CN118786656A - Low peak-to-average power ratio waveform generation - Google Patents

Abstract

Various aspects presented herein provide a low PAPR waveform design based on resource extension, pulse shaping and/or dynamic MCS configuration, so that a transmitting wireless device can set the IBO of its PA to be closer to the saturation point of the PA to improve PA efficiency. In one aspect, a first network node receives waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type. The first network node processes data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. The first network node sends a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type.

Description

Low peak-to-average power ratio waveform generation

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. non-provisional patent application serial number 17/654,054, entitled “LOW PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO WAVEFORM GENERATION,” filed on March 8, 2022, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly to wireless communications with respect to peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction.

introduction

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunication services, such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcast. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at a city, country, region, or even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the continued mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT)) and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Certain aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Further improvements to 5G NR technology are needed. In addition, these improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.

Summary of the invention

A simplified overview of one or more aspects is presented below to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This summary is not an extensive review of all contemplated aspects. This summary is neither intended to identify key or important elements of all aspects, nor to describe the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to a more detailed description presented later.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus receives waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type. The apparatus processes data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. The apparatus sends a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is a first waveform type or a second waveform type.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus sends waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type. The apparatus receives data from at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type.

To achieve the aforementioned and related purposes, one or more aspects include the features fully described below and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the accompanying drawings set forth in detail some exemplary features of one or more aspects. However, these features are only indicative of only some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects can be employed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

2B is a diagram illustrating an example of DL channels within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

2D is a diagram illustrating an example of UL channels within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and a user equipment (UE) in an access network.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a relationship between an input signal and an output signal of a power amplifier according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of operating a power amplifier at an average input power according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating examples of different input backoff settings according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

7 is a diagram illustrating an example discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-OFDM) according to aspects of the present disclosure.

8 is a diagram illustrating an example DFT OFDM with extension (eg, DFT-s-OFDM) according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

9A and 9B are diagrams illustrating a method based on various aspects of the present disclosure. Graph of an example of a modulated spread signal and its peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) evaluation.

10 is a diagram illustrating an example of resource spread multiple access (RSMA) with low PAPR waveforms and partial overlap in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

11A is a diagram illustrating an example of generating a transmit (Tx) signal based on spreading and pulse shaping in a time domain according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11B is a diagram illustrating an example of generating a Tx signal based on spreading and pulse shaping in the frequency domain according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

12 is a diagram illustrating an example receiver structure for receiving signals from multiple transmitters with the same spreading factor in the frequency domain according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

13 is a diagram illustrating an example modulation coding scheme (MCS) index table for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with transform precoding and 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example MCS index table according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example MCS index table according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

16 is a communication flow illustrating an example of configuring resource extension, pulse shaping, and/or MCS for multiple transmitters according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

17 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and/or network entity.

19 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.

FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of an example network entity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects presented herein can improve communication performance and efficiency between wireless devices by enabling the wireless device to operate its power amplifier (PA) close to its saturation point. For example, various aspects presented herein can provide a low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) waveform design based on resource extension, pulse shaping, and dynamic modulation coding scheme (MCS) configuration, so that the transmitting wireless device can set the input backoff (IBO) of its PA to be closer to the saturation point of the PA to improve PA efficiency. Various aspects presented herein can be applied to discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread (DFT-s) waveforms and/or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms, for example, DFT-s can be DFT pre-coded OFDM.

The detailed description set forth below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings is a description of various configurations and does not represent the only configurations with which the concepts described herein can be practiced. In order to provide a thorough understanding of the various concepts, the detailed description includes specific details. However, these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid blurring these concepts.

Several aspects of the telecommunication system are also presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether these elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

As an example, an element, or any part of an element, or any combination of elements can be implemented as a "processing system", which includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gate logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform various functionalities described throughout the present disclosure. One or more processors in a processing system can execute software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or other terms, software should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, codes, code segments, program codes, programs, subroutines, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, processes, functions, or any combination thereof.

Therefore, in one or more example aspects, specific implementations and/or use cases, the described functions may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or decoded as one or more instructions or codes on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of these types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer-executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

Although various aspects, specific implementations and/or use cases are described in this application by the illustrations of some examples, additional or different aspects, specific implementations and use cases may be generated in many different arrangements and scenarios. The various aspects, specific implementations and/or use cases described herein can be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes and packaging arrangements. For example, various aspects, specific implementations and/or use cases can be generated via integrated chip specific implementations and other devices based on non-module components (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication equipment, computing equipment, industrial equipment, retail/purchase equipment, medical equipment, artificial intelligence (AI) enabled devices, etc.). Although some examples may or may not be specifically for use cases or applications, the described examples may have a wide range of applicability. Various aspects, specific implementations and/or use cases can be in the range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level specific implementations, and further to the range of aggregated, distributed or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) equipment or systems in conjunction with one or more technologies herein. In some actual settings, the equipment incorporating the various aspects and features described may also include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described aspects. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily include multiple components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders/summers, etc.). The various techniques described herein can be practiced in a wide variety of devices of various sizes, shapes, and configurations, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc.

The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged with various components or constituent parts in a variety of ways. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element or a network equipment (such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a transmit receive point (TRP) or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as an independent BS or a monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

A converged base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A decomposed base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of a CU, a DU, and a RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

Base station operation or network design may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (network configuration such as that initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Decomposition may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

As described herein, a node (which may be referred to as a node, a network node, a network entity, or a wireless node) may include, may be, or may be included in (e.g., as a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein), a UE (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU), a central unit (CU), a remote unit (RU), and/or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, the network node may be a UE. As another example, the network node may be a base station or a network entity. As another example, a first network node may be configured to communicate with a second network node or a third network node. In one aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network node may be a UE, the second network node may be a base station, and the third network node may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first network node, the second network node, and the third network node may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, references to UE, base station, device, equipment, computing system, etc. may include disclosure of UE, base station, device, equipment, computing system, etc. as a network node. For example, a disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node. Consistent with the present disclosure, once a specific example is expanded according to the present disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node), a broader example of a narrower example may be interpreted in reverse, but in a broad, open-ended manner. In the above example where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network node is configured to receive information from a second network node, the first network node may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first device, a first device, a first computing system, a first one or more components, a first processing entity, etc. configured to receive information; and the second network node may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second device, a second device, a second computing system, a first one or more components, a first processing entity, etc.

As described herein, different terms may be used in various aspects to describe the communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, etc.). The disclosure of one communication term includes the disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network node may be described as being configured to send information to a second network node. In this example and consistent with the present disclosure, the disclosure that the first network node is configured to send information to the second network node includes the disclosure that the first network node is configured to provide, transmit, output, communicate, or send information to the second network node. Similarly, in this example and consistent with the present disclosure, the disclosure that the first network node is configured to send information to the second network node includes the disclosure that the second network node is configured to receive, obtain, or decode information provided, transmitted, output, communicated, or sent by the first network node.

FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communication system includes a decomposed base station architecture. The decomposed base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110, which may communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly communicate with the core network 120 through one or more decomposed base station units (such as a near real-time (near RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both). CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via corresponding midhaul links such as an F1 interface. DU 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via corresponding fronthaul links. RU 140 may communicate with corresponding UE 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some specific implementations, UE 104 may be served by multiple RUs 140 simultaneously.

Each of the units (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO framework 105) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of these units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interface of these units may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. For example, these units may include a wired interface configured to receive signals on a wired transmission medium or to send signals to one or more of the other units. In addition, these units may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) configured to receive and/or send signals to one or more of the other units on a wireless transmission medium.

