, TSNA is produced by the reaction of nitrite nitrogen contained in tobacco and alkaloids during such drying and storage processes. In the case of yellow species, TSNA is mainly produced during heat drying, and in the case of Burley species, TSNA is produced from the browning stage to the middle bone dry stage of the drying process.
[0006]
It is known that the leaf tobacco (lamina) immediately after harvest contains amino acids, proteins and alkaloids, and also nitrates and nitrites. Usually, plants produce amino acids from nitrates through nitrites in the body and use them to form plants. On the other hand, high concentrations of nitrite have an adverse effect on living organisms, so they only synthesize the minimum to be used for plant formation. Therefore, the nitrite nitrogen content in leaf tobacco immediately after harvest is 1 ppm or less.
[0007]
However, during the drying process of leaf tobacco, nitrate in leaf tobacco is reduced to nitrite by the action of the nitrate reductase of microorganisms present on the surface of leaf tobacco. This produced nitrite reacts with alkaloids in tobacco and TSNA is produced.
[0008]
Conventionally, various techniques have been proposed to reduce the TSNA content in tobacco, and examples include the following.
(1) On the cultivation side of tobacco, a method of reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied can be mentioned. By reducing the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer, the alkaloid content in the leaf, which is a causative agent of TSNA production, is reduced. It has also been demonstrated that this method reduces the TSNA content in the leaves.
[0009]
(2) From the viewpoint of variety improvement, for example, new development of varieties having a low alkaloid content in leaves has been carried out. In such development, it is possible to obtain varieties having a low TSNA content by collecting and cultivating seeds from individuals having a low alkaloid content.
[0010]
(3) For yellow tobacco, a method using a direct heat type to intermediate heat type dryer has been proposed. This is because the use of the dryer during thermal method, to reduce the NO x from the fuel which is a precursor of TSNA, a method of suppressing the TSNA product in dry (Patent Document 1).
In addition, a method has been proposed in which the leaf tobacco with a low TSNA content in the initial stage of drying is subjected to microwave treatment, and subjected to rapid dehydration to finish drying (Patent Document 2). However, in this method, the drying is terminated in the middle of the conventional drying, and the content component contained in the leaf, which is the purpose of drying, is changed, and a specific color and flavor cannot be obtained. Therefore, there is a problem that the taste becomes worse than the leaf tobacco dried by the conventional method.
[0011]
(4) In the process of drying tobacco leaves, the surface layer of tobacco leaves is involved in inhibiting the reduction of nitrate in leaf tobacco to nitrite due to the action of nitrate reductase from microorganisms living on the surface of tobacco. A method for removing microorganisms has been proposed. For example, a method of cleaning with sodium bicarbonate (Patent Document 3) and a method of killing microorganisms with chlorine dioxide gas (Patent Document 4) are known.
In addition, a method of using a microorganism derived from leaf tobacco and denitrifying the leaf tobacco after drying is also disclosed (Patent Document 5). However, this method is a method for reducing the nitric acid content and nitrogen compounds of the tobacco after drying, and cannot effectively reduce TSNA.
In addition, the present inventors have proposed a method using a TSNA-degrading bacterium as a method for reducing the TSNA content in leaf tobacco produced during drying / storage (Patent Document 6).
[0012]
[Patent Document 1]
US2001 / 386 [Patent Document 2]
JP-T-2001-503247 [Patent Document 3]
WO01 / 35770 [Patent Document 4]
WO02 / 13636 [Patent Document 5]
JP 58-501573 A [Patent Document 6]
Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-135777 [0013]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the yellowing period immediately after harvest, the present inventors are dominant species of non-enteric microorganisms (ie, aerobic microorganisms) such as Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas microorganisms. However, in the subsequent browning period, we find that intestinal microorganisms (ie facultative anaerobic microorganisms) that have nitrate reducing ability, especially Enterobacter and Pantoea microorganisms, become dominant species. It was.
