JP2008239028A - Steering device - Google Patents

Abstract

A steering device is provided that reduces the bending of an outer column with respect to an inner column due to an impact load on the upper side of a vehicle body during a secondary collision so that the impact load can be absorbed smoothly. provide.
A force in a direction to bend the upper side of the inner column with respect to the inner column acts on the outer column by an impact load applied to the upper side of the vehicle perpendicular to the axial direction of the outer column. However, the inner column side slit 8 is formed in the inner column 10, and the inner peripheral surface 11 B in the vicinity of the closed end 73 of the outer column 11 is formed on the outer peripheral surface 10 A in the vicinity of the vehicle body rear end surface 101 of the inner column 10. Does not touch. Therefore, since the force for expanding the width of the outer column side slit 7 is reduced, the bending of the outer column 11 to the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column 10 is suppressed, and the impact load is sufficiently absorbed.
[Selection] Figure 4

Description

  The present invention adjusts the telescopic position of a steering wheel by fitting an outer column and an inner column so as to be slidable relative to each other in the axial direction. The present invention relates to a steering device that collapses to the side and absorbs an impact load.

  There is a steering device in which an outer column and an inner column are fitted so as to be relatively slidable in the axial direction, thereby adjusting a telescopic position and absorbing an impact load at the time of a secondary collision.

  In such a steering device, an axial slit is formed in the outer column, the tightening rod is tightened, and the clamp portion of the outer column is elastically deformed at the slit portion, and the outer column is turned into the inner column during normal driving operation. On the other hand, the structure of clamping so that sliding is impossible is common (patent document 1).

  The steering device of Patent Document 1 in which a slit is formed in the outer column has an advantage that the outer column can be easily elastically deformed at the slit portion and the inner column can be clamped reliably.

  However, if the driver collides with the steering wheel during a secondary collision, an impact load is applied to the steering wheel. This impact load is applied to the front side of the vehicle in the axial direction of the outer column and the axial direction of the outer column. It has two load components of the impact load to the upper side of the vehicle body orthogonal to the.

  Due to the impact load on the vehicle body front side in the axial direction of the outer column, the steering wheel collapses to the vehicle body front side and absorbs the impact load. However, due to the impact load on the upper side of the vehicle that is orthogonal to the axial direction of the outer column, the inner peripheral surface of the outer column near the closed end of the slit comes into contact with the outer peripheral surface of the rear end of the inner column and the slit As a result, the outer column is bent with respect to the inner column, and the collapse movement toward the front side of the vehicle body is not smoothly performed, and the impact load may not be absorbed sufficiently.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-2211

  The present invention reduces the width of the slit of the outer column due to the impact load on the upper side of the vehicle body during the secondary collision and reduces the bending of the outer column with respect to the inner column. It is an object of the present invention to provide a steering device that smoothly moves the collapse and absorbs an impact load smoothly.

  The above problem is solved by the following means. In other words, the first invention is an inner column, and is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so that the telescopic position can be adjusted relatively in the axial direction, and is formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A hollow outer column having an outer column side slit, formed in the outer column so as to be able to approach and separate from each other via the outer column side slit, and the inner peripheral surface of the outer column is enlarged and reduced in diameter, and the inner column A pair of clamp members for clamping / unclamping the outer peripheral surface of the inner column, formed on the outer peripheral surface of the fitting column shaft end of the inner column at the same phase position as the outer column side slit, and in the vicinity of the closed end of the outer column side slit And an inner column side slit formed over a predetermined length in the axial direction. It is the location.

  A second invention is the steering device according to the first invention, wherein the width of the inner column side slit is formed larger than the width of the outer column side slit.

  A third invention is an inner column, an outer column that is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so that the telescopic position can be adjusted relatively in the axial direction, and is formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A hollow outer column having a side slit, formed on the outer column so as to be able to approach and separate from each other via the outer column side slit, and by expanding and reducing the inner peripheral surface of the outer column, the outer periphery of the inner column A pair of clamp members for clamping / unclamping the surface, formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end of the fitting portion of the inner column over a predetermined length in the axial direction from the vicinity of the closed end of the slit on the outer column side, A steering device having a reduced diameter portion having a predetermined gap between the inner peripheral surface of the steering device.