In some aspects, CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented as having an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 110. CU110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 110 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (such as an E1 interface). As needed, CU 110 may be implemented to communicate with DU 130 for network control and signaling.

DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) coding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) based on a functional split (such as that defined by 3GPP). In some aspects, DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented with an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 130 or with control functions hosted by CU 110.

The lower layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, the RU 140 controlled by the DU 130 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based on functional splitting such as lower layer functional splitting. In such an architecture, the RU 140 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some specific implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 140 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the implementation of the DU 130 and the CU 110 in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

The SMO framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 105 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some specific implementations, the SMO framework 105 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via the O1 interface. The SMO framework 105 may also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 105 .

The non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) (AI/ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications/features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or in communication with the near-RT RIC 125 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, and the O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 125.

In some implementations, in order to generate an AI/ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI/ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 105 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Therefore, the base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component is indicated by a dotted line to indicate that each component may be included in the base station 102 or may not be included in the base station). The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for the UE 104. The base station 102 may include a macro cell (a high-power cellular base station) and/or a small cell (a low-power cellular base station). Small cells include femto cells, pico cells, and micro cells. A network including both small cells and macro cells may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home evolved Node B (eNB) (HeNB), which may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication link between RU 140 and UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to RU 140 and/or downlink (DL) (also known as forward link) transmission from RU 140 to UE 104. The communication link may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming and/or transmission diversity. The communication link may pass through one or more carriers. For each carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to YxMHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction, the base station 102/UE 104 may use a spectrum of up to YMHz (e.g., 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz, 100MHz, 400MHz, etc.) bandwidth. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to DL compared to UL). The component carrier may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. The primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and the secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell).

Some UEs 104 may communicate with each other using a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use DL/UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). The D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communication systems, such as, for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.

The wireless communication system may also include a Wi-Fi AP 150 that communicates with a UE 104 (also referred to as a Wi-Fi station (STA)) via a communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum, etc. When communicating in an unlicensed spectrum, the UE 104/AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) to determine whether a channel is available prior to communication.

The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc. based on frequency/wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as the "sub-6 GHz" band in various documents and articles. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz) identified as the "millimeter wave" band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz-24.25GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, so the features of FR1 and/or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6GHz-71GHz), FR4 (71GHz-114.25GHz) and FR5 (114.25GHz-300GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

In view of the above, unless otherwise specified, if the term "below 6 GHz" or the like is used in this document, it can broadly refer to frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specified, if the term "millimeter wave" or the like is used in this document, it can broadly refer to frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2 and/or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and/or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may send a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also send a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102/UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive direction and transmit direction for each of the base station 102/UE 104. The transmit direction and receive direction of the base station 102 may be the same or different. The transmit direction and receive direction of the UE 104 may be the same or different.

The base station 102 may include and/or be referred to as a gNB, a Node B, an eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a transmit receive point (TRP), a network node, a network entity, a network equipment, or some other suitable term. The base station 102 may be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, a clustered (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and a RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and/or a RU.

Examples of UE 104 include cellular phones, smart phones, session initiation protocol (SIP) phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, global positioning systems, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet computers, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electric meters, gas pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare equipment, implants, sensors/actuators, displays, or any other similarly functional devices. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meters, gas pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). UE 104 may also be referred to as stations, mobile stations, subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, mobile phones, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also be applied to one or more supporting devices, such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access the network collectively and/or individually.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , in certain aspects, the UE 104 may include a waveform configuration processing component 198 configured to enable the UE 104 to apply one or more parameters associated with a waveform to a transmission to reduce the PAPR of the transmission. In one configuration, the waveform configuration processing component 198 may receive waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type. In this configuration, the waveform configuration processing component 198 may process data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. In this configuration, the waveform configuration processing component 198 may transmit a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is a first waveform type or a second waveform type.

In certain aspects, the base station 102 may include a waveform configuration indication component 199 configured to enable the base station 102 to configure waveforms for multiple transmitters and to receive signals from the multiple transmitters that at least partially overlap each other. In one configuration, the waveform configuration indication component 199 may send waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. In this configuration, the waveform configuration indication component 199 may receive data from the at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type.

Figure 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of a DL channel within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of a UL channel within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD), where for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within the subcarrier set are dedicated to either DL or UL, or may be time division duplex (TDD), where for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), subframes within the subcarrier set are dedicated to both DL and UL. In the examples provided in Figures 2A and 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot format 28 (most of which are DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F can be used flexibly between DL/UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 1 (all of which are UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown with slot formats 1 and 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0 to 61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are DL and UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2 to 61 include a mixture of DL, UL and flexible symbols. The UE is configured with the slot format through the received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically configured through DL control information (DCI) or semi-statically/statically configured through radio resource control (RRC) signaling). Note that the following description also applies to the 5G NR frame structure as TDD.

Figures 2A to 2D illustrate frame structures, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies that may have different frame structures and/or different channels. A frame (10ms) may be divided into 10 subframes (1ms) of the same size. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. A subframe may also include a microslot that may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Based on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended, each time slot may include 14 or 12 symbols. For a normal CP, each time slot may include 14 symbols, and for an extended CP, each time slot may include 12 symbols. The symbol on the DL may be a CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbol. The symbol on the UL may be a CP-OFDM symbol (for high throughput scenarios) or a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) extended OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol (also known as a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) symbol) (for power-limited scenarios; limited to single-stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the parameter set. The parameter set defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) and effectively defines the symbol length/duration, which is equal to 1/SCS.

For normal CP (14 symbols/slot), different parameter sets μ0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For extended CP, parameter set 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and parameter set μ, there are 14 symbols/slot and 2 ^μ slots/subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2 ^μ *15kHz, where μ is parameter set 0 to 4. Thus, the subcarrier spacing for parameter set μ=0 is 15kHz, and the subcarrier spacing for parameter set μ=4 is 240kHz. The symbol length/duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D provide examples of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and parameter set μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67μs. Within a frame set, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) frequency-division multiplexed (see FIG. 2B ). Each BWP may have a specific parameter set and CP (normal or extended).

A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each slot includes a resource block (RB) (also called a physical RB (PRB)) extending over 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into a number of resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

As illustrated in FIG2A , some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS may include a demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include a beam measurement RS (BRS), a beam refinement RS (BRRS), and a phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE including six RE groups (REGs), each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within a BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET). The UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., a common search space, a UE-specific search space) during a PDCCH monitoring opportunity on a CORESET, wherein the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at higher and/or lower frequencies on the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of a specific subframe of a frame. PSS is used by UE 104 to determine subframe/symbol timing and physical layer identification. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of a specific subframe of a frame. The SSS is used by the UE to determine the physical layer cell identity group number and the radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine the physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the location of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) carrying the master information block (MIB) can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS)/PBCH block (also referred to as an SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides the number of RBs in the system bandwidth and the system frame number (SFN). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not sent via the PBCH (such as a system information block (SIB)), and paging messages.

As illustrated in FIG. 2C , some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for a particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may send a DM-RS for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and a DM-RS for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS may be sent in the first or first two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be sent in different configurations based on whether a short PUCCH or a long PUCCH is sent and/or based on the specific PUCCH format used. The UE may send a sounding reference signal (SRS). The SRS may be sent in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and the UE may send the SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to achieve frequency-dependent scheduling of the UL.

2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located at a position as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as a scheduling request, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and/or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUSCH carries data and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and/or UCI.