[0014]
Breathable anaerobic microorganisms have a higher nitrate reducing ability than aerobic microorganisms. In fact, when Enterobacter and Pantoea microorganisms separated from the leaf surface during the browning period were added to the leaf tobacco, nitrite nitrogen was accumulated in the leaf tobacco.
[0015]
Nitrite accumulated in tobacco leaves reacts with alkaloids to produce TSNA. However, if the produced nitrous acid undergoes further reduction, it is released as a gaseous state such as N 2 O or N 2, so there is no accumulation of nitrous acid on the foliage, thereby producing TSNA. It is expected to be suppressed.
[0016]
One means of nitrite reduction on the tobacco leaves is expected to be achieved by microorganisms. The form of nitrate reduction by microorganisms can be divided into assimilation and catabolism. In anabolic reduction, amino acids are synthesized via nitrite, and the synthesized amino acids are used for maintenance of cell morphology and proliferation. Catabolic reduction includes nitrate respiration and denitrification to obtain energy for microbial activity. Nitrate respiration reduces nitrate to nitrite but does not lead to further reduction. On the other hand, in denitrification, nitrate is reduced by a reaction of NO 3 − → NO 2 − → NO → N 2 O → N 2 , and finally released to the outside as gaseous nitrogen.
[0017]
Accordingly, the present inventors tried to inhibit TSNA production in leaf tobacco by Pseudomonas microorganisms known to have the ability to reduce nitrous acid. However, since Pseudomonas microorganisms cannot become the dominant species on the surface of leaf tobacco during the drying process of leaf tobacco, the expected nitrite reduction effect cannot be obtained, and as a result, TSNA reduction cannot be sufficiently achieved. It has been found.
[0018]
The object of the present invention is to inhibit TSNA production in leaf tobacco and thereby reduce TSNA content by reducing nitrite accumulated in leaf tobacco during drying and storage. A further object is to provide a method for reducing TSNA in tobacco without adversely affecting the flavor quality of tobacco and without changing the current drying and storage regime.
[0019]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of investigating microorganisms that have a high survival rate on the surface of tobacco and that have a denitrifying ability and do not adversely affect the taste of tobacco during the drying process of tobacco, The present invention was completed by finding that microorganisms belonging to Agrobacterium correspond.
That is, the present invention provides a method for reducing the nitrite content and / or TSNA in leaf tobacco, characterized by treating leaf tobacco with a microorganism belonging to Agrobacterium and having denitrification ability.
[0020]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for reducing the TSNA content in leaf tobacco, characterized by treating leaf tobacco with a microorganism belonging to the genus Agrobacterium and having denitrification ability, and a method for reducing denitrification ability belonging to the genus Agrobacterium The present invention provides a method for reducing the nitrite content in tobacco, which comprises treating the tobacco having a microorganism with tobacco.
Here, denitrification ability refers to the ability to reduce nitrite / nitrite, and microorganisms used in the method of the present invention include microorganisms belonging to the genus Agrobacterium and having denitrification ability. Preferably, it is an Agrobacterium radiobacter microorganism having denitrification ability.
[0021]
The microorganism isolated by the present inventors was identified as a microorganism belonging to Agrobacterium radiobacter from the bacteriological properties, and deposited as LG77 at the Patent Organism Depository Center ( FERM
BP-8386).
LG77 is a strain isolated from the surface layer of leaf tobacco as described above, and does not adversely affect the quality of leaf tobacco.
[0022]
As described above, the method according to the present invention can be carried out using the current leaf tobacco drying method without changing, except for treating the microorganism. Therefore, the quality of the current leaf tobacco achieved by various research and development can be similarly maintained.
The leaf tobacco to be treated according to the present invention may be any variety as long as it performs bulk drying or natural drying. Preferred are naturally cultivated varieties, more specifically Burley species and native species.
[0023]
“Treatment” of microorganisms in the present invention refers to adding microorganisms to the target tobacco, for example, spraying of a suspension of microorganisms according to the present invention, application of a powder containing microbial cells, Alternatively, it may be performed by any method such as immersion of leaf tobacco in a liquid containing microorganisms.