  In the steering device of the present invention, an outer column side slit is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so as to be relatively telescopically adjustable in the axial direction, and formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A hollow outer column is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end of the fitting portion of the inner column at the same phase position as the outer column side slit, and is formed over a predetermined length in the axial direction from the vicinity of the closed end of the outer column side slit. An inner column side slit is provided.

  Further, in the steering device of the present invention, the outer column side slit is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so that the telescopic position can be adjusted relatively in the axial direction, and formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A hollow outer column having an inner column, and a fitting portion of the inner column formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end from the vicinity of the closed end of the outer column side slit over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A reduced diameter portion having a predetermined gap therebetween is provided.

  Therefore, even when a force in the direction of bending the outer column on the outer column acts on the outer column at the time of a secondary collision, the inner peripheral surface near the closed end of the outer column side slit contacts the outer peripheral surface of the inner column. do not do. As a result, the force to increase the width of the outer column side slit is reduced and the bending of the outer column to the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column is suppressed, so the collapse movement of the outer column to the front side of the vehicle body is smooth This is done to sufficiently absorb the impact load.

  In the following embodiment, an example in which the present invention is applied to a tilt / telescopic steering device capable of adjusting both the front-rear position and the tilt angle of the steering wheel will be described.

  FIG. 1 is an overall perspective view showing a state in which a steering device of the present invention is attached to a vehicle. As shown in FIG. 1, a hollow cylindrical column 1 is attached to a vehicle body, and a steering shaft 12 is pivotally supported on the column 1 so as to be rotatable. A steering wheel 121 is attached to the steering shaft 12 at the right end (rear side of the vehicle body), and an intermediate shaft 22 is connected to the left end (front side of the vehicle body) of the steering shaft 12 via a universal joint 21.

  The intermediate shaft 22 includes a solid intermediate inner shaft 221 in which a male spline is formed and a hollow cylindrical intermediate outer shaft 222 in which a female spline is formed. The male spline of the intermediate inner shaft 221 is an intermediate outer shaft. The female spline 222 is fitted so as to be extendable (slidable) and transmit rotational torque.

  Further, the vehicle body rear side of the intermediate outer shaft 222 is connected to the universal joint 21, and the vehicle body front side of the intermediate inner shaft 221 is connected to the universal joint 23. A pinion that meshes with a rack (not shown) of the steering gear 24 is connected to the universal joint 23.

  When the driver rotates the steering wheel 121, the rotational force is transmitted to the steering gear 24 through the steering shaft 12, the universal joint 21, the intermediate shaft 22, and the universal joint 23, and the tie rod is transmitted through the rack and pinion mechanism. 25, the steering angle of the wheel can be changed.

  FIG. 2 is a side view showing a part of the main part of the steering apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 3 is a view taken in the direction of arrow P in FIG. FIG. 4 is an enlarged bottom view, partly in section, showing the main part of FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA in FIG.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, the column 1 includes a hollow cylindrical outer column (upper column) 11 and an inner slidably fitted in the left side (front side of the vehicle body) of the outer column 11 so as to be slidable in the axial direction. It is composed of a column (lower column) 10.

  An upper steering shaft 12A is rotatably supported on the outer column 11, and the above-described steering wheel 121 (see FIG. 1) is fixed to the right end (rear side of the vehicle body) of the upper steering shaft 12A.

  An upper bracket (vehicle mounting bracket) 3 is attached to the left side (front side of the vehicle body) of the outer column 11 so as to sandwich the outer column 11 from both the left and right sides. The upper bracket 3 is detachably attached to the front side of the vehicle body via a capsule 42 made of aluminum alloy or the like fixed to the vehicle body 41.

  In the outer column 11, when a driver collides with the steering wheel 121 during a secondary collision and a large impact force acts, the upper bracket 3 is detached from the capsule 42 toward the front side of the vehicle body and guided to the front side of the vehicle body by the inner column 10. It moves to collapse and absorbs impact energy at the time of collision.