3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in an access network communicating with a UE 350. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller/processor 375. The controller/processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller/processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIB), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with delivery of upper layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

The transmit (TX) processor 316 and receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1 (which includes the physical (PHY) layer) may include error detection on the transmission channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding/decoding of the transmission channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation/demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-order phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-order quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Subsequently, each stream can be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., a pilot) in the time domain and/or frequency domain, and then combined using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially pre-coded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation schemes, as well as for spatial processing. Channel estimates may be derived based on reference signals and/or channel condition feedback sent by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its corresponding antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to a receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they can be combined into a single OFDM symbol stream by the RX processor 356. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbol and reference signal on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the signal constellation point most likely to be sent by the base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally sent on the physical channel by the base station 310. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller/processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

The controller/processor 359 may be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller/processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and/or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with DL transmissions performed by the base station 310, the controller/processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with delivery of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

The TX processor 368 may use channel estimates derived by the channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 to select appropriate coding and modulation schemes and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antennas 352 via corresponding transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

UL transmissions are processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver functionality at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its corresponding antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the RX processor 370.

The controller/processor 375 may be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer readable medium. In the UL, the controller/processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport channels and logical channels, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller/processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using ACK and/or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359 may be configured to perform various aspects in conjunction with the waveform configuration processing component 198 of FIG. 1.

At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller/processor 375 may be configured to perform various aspects in conjunction with the waveform configuration indication component 199 of FIG. 1.

A power amplifier (PA) may refer to a device used to amplify an input signal, such as by increasing or amplifying the magnitude (e.g., voltage, current, power, etc.) of the input signal. For example, a PA may receive a weak electrical signal or waveform and then reproduce a similar but stronger waveform at the output by using additional power. The design and implementation of a PA in wireless communications may enable a signal sent by a transmitting device (e.g., a base station, a UE, etc.) to be strong enough to reach a receiving device or target. Since a PA may consume additional power when amplifying an input signal, one goal of designing a PA with good efficiency (e.g., an ideal PA) is to provide a linear relationship between an input signal and an output signal, where the power provided to amplify the input signal is proportional to the output signal.

4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example relationship between an input signal (P _in ) and an output signal (P _out ) of a PA according to various aspects of the present disclosure. If the amplification of the PA has a linear behavior, the output signal of the PA may be proportional to the input signal, as shown at 402. For example, if an input signal power of 10 milliwatts (mW) provides an output signal power of 15 mW, an input signal power of 20 mW may provide an output signal power of 30 mW, and so on.

However, most PAs may provide linear behavior for a limited range of input signals (e.g., within the linear region 502 as shown in FIG. 5 ), and may have nonlinear behavior outside of the range of input signals. Since the output signal power of a PA may not increase indefinitely due to physical constraints, at certain points, such as the saturation point shown at 404 (which may also be referred to as the one (1) dB compression point in some examples), an increase in the input signal power of the PA may not produce a discernible increase in the output signal power. As a result, the PA may begin to follow nonlinear behavior as shown at 406, and the nonlinear behavior may become particularly evident when the PA is operating at higher input signal powers (e.g., at the nonlinear region 504 as shown in FIG. 5 ). For example, when the input power of the PA crosses the saturation point, the PA may become saturated and the output signal of the PA may no longer be proportional to the input signal, wherein a large increase in the input signal power beyond the saturation point may produce a relatively small increase in the output signal power from the saturation point. Since the PA may consume a significant portion of the power in a communication device, operating the PA beyond the saturation point may waste additional power and may be an inefficient use of the PA. In one example, the efficiency of the PA can be defined as Where _PT represents the average power of the transmitted signal, and _PDC represents the direct current (DC) input power supplied to the PA. In some examples, the nonlinear behavior of the PA may also cause in-band and out-of-band distortion of the signal and may degrade the error vector magnitude (EVM) at the receiver when the input signal power and output power are not proportional.

To avoid operating the PA beyond the saturation point (e.g., to avoid the disadvantages of nonlinearity at high input powers), the PA may be configured to operate at an average input power several dB lower than the saturation point so that the input signal power may not exceed the saturation point. For example, a PA backoff (BO) may be applied to the PA, where the PA backoff may indicate the difference between the saturation point (or 1 dB compression point) and the average signal power. In one example, the 1 dB compression point may be a point where the gain characteristic of the PA differs by 1 dB from the characteristic of linear behavior (e.g., the behavior of an ideal PA), such as shown at 402 of FIG. 4. Two types of backoffs may be defined for the PA: input backoff (IBO) and output backoff (OBO). For IBO, the average input power may be compared to an input power level that may cause saturation. For OBO, the average output power may be compared to the output saturation power. In some examples, if the PA is configured to provide unity gain, the IBO may be equal to the OBO (e.g., IBO=OBO=BO) and may be given as a ratio of the maximum transmit power to the average power of the input signal.

5 is a diagram 500 illustrating operating a PA at an average input power (e.g., Pin _-IBO ) according to various aspects of the present disclosure. For example, for an input signal waveform 508 having a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), the waveform 508 can be transmitted in a linear region 502 of the PA by reducing the average power of the input signal (e.g., _Pin ). This may be referred to as an IBO, which may result in a proportional OBO. PAPR may refer to the intrinsic relationship of the maximum power of a sample in a transmitted symbol (e.g., an OFDM symbol) divided by the average power of the symbol. Therefore, PAPR may represent the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the signal, which may be expressed in dB.

When the PA operates at the saturation point, the PA can operate most efficiently. However, due to the non-zero PAPR of some waveforms, a power backoff may be specified for the PA to avoid running the PA into its nonlinear region (e.g., beyond the saturation point), which may cause EVM and emission. Therefore, the PA may be configured to set the IBO to be closer to or equal to the PAPR of the input signal. For example, if the input signal has a PAPR of XdB, an IBO of XdB may be applied to the PA to avoid nonlinearity. This enables the input signal to be amplified in the linear region 502 when the waveform 508 of the input signal is at a peak. For example, if the waveform 508 has a PAPR of 10dB and the PA also has an IBO equal to or close to 10dB, the waveform 508 may be amplified in the linear region 502 without crossing the saturation point 506 (e.g., Pin _-sat ). This prevents the output signal waveform 510 from experiencing distortion or clipping during amplification, which may occur when the waveform 508 or a portion of the waveform 508 is amplified at the nonlinear region 504.

However, if a high IBO is applied to the PA but the input signal does not have a high PAPR (e.g., IBO>PAPR), such as shown in diagram 600A of FIG. 6A, this may be an inefficient use of the PA because it may reduce the maximum amplification of the PA. For example, due to the high IBO, a portion 602 of the linear region within the PA may not be used, especially the region near the saturation point, where a high input signal (e.g., near Pin _-sat ) may be amplified to a nearly proportional high output signal (e.g., near Pout _-sat ). This may limit the maximum performance of the PA and reduce the transmission range of the transmitting device. On the other hand, if the IBO applied to the PA is too low and the input signal has a PAPR that exceeds the IBO (e.g., PAPR>IBO), such as shown in diagram 600B of FIG. 6B, at least a portion of the input signal (e.g., portion 604) may be amplified at the nonlinear region of the PA, which may cause the output signal to be distorted or clipped and the bit error rate (BER) performance of the transmitting device may be degraded.