Also, “reducing” as used herein means reducing the content and accumulation of nitrite nitrogen and / or TSNA produced after drying in tobacco.
[0024]
As the medium for culturing microorganisms that can be used in the present invention, any medium known per se for culturing microorganisms may be used. The conditions for culturing the microorganism may be, for example, a temperature range of 25 to 35 ° C. and a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0, preferably a temperature of 28 to 32 ° C. and a pH of 7 Around 0.0.
[0025]
When any microorganism according to the present invention is used in the present invention, after culturing the microorganism for a certain period of time, it is collected by centrifugation and suspended in a specific buffer solution to prepare a bacterial solution. For example, sterile distilled water and phosphate buffer may be used as a buffer for suspending the present bacterial cells.
Moreover, when suspending any microbial cell according to the present invention in a buffer solution, there are 10 7 to 10 12 cells, preferably 10 8 to 10 10 cells, per mL of the buffer solution. It is preferable to use the cells in a suspended state.
[0026]
The tobacco is processed using the cells prepared as described above. For example, sterilized distilled water may be added to the bacterial solution containing the necessary amount of bacteria to prepare an inoculum, and this solution may be sprayed uniformly on the tobacco.
The amount of spraying may be 2 to 10 mL immediately after harvesting and in the initial stage of drying, and 0.5 to 3 mL in the period after the middle of drying.
[0027]
According to the method of the present invention, the time for treating the microorganism may be any period before or after drying the target tobacco, but at least before nitrite is accumulated in the tobacco, In this case, it is desirable to treat before the yellowing period, and for Burley seeds before the browning period. For example, it may be processed in a field just before harvesting, and then harvested and dried. The treatment of the microorganism may be performed once or more in the period. In addition, when performing the process after the 2nd in a storage period after drying, it is preferable to process at the time of a storage start.
[0028]
【Example】
[Example 1] Separation and selection of denitrifying microorganisms Microorganisms were isolated from leaf tobacco in a tobacco field in Oyama City, Tochigi Prefecture by the following procedure.
[0029]
The true leaf of Burinot cigarette Michinoku No. 1 was harvested, and a portion of the mesophyll portion of the harvested leaf tobacco was cut into a sample. The obtained sample was chopped into 5 mm squares, and about 10 g thereof was collected in a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 200 mL of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was added, and this was pulverized with a homogenizer. The obtained suspension was used as a tobacco suspension for separating microorganisms.
[0030]
The tobacco suspension was diluted with a phosphate buffer similar to the above to a concentration (10 2 to 10 5 times) at which microorganisms can be separated.
YG agar plate medium (yeast extract: 1.0 g, glucose: 1.0 g, K 2 HPO 4 : 0.3 g, KH 2 PO 4 : 0.2 g, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O: 0) 0.2 g, agar: 15 g, distilled water: 1000 mL, pH 6.8) was dropped 0.1 mL each and smeared, followed by culturing at 30 ° C. for 7 days.
[0031]
The grown colonies were separated into single colonies using a new YG agar plate medium. The separated microorganism was stored at −80 ° C. until use.
From the separated microorganisms, microorganisms having denitrification ability were selected by the following operation.
A YG agar plate medium was used for preculture of the test microorganisms. The grown microorganisms were suspended in sterilized distilled water so as to have a concentration of about 10 7 cfu / mL.
[0032]
Durham tube and Giltay medium (KNO 3 : 1.0 g, asparagine: 1.0 g, 1% bromothymol blue solution: 5 mL, sodium citrate: 8.5 g, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O: 1.0 g, FeCl 3. 6H 2 O: 0.05 g, KH 2 PO 4 : 1.0 g, CaCl 2 · 6H 2 O: 0.2 g, distilled water: 1,000 mL, pH 7.0) 1 mL each and a test tube and the Giltary medium only 100 μL each of the microorganism suspension obtained by diluting the strain isolated from the leaf tobacco surface with a phosphate buffer was inoculated into the test tube containing the above. Each test tube was cultured at 30 ° C. for 7 days.