  A lower bracket 6 is integrally formed at the vehicle body front end of the inner column 10, and the lower bracket 6 is pivotally supported on the vehicle body 41 via a tilt center shaft 61. Further, the lower steering shaft 12B is rotatably supported on the inner column 10, and the vehicle body rear end of the lower steering shaft 12B is spline-fitted to the vehicle body front end of the upper steering shaft 12A so that the steering wheel 121 can be rotated. 1 is transmitted to the steering gear 24 via the universal joint 21 shown in FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the upper bracket 3 includes an upper plate 32 and side plates 33 and 34 extending downward from the upper plate 32. A pair of clamp members 13 </ b> A and 13 </ b> B are integrally formed on the outer column 11 so as to protrude below the outer column 11. The outer surfaces 14A, 14B of the clamp members 13A, 13B are slidably in contact with the inner surfaces 331, 341 of the side plates 33, 34 of the upper bracket 3.

  In the embodiment of the present invention, the outer column 11 is an integrally molded product made of aluminum die casting. However, the outer column 11 may be formed by welding clamp members 13A and 13B to a steel pipe. Further, for the purpose of weight reduction, it may be made of magnesium die casting.

  Tilt adjusting long grooves 35 and 36 are formed in the side plates 33 and 34 of the upper bracket 3. The clamp members 13A and 13B are formed with telescopic adjustment long grooves 15A and 15B extending in the left-right direction in FIG. 5 and extending in the axial direction of the outer column 11.

  A round rod-shaped fastening rod 5 is inserted from the right side of FIG. 5 through the long grooves 35 and 36 for tilt adjustment and the long grooves 15A and 15B for telescopic adjustment. A cylindrical head 51 is formed at the right end of the clamping rod 5. An anti-rotation portion 511 is formed on the outer diameter portion of the head 51, and the anti-rotation portion 511 is formed in a rectangular cross section that is slightly narrower than the groove width of the tilt adjustment long groove 36.

  The anti-rotation portion 511 is fitted into the tilt adjusting long groove 36 to prevent the tightening rod 5 from rotating with respect to the upper bracket 3, and when the tilt position of the outer column 11 is adjusted, the tightening rod 511 is aligned along the tilt adjusting long groove 36. 5 is slid.

  A fixed cam 53, a movable cam 54, an operation lever 55, a thrust bearing 56, and a nut 57 are externally fitted in this order on the outer periphery of the left end of the tightening rod 5, and a female screw formed on an inner diameter portion of the nut 57 is a tightening rod. 5 is screwed into a male screw 58 formed at the left end of the pin 5.

  A rotation preventing portion (not shown) having a rectangular cross section is formed on the outer periphery of the right end of the fixed cam 53. This detent portion fits into the tilt adjusting long groove 35 to prevent the fixed cam 53 from rotating with respect to the upper bracket 3 and, at the time of adjusting the tilt position of the outer column 11, along the tilt adjusting long groove 35, the fixed cam 53 53 is slid.

  Complementary inclined cam surfaces are formed on opposite end surfaces of the fixed cam 53 and the movable cam 54 and mesh with each other. When the operation lever 55 connected to the left side surface of the movable cam 54 is operated by hand, the movable cam 54 rotates with respect to the fixed cam 53.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, the outer column side slit 7 penetrating from the outer peripheral surface 11 </ b> A of the outer column 11 to the inner peripheral surface 11 </ b> B is formed on the lower surface of the outer column 11 on the lower surface of the outer column 11. The outer column side slit 7 is opened to the vehicle body front side end surface 111 of the outer column 11, and from the open side of the vehicle body front side end surface 111, an open end portion (open side end portion) 71, a parallel portion 72, a closed end portion ( The closed end portion 73 is formed in this order.

  As shown in FIG. 3, a parallel portion 72 with a constant width extends from the open end 71 to the rear side of the vehicle body, and the closed end having an arcuate shape at a position past the vehicle body rear side end surfaces 131A and 131B of the clamp members 13A and 13B. A portion 73 is formed.