Although OFDM signals may have tolerance to inter-symbol interference and good spectral efficiency, due to the large fluctuations in their signal envelopes, OFDM signals may suffer from significant PAPR, which may grow rapidly with the size of the OFDM block. For example, for networks that employ larger OFDM blocks, the OFDM blocks may have higher PAPRs. Due to the high PAPR, a PA designed for a communication device capable of sending larger OFDM blocks may be configured with a high IBO, which may result in inefficient use of the PA when the communication device is not sending a signal with a high PAPR, such as described in conjunction with FIG. 6A. Therefore, as an alternative or supplement to applying a high IBO to the PA, a PAPR reduction technique may be used to reduce the PAPR of the input signal so that the IBO applied to the PA can be kept at a low value to maintain the spectral and energy efficiency of the PA. In addition, by reducing the PAPR, the PA can amplify the signal at a higher input power (e.g., as close to the saturation point as possible and in the linear region) and produce a higher output signal.

As shown in FIG6A , in order to improve the efficiency of the PA, the operating point of the PA may be configured to be as close to its saturation point as possible, since the saturation point may be the point at which most of the supplied power is converted to RF power. However, as shown in FIG6B , as the operating point of the PA approaches the saturation point, the signal may be clipped, which may occur when the amplitude of the input signal is greater than the saturation level of the PA. In some scenarios, the clipping noise caused by the clipped signal may have a large spectrum, where the clipping may make the signal more closely resemble a rectangular function in the time domain. Therefore, in the frequency domain, the signal may appear as a sinusoidal cardinality (sinc) function. For purposes of this disclosure, a sinc function may refer to an even function with unit area. For example, a sinc pulse may pass through zero at all positive and negative integers (e.g., t=±1, ±2, . . . , etc.), but at time t=0, the sinc pulse may reach its maximum value of one (1). In addition, the sinc function may be symmetric with respect to the origin, such as shown in FIG7 . Therefore, clipping may cause undesirable spectral masking of the signal due to additional in-band emission (IBE) (e.g., the ratio of UE output power in unallocated resource blocks (RBs) to UE output power in allocated RBs) and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) (e.g., the ratio of transmit power on the allocated channel to power received in adjacent radio channels after the receive filter). Therefore, designing a waveform with small/low PAPR and favorable spectral behavior may be a goal of many communication systems as shown in Figures 4, 5, 6A and 6B.

Various aspects presented herein can improve communication performance and efficiency between wireless devices by enabling wireless devices to operate their PAs close to their saturation points. For example, various aspects presented herein provide low PAPR waveform designs based on dynamic resource expansion (e.g., expansion factor), pulse shaping, and/or MCS configuration, so that a transmitting wireless device can set the IBO of its PA closer to the saturation point of the PA to improve PA efficiency. Various aspects presented herein can be applied to discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread (DFT-s) waveforms and/or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms, for example, DFT-s can be DFT pre-coded OFDM.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, the PAPR of a signal may be reduced based on spreading and pulse shaping. Signal spreading (which may also be referred to as spectrum spreading) is a technique by which a signal generated with a specific bandwidth is intentionally spread in the frequency domain to produce a signal with a wider bandwidth. Pulse shaping is the process of changing the waveform of the transmitted pulse so that the signal to be transmitted can be shaped to better suit its purpose or communication channel, usually by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. By filtering the transmitted pulse based on pulse shaping, the inter-symbol interference caused by the channel can be kept under control. Therefore, pulse shaping can be used in RF communications to fit the signal into its frequency band.

FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example DFT-OFDM according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown at 702, a set of M modulated symbols (e.g., S ₀ , S ₁ , ..., _SM ) may form a block and may be used as input to an M-point DFT. The M modulated symbols may be considered as representations of data in the time domain, and the M-DFT output is in the frequency domain. The modulated symbols may include data symbols, DMRS symbols, or a combination thereof. As shown at 704, the M-point DFT output is then passed as input to an N-point IDFT, where N>M. The output signal is the final waveform in the time domain. As shown at 706, each of the sinc functions (e.g., S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 output waveforms) may be scaled by one of the modulated symbols S _i (e.g., S0, S1, ..., SM). In some examples, these sinc functions may be added (sometimes constructively), which may degrade the transmitted PAPR (e.g., increase the transmitted PAPR). For example, as shown at 708, when the sinc functions are added together, the side lobes of a signal may increase the amplitude of the main peak (or side lobes) of another signal, such as shown at 710. As described in conjunction with FIGs. 4, 5, 6A, and 6B, a transmitted waveform with a larger amplitude may result in a higher PAPR.

FIG8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example DFT-s-OFDM (e.g., DFT-OFDM with extension) according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown at 802, if the input symbols are extended (e.g., [S ₀ , 0, 0, ..., S ₁ , 0, 0, ..., S ₄ , 0, 0, ...]), such as by inserting zero (0) bits between symbols, the sinc functions may be placed further apart, as shown at 804. Since each sinc function may be scaled by the input modulation symbol, if zeros are padded between the original input symbols, the associated sinc function is scaled with zeros and is not displayed. Therefore, the distance between the sinc functions scaled by S ₀ and S ₁ , S ₁ and S _2, etc. may increase. Therefore, as shown at 806, as the tail of each sinc function decays more before reaching the significant lobe of the next sinc function, the PAPR of the transmitted signal may be reduced. In some examples, if amplitude/pulse shaping is employed in addition to spreading (eg, via adding zeros between symbols of the modulation in the time domain), the summation of the sinc functions can be better controlled and the PAPR can be further reduced.

9A and 9B are diagrams 900A and 900B illustrating examples of spread signals based on π/2-bpsk modulation and PAPR evaluation thereof according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As described in conjunction with FIG. 8 , the input symbol [x ₀ , x ₁ , …, x _n ] may first be spread (taking a spread factor (SF) of three (3) as an example) to be X=[x ₀ , 0, 0, x ₁ , 0, 0, …, x _n , 0, 0]. The vector is then passed to a time domain filter, which may repeat each modulation symbol uniformly or non-uniformly. For example, if each modulation symbol is repeated uniformly, X may be convolved with a 3-tap filter having the same taps (e.g., [1, 1, 1]). On the other hand, if each modulation symbol is repeated non-uniformly, X may be convolved with a 3-tap filter having different taps. For example, a 3-tap filter including taps corresponding to [-0.248, 0.5, -0.248] is used for the simulations shown in Figures 900 and 900B. For purposes of the present invention, taps may refer to coefficient values and the impulse response of a filter may refer to the coefficients of the filter. For example, in digital signal processing (DSP), taps may be used to define the impulse response of a system, such as for a finite impulse response (FIR) filter.

Then, if pulse shaping is also employed, the output of the above time domain filter (e.g., the extended signal in the time domain) may be further convolved with a pulse shaping filter (e.g., a 3-tap pulse shaping filter with taps corresponding to [1, -0.24, 1]), which may further shape the time domain signal to reduce the PAPR. In some examples, the pulse shaping filter may also be referred to as a frequency domain spectral shaping filter (FDSS), and the taps of the FDSS may not decrease on either side of the center tap, e.g., [1, -0.24, 1], [1.3, -0.2, 1.3], or [X, Y, X], etc. Note that filtering may be implemented in the time domain or the frequency domain (either a time domain filter added after extension or a pulse shaping filter added for further pulse shaping).

In another example, instead of using two separate filters for extension and pulse shaping (e.g., a first filter (f1) and a second filter (f2)), a single filter with taps given by f1*f2 in the time domain may be used. For example, as used in the above example, if f1 = [-0.248, 0.5, -0.248] and f2 = [1, -0.24, 1], a composite 5-tap filter may be obtained by convolving f1 and f2 in the time domain to obtain taps with values of [-0.2334, 0.5267, -0.5798, 0.5267, -0.2334]. This convolution mechanism may be implemented in the time domain or the frequency domain to reduce the number of filters used at the communication device.