[0033]
For the Durham tube and the Giltay medium, the color of the medium changed from green to dark blue due to the disappearance of nitrate, and the presence or absence of bubbles in the Durham tube due to the gasification of nitrate was investigated.
As for the Giltay medium, Grease-Irosbei reagent (1st liquid sulfanilic acid: 0.5 g, acetic acid: 30 mL, distilled water: 70 mL, 2 liquid α-naphthylamine: 0.5 g, acetic acid: 30 mL, distilled water: 70 mL, 1 Liquid and two liquids were mixed in an equivalent amount), and the presence or absence of nitrate and nitrite in the liquid was investigated with zinc powder.
[0034]
As a result, generation of bubbles in the Durham tube was observed in 4 out of 88 strains, and the presence of nitrate and nitrite in the culture medium after culture was not observed.
Therefore, the four strains were determined to be strains having denitrification ability and selected.
[0035]
Next, the nitrate reducing ability of the four denitrifying bacteria obtained was evaluated.
[0036]
Each microorganism was cultured in tryptic soy liquid medium (Difco, Bacto Tryptic Soy Brot; ie, Soybean-Casein Digest Medium; hereinafter referred to as 1/10 TS liquid medium), and then collected by centrifugation. The collected cells were washed twice with 100 mM phosphate buffer and then suspended again in phosphate buffer. Furthermore, the number of bacteria in those suspensions was adjusted to 10 8 to 10 9 cfu / mL.
[Composition of 1/10 TS liquid medium]
・ Final volume 1000ml with distilled water ・ Casein 1.7g
・ D-glucose 0.25g
・ NaCl 0.5g
・ K 2 HPO 4 2.5g
[0037]
100 μL of the microbial suspension was added to a 100 mM phosphate buffer containing sodium nitrate and glucose to make a total volume of 500 μL. The reaction solution contains 10 mM sodium nitrate and 10 mM glucose. This was left still at 30 ° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was stopped by cooling with ice, and then centrifuged to collect the reaction supernatant. Sulfanilamide and N-naphthylethylenediamine hydrochloride were used for color development of nitrite nitrogen in the reaction supernatant. Using BIOLISE, the concentration of nitrite nitrogen in the reaction solution was converted from the transmittance of the filter at 550 nm. The results are shown in FIG.
Based on this result, a strain having a strong nitrate reducing ability was selected and named LG77.
[0038]
[Example 2] Identification of denitrifying microorganisms Table 1 shows the mycological properties of the microorganism LG77 strain having the denitrifying ability selected in Example 1.
[0039]
[Table 1]
[0040]
From the results shown in Table 1, the LG77 strain was identified as belonging to Agrobacterium radiobacter.
The above identification was requested by the Japan Food Analysis Center.
The LG77 strain is deposited with the Patent Organism Depositary as Agrobacterium radiobacter LG77 (FERM BP-8386).
[0041]
[Example 3] Inhibition of TSNA production in tobacco by treatment during the drying period The LG77 strain was inoculated into the 1/10 TS medium described in Example 2 and cultured at 30 ° C for 72 hours. After the culture, the medium containing the cells was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm to collect the cells.
The obtained bacterial cells were washed twice with sterilized distilled water and then suspended again in sterilized distilled water. The bacterial cell concentration of the suspension was adjusted to 10 8 to 10 10 cfu / mL with distilled water.
[0042]
The above microbial suspension was treated on leaf tobacco (Kitakami No. 1) that was harvested and dried.
The treatment time was 3 times immediately after harvesting, 3 days after harvesting and 8 days after harvesting, and treatment was performed using a sprayer on the front and back of the leaf tobacco so that the amount was 10 mL per leaf tobacco. A non-treated and microbial suspension treated and treated with sterilized distilled water not containing an equivalent amount of cells was used as a control.