  As shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, an inner column side slit 8 penetrating from the outer peripheral surface 10A of the inner column 10 to the inner peripheral surface 10B is formed on the lower surface of the inner column 10 on the lower surface of the inner column 10. .

  As shown in FIG. 4, the inner column side slit 8 is formed at the same phase position as the outer column side slit 7. Further, the inner column side slit 8 is opened to the vehicle body rear side end surface (a fitting end shaft end with the inner peripheral surface 11B of the outer column 11) 101 of the inner column 10 and is opened from the open side of the vehicle body rear side end surface 101. An end portion (open side end portion) 81, a parallel portion 82, and a closed end portion (closed side end portion) 83 are formed in this order. The width of the inner column side slit 8 is formed larger than the width of the outer column side slit 7.

  The axial length L2 of the inner column side slit 8 is the lower surface side (the vehicle body lower side) of the outer column 11 when the outer column 11 is moved over the entire length of the telescopic adjustment range L1, and is a closed end portion. The inner peripheral surface 11B in the vicinity of 73 is formed to have a length that does not contact the outer peripheral surface 10A in the vicinity of the rear end surface 101 on the lower surface side (the vehicle body lower side) of the inner column 10.

  When the operating lever 55 is rotated in the clamping direction in the steering device of the first embodiment having the above-described configuration, the mountain of the inclined cam surface of the movable cam 54 rides on the mountain of the inclined cam surface of the fixed cam 53, and the tightening rod 5 is illustrated in FIG. At the same time, the fixed cam 53 is pushed to the right side of FIG.

  The right side plate 34 is pushed to the left by the left end surface of the head 51 of the clamping rod 5 to deform the side plate 34 inward. Then, the inner surface 341 of the side plate 34 is strongly pressed against the outer surface 14B of the clamp member 13B.

  At the same time, the left side plate 33 is pushed to the right by the right end surface of the fixed cam 53 to deform the side plate 33 inward. Then, the inner side surface 331 of the side plate 33 is strongly pressed against the outer side surface 14A of the clamp member 13A.

  As a result, the clamp members 13A and 13B are elastically deformed inward in the direction in which the inner surfaces 16A and 16B of the clamp members 13A and 13B approach each other, and the outer column side slit 7 has an open end with the closed end 73 as a fulcrum. The widths of the portion 71 and the parallel portion 72 are narrowed. Therefore, the inner peripheral surface 11B of the outer column 11 is reduced in diameter, and the outer peripheral surface 10A of the inner column 10 is clamped (telescopic clamp).

  In this way, the outer column 11 is fixed to the upper bracket 3, and displacement of the outer column 11 in the tilt direction and displacement in the telescopic direction are prevented. The above-described fixed cam 53, movable cam 54, tightening rod 5, operation lever 55, and the like constitute the clamping device of the embodiment of the present invention.

  When the driver collides with the steering wheel 121 during the secondary collision, an impact load to the front side of the vehicle body is applied to the steering wheel 121. This impact load has two load components: an impact load on the vehicle body front side in the axial direction of the outer column 11 and an impact load on the vehicle body upper side orthogonal to the axial direction of the outer column 11.

  Due to the impact load on the upper side of the vehicle body orthogonal to the axial direction of the outer column 11, a force in the direction of bending the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column 10 acts on the outer column 11. However, as described above, the inner column 10 is formed with the inner column side slit 8, and the closed end portion of the outer column 11 is applied even if a force in the direction of bending the upper side of the vehicle body acts on the outer column 11. The inner peripheral surface 11B in the vicinity of 73 does not contact the outer peripheral surface 10A in the vicinity of the vehicle body rear end surface 101 of the inner column 10.

  Accordingly, the stress for expanding the width of the outer column side slit 7 is reduced, and as a result, the bending of the outer column 11 to the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column 10 is suppressed, and the outer column 11 is moved to the front side of the vehicle body. The collapse movement is smoothly performed and the impact load is sufficiently absorbed.