As shown in diagram 900A of FIG9A, an input signal having 400 subcarriers (SC) after signal spreading with a SF of three (3) and pulse shaping may result in an output signal having 1200 SCs and a high peak with two low side lobes. As shown in diagram 900B of FIG9B, by applying spreading to an input signal based on π/2-bpsk modulation, there may be a gain of 1.7 dB in PAPR compared to an input signal without spreading.

As discussed in conjunction with Figures 8, 9A, and 9B, signal extension and pulse shaping (in the time domain (TD) or frequency domain (FD)) can extend the spectrum of the signal, which may also be referred to as bandwidth (BW) extension. For example, the spectrum of the signal may be multiplied based on the configured extension factor. Thus, for DFT-s-OFDM, BW extension may be viewed as follows: without extension, the input signal is mapped to an M-point DFT; therefore, the output of the DFT block in the frequency domain has a length of M (e.g., M subcarriers are occupied). On the other hand, if the input is extended by a factor of K, a K*M-point DFT may be specified, meaning that the waveform occupies K times more subcarriers than in the first scenario. While applying extension to the input signal may increase the bandwidth of the signal, in another aspect of the present disclosure, the extended bandwidth may be utilized or used by multiple UEs to reverse resource usage.

FIG10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of resource spread multiple access (RSMA) with low PAPR waveforms and partial overlap according to various aspects of the present disclosure. As described in conjunction with FIG9A, when 400 SCs (or tones) are used to map modulated symbols and a SF of three (3) is applied to the modulated symbols, the spectrum of the signal may span 1200 SCs (or tones). However, the additional 800 SCs (or tones) may also be used by other UEs for transmission to/from other UEs and are therefore not wasted.

For example, as shown in diagram 1000, if four transmitters or transmitting devices (e.g., UE, side link device) are applying the same expansion factor (e.g., SF=3) (and pulse shaping) to their input signals, each of the four transmitters can use 1200 SCs. The receiver (e.g., a base station, a component of a base station, or a receiving side link device) may then receive three copies of each modulated symbol transmitted from each individual transmitter, and the receiver may combine them to obtain a better estimate. In other words, based on resource expansion, multiple transmitters may transmit or receive signals that at least partially overlap with each other. For example, four transmitters may use 2400 SCs (e.g., an average of 600 SCs per transmitter), instead of 4800 SCs (e.g., if there is no overlap). Therefore, if multiple transmitters can be configured or coordinated to apply the same expansion factor to their communications, applying expansion to communications may not necessarily significantly increase the total bandwidth of the communication.

As discussed in conjunction with FIG. 10 , spreading the signal may enable non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) on multiple different transmitters (e.g., UEs, sidelink devices), where the transmitters may be multiplexed in the frequency domain on a portion of the available BW (e.g., 2400 SCs). Without applying spreading, the transmitters may not be able to send/receive signals that at least partially overlap each other based on NOMA. In some examples, for channel estimation, DMRS symbols may be spread and filtered in the same manner as data symbols (e.g., using the same spreading factor and the same filter). Therefore, the DMRS may also be repeated on multiple of more than K subcarriers, where K is the spreading factor.

FIG. 11A is a diagram 1100A illustrating an example of generating a transmit (Tx) signal based on extension and pulse shaping in the time domain according to various aspects of the present disclosure. At 1102, information bits to be sent by a transmitter (e.g., a UE, a side link device, a base station, a component of a base station, etc.) may be passed through a channel forward error correction (FEC) decoder to convert these information bits into decoded bits. FEC is a technique that can be used to control errors in data transmission over a noisy transmission channel. One concept may be to decode a signal in a redundant manner by using an error correction code (ECC) in a transmitter, which enables a receiver to detect a limited number of error bits in a transmitted signal and correct these errors without specifying that the transmitter retransmit the signal.

At 1104, the decoded bits may pass through a modulator, where the decoded bits are converted into modulated symbols. Then, at 1106, the modulated symbols may pass through one or more filters to apply upsampling, extension and/or pulse shaping. Upsampling may be specified for transmission because the frequency representation of the signal will be narrow and limited to frequencies near the carrier frequency. By upsampling the signal, the frequency response of the signal to be transmitted may be compressed, and the frequency band may be limited to a significantly smaller frequency range, which may be specified for transmission. Upsampling may include a process of inserting zero-value samples between the original samples to increase the sampling rate. In another example, as described in conjunction with FIG. 8, the modulated symbols (e.g., S0, S1, S2, etc.) may pass through a time domain filter after applying extension (e.g., filling zeros between the modulated symbols), and/or the modulated symbols may pass through a pulse shaping filter for pulse shaping. In another example, as described in conjunction with FIG. 8, a combined filter may be used instead of a separate filter. Based on upsampling, extension and/or pulse shaping, the modulated symbols are converted into pre-DFTRSMA symbols.

At 1108, the pre-DFT RSMA symbols may be passed through a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and an inverse fast Fourier transform (iFFT) to produce an output signal (e.g., DFT-s-OFDM) to be transmitted by a transmitter at a front end (e.g., at one or more antennas).

FIG. 11B is a diagram 1100B illustrating an example of generating a Tx signal based on spreading and pulse shaping in the frequency domain according to various aspects of the present disclosure. At 1110, information bits to be sent by a transmitter (e.g., a UE, a side link device, a base station, a component of a base station, etc.) may be passed through a channel FEC decoder to convert these information bits into decoded bits. At 1112, the decoded bits may be passed through a modulator, where the decoded bits are converted into modulated symbols. Then, at 1114, the modulated symbols may be passed through a DFT pre-decoder, where the modulated symbols (e.g., discrete time signals) are converted into RSMA frequency domain samples without repetition.

At 1116, the RSMA frequency domain samples may be passed through one or more filters to apply frequency domain repetition and/or spectral shaping, which are similar to the spreading and pulse shaping in the time domain. For example, the filter described at 1106 in conjunction with FIG. 11A may be applied to the signal in the time domain, and at 1116 in FIG. 11B, the transmitter may first convert the signal and the filter to the frequency domain, and then filter the signal in the frequency domain. In some examples, the resource spreading and/or pulse shaping mechanisms described herein may also be applied to OFDM waveforms. For example, after the coded bits are modulated at 1112, the modulated bits may be transmitted to one or more filters at 1116 without passing through the DFT. In other words, for OFDM waveforms, the steps described in conjunction with 1114 may be skipped. Based on frequency domain repetition and/or spectral shaping, the RSMA frequency domain samples are converted to RSMA frequency domain samples with FD frequency domain repetition and FDSS.

At 1118, the RSMA frequency domain samples with FD frequency domain repetition and FDSS may be passed through an iFFT to produce an output signal (eg, RSMA time domain samples) to be transmitted by a transmitter at a front end (eg, at one or more antennas).

FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example receiver structure for receiving signals from multiple transmitters with the same spreading factor in the frequency domain in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In one example, as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 10 , at the receiver (Rx) side (e.g., a base station or a component of a base station), joint multi-user detection (MUD) across multiple UEs in the frequency domain may be applied by the receiver. For example, the receiver may utilize or use a repetitive structure of signals received from multiple UEs to perform MUD, wherein the receiver, knowing or able to determine that each symbol is repeated multiple times, may combine the repeated symbols to obtain a better estimate.

