GB2298287A - Bragg reflective grating creation in optical fibres - Google Patents
Bragg reflective grating creation in optical fibres Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2298287A GB2298287A GB9503861A GB9503861A GB2298287A GB 2298287 A GB2298287 A GB 2298287A GB 9503861 A GB9503861 A GB 9503861A GB 9503861 A GB9503861 A GB 9503861A GB 2298287 A GB2298287 A GB 2298287A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- fibre
- grating
- bragg reflective
- reflective grating
- optical fibres
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Substances [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000609 electron-beam lithography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005305 interferometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
- G02B6/02138—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference based on illuminating a phase mask
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
- G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
Abstract
A Bragg reflective grating with improved circular symmetry is generated in a length 11 of optical fibre by rotating the fibre about its axis while the grating is being created by lateral irradiation. The fibre 11 may be held between two chucks 12 of a precision lathes that are synchronously driven. Shown are argon ion laser 13, telescope 14, aperture 15, mirror 16, stepper drive 18, cylindrical lens 17 and phase grating 10.
Description
Bragg Reflective Grating Creation in Fibres
This invention relates to the creation of Bragg reflective gratings in optical fibres by lateral irradiation. Such gratings find application for instance in wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission systems where they may be used for instance for channel dropping and for channel insertion. It is generally desirable in such systems to minimise unnecessary system losses.
It is known that the lateral irradiation of an optical fibre with a fringe pattern of relatively intense ultra-violet light can be used to generate a
Bragg reflective grating in such a fibre.
Such a fringe pattern can be provided by two-beam interference effects, for in stance as described in United States Patent No 4 275 110. An alternative way of providing such a fringe pattern can be with the aid of a phase grating, as for instance described in a paper by K O Hill et al entitled, ' Bragg gratings fabricated in monomode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure through a phase mask', Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 2,
No. 10, pp 1035-7.
Particularly in the case of creating Bragg reflective gratings that are designed to be retro-reflective so that light propagating in the fibre towards the grating, and reflected by that grating, shall be reflected to propagate in the reverse direction, it has been found that these methods of grating creation can lead to non-uniformities in the resulting grating that are attributable to the absorption of the irradiating light by the fibre as that irradiating light propagates through the fibre. In consequence the 'strength' of the grating is not maximised and coupling of power into cladding modes may result, this giving rise to a short wavelength loss edge. Additionally birefringence will be introduced.
The present invention is directed to the alleviating of non-uniformities resulting from this cause.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of creating a Bragg reflective grating in an optical fibre by lateral irradiation of the fibre, wherein, during said lateral irradiation, relative rotational movement about the fibre axis is provided between the irradiated portion of the fibre and the irradiation.
This relative movement is effective in alleviating the non-uniformity to which previous reference has been made by making the completed grating substantially circularly symmetric.
Generally it is found more convenient to provide the requisite relative movement by rotating the irradiated portion of fibre rather than the fringe pattern. When it is the irradiated portion of the fibre that is rotated, this may be achieved by rotating both ends of the fibre in synchronism so that the whole fibre is rotated about its axis, or by twisting the fibre by rotating only one end while the other end is clamped.
One way of creating the grating is by illuminating the fibre from the side with an interferometrically generated fringe pattern of UV light generated using two-beam interferometry. Another way employs a localised fringe pattern generated in the vicinity of a different grating, typically a phase grating.
There follows a description of the creation of a Bragg reflective grating in an optical fibre by a method embodying the invention in a preferred form. The description refers to the accompanying drawing in which is a schematic diagram of the apparatus employed to create the grating.
The writing of the Bragg reflection grating was effected using a diffraction grating. In this instance the diffraction grating took the form of a phase grating (phase contrast diffraction grating). This grating was created in a plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited silica layer deposited upon a silica substrate. For this purpose the deposited silica layer was coated with a layer of chromium that was itself created with a layer of electron beam lithography resist. A grating 50mm in length was created in the chromium layer by electron beam lithography. With the particular equipment employed it was not found possible to scan the electron beam over the full 50mm without incurring significant distortions or discontinuities, to the linear scan, and so a mechanical step and repeat procedure was employed to create the full length of grating in sections.Such mechanical stepping can itself introduce large discontinuities but precautions were taken to reduce this to minimal levels by careful attention to the calibration of the electron beam scan field and correction of scan distortions after the manner set out by C Dix et al., "High accuracy electron-beam grating lithography for optical and optoelectronic devices J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 1992, 10(6), pp 2662.
The electron beam lithography resist was patterned and developed to provide an etch mask for the underlying chromium layer. Then the chrome layer was etched to provide a mask for the silica layer that underlied it, and finally the chromium mask layer was etched away to leave the required phase grating, which is depicted at 10 in the accompanying drawing.