  When the operation lever 55 is rotated in the unclamping direction, the crest of the inclined cam surface of the fixed cam 53 falls into the trough of the inclined cam surface of the movable cam 54, and the tightening rod 5 and the fixed cam 53 tighten the side plates 33 and 34. Power is released. Therefore, the side plates 33 and 34 and the clamp members 13A and 13B are elastically returned to the outside.

  In this way, the outer column 11 is unclamped (tilt unclamped) with respect to the upper bracket 3, and the outer column 11 is unclamped (telescopic unclamped) with respect to the inner column 10.

  The outer column 11 is slid in the axial direction with respect to the inner column 10 by grasping the steering wheel 121 and adjusted to a desired telescopic position. Further, after adjusting the tilt positions of the inner column 10 and the outer column 11 around the tilt center axis 61, the outer column 11 can be clamped to the upper bracket 3 again.

  Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 6 is an enlarged side view showing a part of the main part of the steering apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 4 of the second embodiment of the present invention. In the following description, only structural parts different from the above-described embodiment will be described, and redundant description will be omitted. Further, the same parts will be described with the same numbers.

  The second embodiment is an example in which a reduced diameter portion having a predetermined gap is formed between the inner column 10 and the inner peripheral surface 11B of the outer column 11 instead of the inner column side slit 8 of the first embodiment.

  That is, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, on the lower surface of the outer column 11, on the lower side of the vehicle body, as in the first embodiment, the outer column side penetrating from the outer peripheral surface 11A of the outer column 11 to the inner peripheral surface 11B. A slit 7 is formed. The outer column side slit 7 is opened to the vehicle body front side end surface 111 of the outer column 11, and from the open side of the vehicle body front side end surface 111, an open end portion (open side end portion) 71, a parallel portion 72, a closed end portion ( The closed end portion 73 is formed in this order.

  Further, a reduced diameter portion 84 formed to have a smaller diameter than the outer peripheral surface 10 </ b> A of the inner column 10 is provided on the vehicle body rear side end surface of the inner column 10 (fitting portion shaft end with the inner peripheral surface 11 </ b> B of the outer column 11) 101. Is formed. The reduced diameter portion 84 is formed with a gap between the inner peripheral surface 11 </ b> B of the outer column 11.

  As shown in FIG. 7, the axial length L3 of the reduced diameter portion 84 is the lower surface side of the outer column 11 when the outer column 11 is moved over the entire length of the telescopic adjustment range L1, and is a closed end. The inner peripheral surface 11 </ b> B in the vicinity of the portion 73 is formed to a length that does not contact the outer peripheral surface 841 of the reduced diameter portion 84.

  The operation lever 55 is rotated in the clamping direction to fix the outer column 11 to the upper bracket 3 and prevent displacement of the outer column 11 in the tilt direction and displacement in the telescopic direction.

  When the driver collides with the steering wheel 121 during the secondary collision, an impact load is applied to the steering wheel 121. This impact load has two load components: an impact load on the vehicle body front side in the axial direction of the outer column 11 and an impact load on the vehicle body upper side orthogonal to the axial direction of the outer column 11.

  Due to the impact load on the upper side of the vehicle body orthogonal to the axial direction of the outer column 11, a force in the direction of bending the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column 10 acts on the outer column 11. However, as described above, the inner column 10 is formed with the reduced diameter portion 84, and the closed end portion 73 of the outer column 11 is applied even when a force in a direction of bending the vehicle body upward is applied to the outer column 11. The adjacent inner peripheral surface 11 </ b> B does not contact the outer peripheral surface 841 of the reduced diameter portion 84 of the inner column 10.

  Accordingly, the stress for expanding the width of the outer column side slit 7 is reduced, and as a result, the bending of the outer column 11 to the upper side of the vehicle body with respect to the inner column 10 is suppressed, and the outer column 11 is moved to the front side of the vehicle body. The collapse movement is smoothly performed and the impact load is sufficiently absorbed.