For example, as shown in diagram 1200, at 1202, the receiver may first map Rx samples (e.g., Rx samples with spreading and/or pulse shaping) received from multiple UEs to the frequency domain based on an FFT operation. At 1204, the receiver may perform frequency domain multi-user detection (FDMUD) by utilizing the fact that the bandwidth of each user is expanded K times (e.g., K is the spreading factor). Based on the FD MUD operation, the receiver may determine the received signal (e.g., MUD output) of each UE, such as shown at 1206. At 1208, the received signal of each UE is then passed to an equalizer or equalization block (linear or nonlinear), where the receiver may utilize the fact that each symbol is repeated K times and filtered to remove the filtering (e.g., spreading and/or pulse shaping) applied to the received signal.

At 1210, after removing the effects of filtering (e.g., spreading and/or shaping) from the received signal of each UE, the transmitter may apply a DFT to the output signal to obtain time domain symbols (the time domain symbols are modulated symbols if a DFT-s-OFDM waveform is used). Note that the example blockchains described in conjunction with FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 12 are examples for illustrative purposes only, and different operations may be performed in the frequency domain (as shown in diagram 1200) or equivalently in the time domain.

As shown in Figures 11A, 11B and 12, a receiver (e.g., a base station or a component of a base station) based on an extended multiple access scheme can adopt MUD by exploiting the correlation structure of the extended sequence. Since signal extension (or SF) can effectively create multiple copies of the original frequency domain RSMA signal, multiple copies of the signal can be observed/perceived by the receiver when received from different Rx antennas. In some scenarios, when multiple UEs overlap, MUD operation may have a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection problem. In such scenarios, a standard MIMO minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver or any other MIMO receiver scheme can be used to solve this problem.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, in order to maintain the spectral efficiency of the transmission while applying spreading and/or pulse shaping to the transmission, the transmitter may be configured to apply different modulation and coding scheme (MCS) values based on an MCS table with flexible switching points across different MCS values.

FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating an example MCS index table for a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) with transform precoding and 64-order quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM) according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In some network implementations, repetition of modulated symbols that may be considered equivalent to bandwidth extension may be configured for a transmitter or transmitting device (e.g., a UE, a sidelink device, a base station, a component of a base station, etc.) in order to obtain a lower decoding rate. For example, when the MCS index table shown in FIG. 1300 is used in association with a DFT-S waveform, it may provide a very low spectral efficiency value (e.g., having at least four times (4x) repetition exceeding the minimum decoding rate). The decoding rate (or "decoding rate") may refer to the ratio between information bits and total transmitted bits (e.g., information bits plus redundant bits), where redundant bits may be added by the physical layer for FEC. Therefore, the decoding rate may also represent the ratio between the number of information bits at the top of the physical layer and the number of bits of the channel mapped to the bottom of the physical layer. A low coding rate may correspond to increased redundancy, while a high coding rate may correspond to reduced redundancy.

For example, as shown at 1302, for _a signal having The MCS index (I _MCS ) of 1024 (i.e., the modulation order Qm=q=1), the coding rate is 60/1024=0.0586, which may be lower than the minimum basic coding rate. The basic coding rate may refer to the minimum coding rate that can be achieved by the transmitter without applying repetition. Thus, if the basic coding rate is 0.2, then for a transmission with this MCS setting (e.g., a PUSCH transmission), the coding bits may be specified to be repeated four times for the transmission (e.g., the transmitted PUSCH) (e.g., 0.2/0.0586≈4). In some examples, the value of q in the MCS table may be set by higher layer signaling.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, instead of applying repetition to the decoded bits or modulated symbols to obtain a lower decoding rate, the transmitter may maintain the same spectral efficiency while performing spreading in a controlled manner to further improve the PAPR. For example, the transmitter may be configured to maintain a spectral efficiency of X for a transmission with M subcarriers (e.g., keep X unchanged). Therefore, without spreading, the transmission may specify M subcarriers, and the decoding rate may be set to maintain the spectral efficiency = X on these M subcarriers. However, if spreading with a spreading factor K is applied to the transmission, such as described in conjunction with Figure 8, there may be K-1 additional copies of each modulated symbol, and the bandwidth is extended by a factor of K (e.g., if a spreading factor of three is applied to a set of modulated symbols, there may be two additional copies of the modulated symbol, and the bandwidth may be extended three times). Therefore, in order to maintain the same spectral efficiency as without spreading, the transmitter may be specified to increase the decoding rate. For example, if 400 resource elements (REs) are transmitted based on QPSK, 800 bits may be transmitted on these 400 REs. On the other hand, if these 400 REs are repeated three times (e.g., applying a spreading factor of three), there may be 1200 REs instead. Thus, in order to maintain the same spectral efficiency (e.g., the total bits delivered or the number of information bits on the resources used) for a transmission with repetition, a higher coding rate may be used. In other words, the coding rate may increase when repetition (e.g., spreading factor) is applied in order to maintain the same or similar spectral efficiency.

In one aspect, the transmitter may be provided with at least one flexible switching point across different MCS values on the MCS table. For purposes of this disclosure, the term switching point (or switch point) may refer to a boundary line between using two different modulation orders in the MCS table. For example, referring back to FIG. 13, the dashed line at 1304 may indicate a switching point between modulation order two (2) and modulation order (4).

For example, because Compared with QPSK, it can have a PAPR gain of about 2-3dB, so The switching point between QPSK and QPSK can be configured to be more flexible, such as being able to be dynamically changed or modified. In one example, one or more switching points can be indicated to a transmitter (e.g., a UE), where the indication can be dynamic or semi-static. Thus, the transmitter can receive a dynamic indication or semi-static configuration of the setting of the parameter q from a receiver (e.g., a base station or a component of a base station).

For example, referring back to FIG. 13 , the UE may be configured with multiple switching points between different modulation orders. Then, as shown at 1306, the base station may configure the UE with different values of modulation order q for different MCS indexes, and the UE may apply the switching point based on the value q. For example, the q value for MCS indexes 0, 1, 2 may be equal to one (1), while the q value for MCS index 3 may be equal to three (2). Thus, the switching point may be located between MCS indexes 2 and 3. This mechanism may also be applied to set the modulation order for all other entries.

In another example, as shown in diagram 1400 of FIG14, a transmitter (e.g., a UE) may be configured with different MCS tables, each of which may have different switching points across different modulation orders 1402. The UE may receive an indication from the base station regarding when to apply one of these MCS tables.

In some examples, the indication from the base station may also indicate the modulation order and/or the spreading factor. Such indication may be configured to be implicit (e.g., deriving the spreading from the modulation order based on higher layer signaling or hard-coding the spreading based on a specification or predefined rules) or explicit (e.g., each indication may be signaled separately).

In one example, the indication of the modulation order and/or the spreading factor may be waveform-dependent. For example, the indication of the modulation order and/or the spreading factor may be different across OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM or another waveform type. In another example, the indication of the modulation order and/or the spreading factor may also be closely related to the filter coefficients. For example, the UE may be configured with different time/frequency domain spreading or shaping filters, and the UE may select the filter based on the modulation order and/or the spreading factor. Similarly, the filter coefficients may be signaled to the UE (e.g., by a base station) or hard-coded based on a specification or predefined rules.

In another example, the indication of the modulation order and/or spreading factor from a receiver (e.g., a base station or a component of a base station) may be based on a report from a transmitter (e.g., a UE). For example, the report may be in the form of auxiliary information transmitted by the UE, and the base station may indicate the modulation order and/or spreading factor for the UE based on the UE capabilities (such as the UE's PA characteristics). As described in conjunction with FIG. 4, the smoothness of the UE's PA input-output characteristics may be used to estimate or decide how much PAPR reduction is specified for a given waveform.