To use this phase grating to create a Bragg reflection grating in a length 11 of single mode optical fibre according to a method embodying the present invention in a preferred form, the phase grating 10 is located almost in contact with fibre 11 with the grating lines extending transversely of the fibre axis, preferably at right angles to that axis. The fibre 11 is held between two chucks 12 of a precision lathe (not shown) that are synchronously driven. An argon ion laser 13 providing a frequency doubled ultraviolet light output has this output directed on to the phase grating 10 via a telescope 14, and aperture 15, a mirror 16, and a cylindrical lens 17. The mirror 16 is attached to a stepper drive 18 by means of which the mirror can be translated in a controlled manner in
the axial direction of the fibre 11 so as to track the light beam across the
phase grating 10 in the axial direction of the fibre 11 while that fibre is
rotated about its axis by the chucks 12.
Claims (1)
- CLAIM:1. A method of creating a Bragg reflective grating in an optical fibre by lateral irradiation of the fibre, wherein, during said lateral irradiation, relative rotational movement about the fibre axis is provided between the irradiated portion of the fibre and the irradiation.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9503861A GB2298287B (en) | 1995-02-25 | 1995-02-25 | Bragg reflective grating creation in fibres |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9503861A GB2298287B (en) | 1995-02-25 | 1995-02-25 | Bragg reflective grating creation in fibres |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9503861D0 GB9503861D0 (en) | 1995-04-19 |
| GB2298287A true GB2298287A (en) | 1996-08-28 |
| GB2298287B GB2298287B (en) | 1998-05-06 |
Family
ID=10770290
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9503861A Expired - Fee Related GB2298287B (en) | 1995-02-25 | 1995-02-25 | Bragg reflective grating creation in fibres |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2298287B (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5852690A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 1998-12-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Depressed cladding fiber design for reducing coupling to cladding modes in fiber gratings |
| WO1999045417A1 (en) * | 1998-03-02 | 1999-09-10 | Uniphase Fibre Components Pty. Limited | Grating writing method and apparatus |
| GB2352531A (en) * | 1999-07-28 | 2001-01-31 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Apparatus for manufacturing fibre optic gratings by rotating optic fibre |
| GB2375830A (en) * | 2001-05-22 | 2002-11-27 | Marconi Caswell Ltd | Creating Bragg gratings in optical waveguide devices |
| EP1345050A4 (en) * | 2000-11-28 | 2005-10-12 | Fujikura Ltd | Method and device for manufacturing optical fiber grating, optical fiber grating, optical module, and optical communication system |
| EP1717612A1 (en) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-11-02 | Harris Corporation | Apparatus and method for forming an optical microresonator |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2189901A (en) * | 1986-04-25 | 1987-11-04 | Stc Plc | Laser-induced fibre grating devices |
-
1995
- 1995-02-25 GB GB9503861A patent/GB2298287B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2189901A (en) * | 1986-04-25 | 1987-11-04 | Stc Plc | Laser-induced fibre grating devices |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5852690A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 1998-12-22 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Depressed cladding fiber design for reducing coupling to cladding modes in fiber gratings |
| WO1999045417A1 (en) * | 1998-03-02 | 1999-09-10 | Uniphase Fibre Components Pty. Limited | Grating writing method and apparatus |
| US6434300B1 (en) | 1998-03-02 | 2002-08-13 | Jds Uniphase Pty. Ltd. | Grating writing method and apparatus |
| GB2352531A (en) * | 1999-07-28 | 2001-01-31 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Apparatus for manufacturing fibre optic gratings by rotating optic fibre |
| GB2352531B (en) * | 1999-07-28 | 2002-09-25 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | A method of manufacturing long period fibre gratings |
| EP1345050A4 (en) * | 2000-11-28 | 2005-10-12 | Fujikura Ltd | Method and device for manufacturing optical fiber grating, optical fiber grating, optical module, and optical communication system |
| EP1760501A1 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2007-03-07 | Fujikura Ltd. | Optical fiber grating manufacturing method, optical fiber grating manufacturing apparatus, optical fiber grating, optical module, and optical communication system |
| US7298944B2 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2007-11-20 | Fujikura Ltd. | Method and device for manufacturing optical fiber grating, optical fiber grating, optical module, and optical communication system |
| GB2375830A (en) * | 2001-05-22 | 2002-11-27 | Marconi Caswell Ltd | Creating Bragg gratings in optical waveguide devices |
| EP1717612A1 (en) * | 2005-04-26 | 2006-11-02 | Harris Corporation | Apparatus and method for forming an optical microresonator |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2298287B (en) | 1998-05-06 |
| GB9503861D0 (en) | 1995-04-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20070225 |