  In the above embodiment, the inner column side slit 8 and the reduced diameter portion 84 have axial lengths such that the inner peripheral surface 11B in the vicinity of the closed end 73 of the slit 7 of the outer column 11 is the rear end surface of the inner column 10 on the vehicle body rear side. Since the length need not be in contact with the outer peripheral surface 10A in the vicinity of 101, the length may be short. Therefore, a decrease in clamping force when the outer peripheral surface 10A of the inner column 10 is telescopic clamped is suppressed to a minimum.

  In the above embodiment, the inner column 10 is a lower column and the outer column 11 is an upper column. However, the inner column 10 may be an upper column and the outer column 11 may be a lower column.

  In the above-described embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to a tilt / telescopic steering apparatus capable of both tilt position adjustment and telescopic position adjustment has been described. However, a telescopic steering apparatus capable of only telescopic position adjustment is described. The present invention may be applied to.

It is a whole perspective view which shows the state which attached the steering device of this invention to the vehicle. 1 is a side view of a part of a main part of a steering device according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a view taken in the direction of arrow P in FIG. FIG. 4 is an enlarged bottom view in which a part of the main part of FIG. It is AA sectional drawing of FIG. FIG. 6 is an enlarged side view showing a part of a main part of a steering apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 4 of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

1 column 10 inner column (lower column)
10A Outer peripheral surface 10B Inner peripheral surface 101 Car body rear side end surface 11 Outer column (upper column)
11A outer peripheral surface 11B inner peripheral surface 111 vehicle body front side end surface 12 steering shaft 12A upper steering shaft 12B lower steering shaft 121 steering wheel 13A, 13B clamp member 131A, 131B vehicle body rear side end surface 14A, 14B outer side surface 15A, 15B telescopic adjustment long groove 16A, 16B inner surface 21 universal joint 22 intermediate shaft 221 intermediate inner shaft 222 intermediate outer shaft 23 universal joint 24 steering gear 25 tie rod 3 upper bracket (vehicle body mounting bracket)
32 Upper plate 33, 34 Side plate 331, 341 Inner side surface 35, 36 Long groove for tilt adjustment 41 Vehicle body 42 Capsule 5 Tightening rod 51 Head 511 Non-rotating portion 53 Fixed cam 54 Movable cam 55 Operation lever 56 Thrust bearing 57 Nut 58 Male screw 6 Lower bracket 61 Tilt center axis 7 Outer column side slit 71 Open end 72 Parallel part 73 Closed end 8 Inner column side slit 81 Open end 82 Parallel part 83 Closed end 84 Reduced diameter part 841 Outer peripheral surface

Claims (3)

Inner column,
A hollow outer column having an outer column side slit that is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so that the telescopic position can be adjusted relatively in the axial direction, and formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction;
A pair of clamps that unclamp and clamp the outer peripheral surface of the inner column by forming the outer peripheral surface of the outer column in an outer column through the outer column side slit so that the inner peripheral surface of the outer column is expanded and contracted. Clamp member,
Inner column formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end of the fitting portion of the inner column at the same phase position as the outer column side slit, and from the vicinity of the closed end portion of the outer column side slit over a predetermined length in the axial direction. A steering apparatus comprising a side slit. The steering apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
The steering device according to claim 1, wherein a width of the inner column side slit is larger than a width of the outer column side slit. Inner column,
A hollow outer column having an outer column side slit that is fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the inner column so that the telescopic position can be adjusted relatively in the axial direction, and formed on the lower side of the vehicle body over a predetermined length in the axial direction;
A pair of clamps that unclamp and clamp the outer peripheral surface of the inner column by forming the outer peripheral surface of the outer column in an outer column through the outer column side slit so that the inner peripheral surface of the outer column is expanded and contracted. Clamp member,
The inner column is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the shaft end of the fitting portion over a predetermined length in the axial direction from the vicinity of the closed end of the outer column side slit, and a predetermined gap is formed between the inner column and the inner peripheral surface of the outer column. A steering apparatus comprising a reduced diameter portion.

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