[0043]
Leaf tobacco was dried using a pipe house.
After 21 days and 32 days after drying, the untreated section and the leaf tobacco of each treated section were collected. The collected leaf tobacco was separated into a mesophyll portion and a middle bone portion, and then freeze-dried.
[0044]
A sample of the lyophilized mesophyll portion was ground using a mixer. Only the mesophyll sample was used for quantification of TSNA content.
About 5 g of mesophyll samples in each of the above-mentioned pulverized sections were weighed into a 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 100 mL of 0.01M NaOH solution (Thimerosal: containing 100 μg / mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted for 2 hours at room temperature with a shaker. Thereafter, the extract was filtered using a filter paper (ADVANTEC, No. 5C).
[0045]
The amount of TSNA4 component (NNN, NNK, NAT and NAB) was quantified by the following method. That is, NNN, NNK, NAT, and NAB in the extract were quantified by gas chromatography in accordance with the improved Spiegelhalder method (Spiegelhalder B., Kubacki S. and Fischer S. (1989) Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int., 14 ( 3), 135-143, Fischer S. and Spiegelhalder B., (1989) Beitr. Tabakforch. Int., 14 (3), 145-153).
[0046]
First, 10 mL of each filtrate was added to a column filled with kieselguhr (particle size 60-160 mm, MERCK) and ascorbic acid. TSNA was dissolved and flowed down using dichloromethane. The dichloromethane falling solution was used as a sample for gas chromatography. The obtained sample was analyzed using gas chromatography HP6890 (Hewlett Packard) equipped with column DB-17 (J & W) and detector TEA-543 (Thermedics).
[0047]
The results are shown in Table 2.
[0048]
[Table 2]
[0049]
The TSNA content was highest in the group treated with only water among the three test groups, and was 3.45 and 3.36 μg / g on the 21st and 32nd days of drying, respectively. The TSNA content in the tobacco leaves treated with denitrifying bacteria was the lowest among the three test plots, 2.22 and 1.71 μg / g on the 21st and 32nd days of drying, respectively, and 3.01 in the untreated plot. , 2.33 μg / g, even lower.
From the above results, it was suggested that LG77 strain suppresses TSNA production in tobacco.
[0050]
[Example 4] Suppressing effect of nitrite nitrogen production in leaf tobacco by treatment during drying period The amount of nitrite nitrogen in leaf tobacco treated in Example 3 was quantified. The quantification method is described below. First, about 0.5 g of mesophyll samples in each section were weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube, added with 25 mL of the extract shown below, and shaken at room temperature for 30 minutes to extract nitrite nitrogen. These extracts were filtered using filter paper (ADVANTEC, No. 1), 10 mL of the filtrate was collected in another centrifuge tube, 0.5 g of activated carbon was added, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. Furthermore, it filtered using the filter paper (ADVANTEC, No. 5C), and removed activated carbon. The obtained filtrate was used as a sample for nitrite nitrogen determination.
[0051]
For determination of the nitrite nitrogen content in the extract, an art analyzer (BRAN + LUEBBE, AACSII) was used, and the nitrite nitrogen content was converted from the transmittance of a filter at 550 nm. In addition, 1% sulfanilamide and 0.1% N-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride were used for color development of nitrite nitrogen.
[0052]
The results are shown in Table 3.
[0053]
[Table 3]
[0054]
The nitrite nitrogen content was highest in the three test groups treated with water alone, and 4.54 and 5.17 μg / g on the 21st and 32nd days of drying, respectively. The nitrite nitrogen content in leaf tobacco treated with denitrifying bacteria was the lowest among the three test groups, and was 3.93 and 2.09 μg / g on the 21st and 32nd days of drying, respectively. It was low compared with.
From the results of Example 3 and Example 4, it was suggested that TSNA in leaf tobacco was related to nitrite content in leaf tobacco. That is, it was suggested that TSNA generation increases as the nitrite content increases.