In another example, the switching point to be applied by the UE may be based on other parameters, such as based on the power headroom (PHR) and/or transmit (Tx) power of the UE. For example, different threshold levels for PHR and/or Tx power may be defined or specified for the UE. Thus, if the UE's Tx power is above a Tx power threshold level or its PHR is below a PHR threshold level, the UE may switch to a setting for a low/lower PAPR waveform. For example, if the MCS entry of the table is set to q, such as shown in Figures 13 and 14, the UE may apply QPSK or

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a receiver (e.g., a base station) may indicate one or more spreading factors to a transmitter (e.g., a UE) for reducing the PAPR of transmissions from the transmitter. This may be accompanied by configuring the number of taps of the filter and/or the amplitude of each tap (more generally, the impulse response), or may be based on the spreading factor itself. For example, as shown in diagram 1500 of FIG. 15 , each entry of the MCS table may be associated with a SF, where the SF may be dynamically indicated (e.g., via DCI) or may be semi-statically configured (e.g., via MAC-CE or RRC). Similar to the setting of the MCS switching point, the UE may provide a suitable spreading factor value as auxiliary information.

In some examples, the transmitter (e.g., UE) may have the ability to select or set the expansion factor. In such cases, the value of the expansion factor may be reported to the receiver (e.g., base station). The transmitter may also indicate more than one expansion factor, such as a list of suitable expansion factors (e.g., 1 to 3). The indication of the expansion factor from the transmitter may enable the receiver to take advantage of the repetitive structure to perform better detection. In another example, for each given expansion factor, there may be a specification defined about the frequency flatness of the N-point combined channel, for example, the frequency response of the waveform when the filter is applied. This can ensure that the receiver can perform equalization appropriately.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, the expansion and/or pulse shaping framework described in conjunction with Figures 8, 9A, 9B, and 10 may be based on a configurable expansion/pulse shaping filter. In other words, an overall expansion/pulse shaping framework may be introduced, but the precise RSMA pulse shaping filter may be kept configurable, such as via RRC signaling. For example, the configuration may include the number of taps for the time domain filter or its frequency domain representation, rather than the expansion factor and/or the amplitude of the expansion, etc. This configuration may enable future updates of the waveform if a better waveform is identified, such as by a machine learning (ML) module or computer search, or when a different type of equalizer (e.g., linear or nonlinear) is configured.

In one example, if ML is used, ML (e.g., ML training and/or ML inference associated with ML) may be performed at a transmitter (e.g., a UE) or at a receiver (e.g., a base station). "ML inference" may refer to the process of running data points into an ML model (e.g., via inference hosting) to compute an output such as a single numeric score (e.g., using a trained ML algorithm to make a prediction). "Inference hosting" or "ML inference hosting" may refer to a network function that hosts an ML model during inference mode. On the other hand, "ML training" may refer to the process of running data points to train or teach an ML model (e.g., via training hosting). "Training hosting" or "ML training hosting" may refer to a network function that hosts an ML model during training mode. For example, inputs for ML training may include UE and/or base station capabilities (e.g., type of equalizer), characteristics of the channel (e.g., delay spread indicating severity of inter-symbol interference (ISI)), waveform used (e.g., DFT-S or OFDM), UE power (Tx power and/or PHR), frequency flatness conditions, accepted BW extension, etc., and the output (e.g., ML inference) may be settings for pulse shaping and extension.

16 is a communication flow 1600 illustrating an example of configuring resource extension, pulse shaping, and/or MCS for multiple transmitters according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The numbers associated with the communication flow 1600 do not specify a particular time sequence and are merely used as a reference for the communication flow 1600. Various aspects presented herein may provide a low PAPR waveform design based on resource extension, pulse shaping, and dynamic MCS configuration, so that a transmitting wireless device may set the IBO of its PA closer to the saturation point of the PA to improve PA efficiency.

As shown at 1620, the second network node 1604 (e.g., a base station, a component of a base station, or a second side link device, etc.) may send (or configure) waveform information to at least one network node, such as to the first network node 1602 (e.g., a UE, a component of a UE, a first side link device, etc.) and the third to Nth network nodes 1606 (e.g., a UE, a component of a UE, or a third to Nth side link device, etc.). The waveform information may include one or more parameters associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters associated with the second waveform type. The first waveform type and/or the second waveform type may include various waveform types, such as OFDM, CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM, etc.

For example, at 1620, second network node 1604 may send waveform information 1608 to first network node 1602, wherein waveform information 1608 may include one or more parameters 1610 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1612 associated with the second waveform type. Second network node 1604 may send the waveform information to first network node 1602 and Nth network node 1606 via DCI, RRC signaling, and/or MAC-CE.

In one example, the waveform information configured for the first network node 1602 and/or the third to Nth network nodes 1606 may be based on the capabilities of the first network node 1602 and/or the third to Nth network nodes 1606. For example, as shown at 1628, the first network node 1602 may send capability information 1630 to the second network node 1604. In response, the second network node 1604 may configure the waveform information 1608 (e.g., one or more parameters 1610 and/or one or more parameters 1612) based on the capability information 1630.

At 1622, first network node 1602 and Nth network node 1606 may process data to be sent to second network node 1604 based on waveform information 1608, which may generate a set of processed data. The data may include data symbols, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, or a combination thereof. For example, first network node 1602 may process data 1614 to be sent to second network node 1604 based on one or more parameters 1612 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1610 associated with the second waveform, which may generate processed data 1616.

In one example, as shown at 1626, one or more parameters 1610 and/or one or more parameters 1612 may include spreading information, such as a spreading factor for resource spreading. Thus, at 1622, the first network node 1602 and the Nth network node 1606 may apply spreading to data to be sent to the second network node 1604 based on the spreading factor, such as described in conjunction with Figures 8, 9A, 11A, and 11B. For example, the first network node 1602 may apply spreading to data 1614, which may correspond to a set of resources (e.g., X subcarriers, X resource blocks (RBs), etc.), such that the data 1614 is being spread based on the spreading factor (e.g., SF=N). The amount of resources to be used by the processed data 1616 may be based on the spreading factor (e.g., the number of subcarriers/RBs for the processed data 1616 = X*N subcarriers/RBs).

In another example, the extension information may be associated with an MCS index value, a modulation order, a target coding rate, a spectral efficiency, or a combination thereof, such as described in conjunction with Figures 14 and 15. Thus, the values of the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, and/or the spectral efficiency may be selected/configured based on the extension factor.

In another example, as described in conjunction with FIG. 8 , the extended information may be associated with one or more filters to be applied to the data 1614, the number of filters to be applied to the data 1614, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data 1614, one or more coefficient values for the one or more filter taps, and/or amplitudes (e.g., amplitudes used for amplitude shaping or expansion), etc.

In another example, as described in conjunction with FIG9A, one or more parameters 1610 and/or one or more parameters 1612 may also include pulse shaping information. Thus, the first network node 1602 and the Nth network node 1606 may apply pulse shaping to data to be sent to the second network node 1604 based on the pulse shaping information.