[0055]
[Example 5] Fixation of denitrifying bacteria during drying period LG81 strain used in this experiment is denitrifying A belonging to Agrobacterium radiobacter isolated in Example 1, and LG30 and CB301 strains are It is a Pseudomonas microorganism having a nitriding ability. These strains are microorganisms separated from the surface of the leaf tobacco, and are microorganisms having denitrification ability.
[0056]
Each strain was inoculated into a 1/10 TS liquid medium having the same composition as in Example 2 and cultured at 30 ° C. for 72 hours. After the culture, the medium containing the cells was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm to collect the cells.
The obtained bacterial cells were washed twice with sterilized distilled water and then suspended again in sterilized distilled water. The bacterial cell concentration of the suspension was adjusted to 10 8 to 10 10 cfu / mL with distilled water.
[0057]
The obtained bacterial suspension was treated using a sprayer on the front and back of the leaf tobacco so that the amount of the leaf tobacco was 10 mL per leaf tobacco (Kitakami No. 1) 1 day and 7 days after harvest.
[0058]
After 20 days of drying, untreated leaves and treated leaves were collected. The collected leaf tobacco was separated into a mesophyll part and a middle bone part, and then a part of the mesophyll part was cut out to obtain a sample. The obtained sample was cut into 5 mm squares, and about 10 g thereof was collected in a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 200 mL of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was added, and this was pulverized with a homogenizer. The obtained suspension was used as a tobacco suspension for separating microorganisms.
[0059]
Using a phosphate buffer, the tobacco suspension was diluted to a concentration (10 2 to 10 5 times) at which microorganisms could be separated. The obtained diluted solution was dropped and smeared on a YG agar plate medium having the same composition as in Example 1 0.1 ml each, and then cultured at 30 ° C. for 7 days. The grown colonies were separated into single colonies using a new YG agar plate medium. The separated microorganism was stored at −80 ° C. until use.
A YG agar plate medium was used for preculture of the test microorganisms. The grown microorganisms were suspended in sterilized distilled water so as to be 10 7 cfu / mL, and used as a bacterial solution for inoculation.
[0060]
In the same manner as in Example 2 above, the Durham tube and the Giltay medium were examined for changes in the color of the medium from green to dark blue due to the disappearance of nitrate, and whether or not bubbles were generated in the Durham tube due to the gasification of nitrate. In addition, the presence of nitrate and nitrite in the liquid was investigated for the Giltay medium in the same manner as in Example 1 using the Grease-Irosbay reagent and zinc powder.
Ten microorganisms having denitrification ability isolated from the section treated with LG77 and LG81 were identified. A biolog system (Gunze Sangyo) was used for identification.
[0061]
The results are shown in Table 4.
[0062]
[Table 4]
[0063]
When the ratio of microorganisms having denitrification ability to the number of separated microorganisms on the 20th day of drying was used as an index, no treatment, Pseudomonas spp. In the treatment area, microorganisms having denitrification ability were not separated. On the other hand, in the treated area of Agrobacterium radiobacter, nearly 30% of the separated microorganisms were denitrifying bacteria even after 20 days of drying. Further, 10 microorganisms having denitrification ability isolated from the Agrobacterium radiobacter treatment area were identified, and all microorganisms were Agrobacterium radiobacter. This suggests that Agrobacterium radiobacter is highly established in leaf tobacco during the dry period of leaf tobacco.
[0064]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention as described above, a method for reducing TSNA generated during drying and storage, which can be used in the currently performed drying and storage forms, has been provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing that the LG77 strain has the strongest nitrate reduction activity among the isolated denitrifying bacteria.
Claims (4)
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| US20130269719A1 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2013-10-17 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Method for treating plants with probiotics |
| ITMI20121419A1 (en) * | 2012-08-08 | 2014-02-09 | Fattoria Autonoma Tabacchi S C A R L | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO AIMED AT REDUCING THE NITROSAMINE CONTENT. |
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