At 1624, the first network node 1602 and the Nth network node 1606 may send the processed data to the second network node 1604 (e.g., simultaneously or close in time), such as based on the first waveform type or the second waveform type. For example, the first network node 1602 may send a waveform based on the processed data 1616, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type, etc. In one example, as shown at 1632 and further described in conjunction with FIG. 10, the second network node 1604 may receive the processed data 1616 from the first network node 1602 on a set of subcarriers, wherein the processed data 1616 may be processed according to the waveform information 1608. Similarly, the second network node may receive processed data processed according to its corresponding waveform information from the third to Nth network nodes 1606, and the processed data of the third to Nth network nodes 1606 may occupy other sets of subcarriers, such that the subcarrier sets occupied by the first network node 1602 and the third to Nth network nodes 1606 may partially overlap with each other. In one example, the processed data may be sent via PUSCH, PDSCH, PSSCH, or the like.

17 is a flow chart 1700 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first network node (e.g., UE 104; first network node 1602; device 1804). The method may enable the first network node to apply one or more parameters associated with a waveform to a transmission to reduce a PAPR of the transmission.

At 1702, the first network node may receive waveform information from the second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of: one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, such as described in conjunction with FIG. 16. For example, at 1620, the first network node 1602 may receive waveform information 1608 from the second network node 1604, wherein the waveform information 1608 includes one or more parameters 1610 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1612 associated with the second waveform type. The receiving of the waveform information may be performed by, for example, the waveform configuration processing component 198, the cellular baseband processor 1824, and/or the transceiver 1822 of the device 1804 in FIG. 18.

In one example, to receive the waveform information from the second network node, the first network node may receive the waveform in at least one of: DCI, RRC signaling, or MAC-CE.

In another example, the first network node may send capability information of the first network node to the second network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the first network node.

In another example, the first network node corresponds to a UE or a component of a UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of a base station.

At 1704, the first network node may process data based on one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, such as described in conjunction with FIG 16. For example, at 1622, the first network node 1602 may process data 1614 based on one or more parameters 1610 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1612 associated with the second waveform type. The processing of the data may be performed by, for example, the waveform configuration processing component 198, the application processor 1806, and/or the cellular baseband processor 1824 of the apparatus 1804 in FIG 18.

In one example, the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include extension information. In this example, the extension information includes the SF. In this example, to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the first network node may apply the extension to the data based on the SF. In this example, the extension applied to the data may correspond to a set of resources, and to send a waveform based on the processed data, the first network node may send the waveform on one or more subcarriers of the set of resources, wherein the amount of the one or more subcarriers is based on the SF.

In another example, the extended information is associated with at least one of: an MCS index value, a modulation order, a target coding rate, or a spectrum efficiency. In such an example, the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, or the spectrum efficiency may be based on the SF.

In another example, the extended information is associated with at least one of: one or more filters to be applied to the data, the number of filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values, or amplitudes for the one or more filter taps.

In another example, the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information. In such an example, to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the first network node may apply pulse shaping to the data based on the pulse shaping information.

In another example, the data includes data symbols, demodulation reference signals, or a combination thereof.

At 1706, the first network node may transmit a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is of the first waveform type or the second waveform type, such as described in conjunction with FIG 16. For example, at 1624, the first network node 1602 may transmit a waveform based on the processed data 1616, wherein the waveform is of the first waveform type or the second waveform type. Transmission of the waveform based on the processed data may be performed by, for example, the waveform configuration processing component 198, the cellular baseband processor 1824, and/or the transceiver 1822 of the apparatus 1804 in FIG 18.

In one example, to send a waveform based on the processed data, the first network node may send the waveform on a physical channel (eg, PUSCH, PDSCH, PSSCH, etc.) in an uplink, downlink, and/or sidelink.

18 is a diagram 1800 of an example of a hardware implementation of an example device 1804. The device 1804 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the device 1804 may include a cellular baseband processor 1824 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 1822 (e.g., a cellular RF transceiver). The cellular baseband processor 1824 may include on-chip memory 1824'. In some aspects, the device 1804 may also include one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) cards 1820 and an application processor 1806 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 1808 and a screen 1810. The application processor 1806 may include on-chip memory 1806'. In some aspects, the device 1804 may also include a Bluetooth module 1812, a WLAN module 1814, a satellite system module 1816 (e.g., a GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 1818 (e.g., an atmospheric pressure sensor/altimeter; a motion sensor such as an inertial management unit (IMU), a gyroscope, and/or an accelerometer; light detection and ranging (LIDAR), radio-aided detection and ranging (RADAR), sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), a magnetometer, audio, and/or other technologies for positioning), an additional memory module 1826, a power supply 1830, and/or a camera 1832. The Bluetooth module 1812, the WLAN module 1814, and the satellite system module 1816 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX)/receiver (RX). The cellular baseband processor 1824 communicates with the UE 104 and/or with a RU associated with the network entity 1802 through the transceiver 1822 via one or more antennas 1880. The cellular baseband processor 1824 and the application processor 1806 may each include a computer-readable medium/memory 1824', 1806', respectively. The additional memory module 1826 may also be considered a computer-readable medium/memory. Each computer-readable medium/memory 1824', 1806', memory module 1826 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 1824 and the application processor 1806 are each responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable medium/memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1824/application processor 1806, enables the cellular baseband processor 1824/application processor 1806 to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable medium/memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1824/application processor 1806 when executing the software. The cellular baseband processor 1824/application processor 1806 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and/or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359. In one configuration, the device 1804 may be a processor chip (modem and/or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 1824 and/or the application processor 1806, while in another configuration, the device 1804 may be the entire UE (e.g., see 350 of FIG. 3) and include additional modules of the device 1804.

As discussed above, the waveform configuration processing component 198 may be configured to receive waveform information from the second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; processing data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; and sending a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type. The waveform configuration processing component 198 may be within the cellular baseband processor 1824, the application processor 1806, or both the cellular baseband processor 1824 and the application processor 1806. The waveform configuration processing component 198 may be one or more hardware components that are specifically configured to perform the process/algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process/algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination of the above. As shown, the device 1804 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1804 (and specifically, the cellular baseband processor 1824 and/or the application processor 1806) includes means for receiving waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; means for processing data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; means for sending a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type; means for applying extension to the data based on the SF; means for sending the waveform on a physical channel in an uplink, downlink, or sidelink; means for applying pulse shaping to the data based on pulse shaping information; means for receiving the waveform in at least one of the following: DCI, RRC signaling, or MAC-CE; means for sending capability information of the first network node to the second network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the first network node. The means may be a waveform configuration processing component 198 of the apparatus 1804 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the device 1804 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller/processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and/or the controller/processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

19 is a flow chart 1900 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a second network node (e.g., base station 102; second network node 1604; network entity 2002). The method may enable the second network node to configure waveforms for multiple transmitters and to receive signals from the multiple transmitters that at least partially overlap each other.

At 1902, the second network node may send waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, such as described in conjunction with FIG. 16. For example, at 1620, the second network node 1604 may send waveform information 1608 to the first network node 1602 and the third to Nth network nodes 1606, wherein the waveform information 1608 includes one or more parameters 1610 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1612 associated with the second waveform type. The sending of the waveform information may be performed by, for example, the waveform configuration indicating component 199 and/or the transceiver 2046 of the network entity 2002 in FIG. 20.

In one example, the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include extended information. In this example, the extended information includes SF.

In another example, the extended information is associated with at least one of: an MCS index value, a modulation order, a target coding rate, or a spectrum efficiency. In this example, the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, or the spectrum efficiency is based on the SF.

In another example, the extension information is associated with at least one of: one or more filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values for the one or more filter taps, or amplitudes.

In another example, the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information.

In another example, the waveform information is sent via at least one of: DCI, RRC signaling, or MAC-CE.

In another example, the second network node may receive capability information from the at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the at least one first network node.

In another example, each first network node of the at least one first network node corresponds to a UE or a component of a UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of a base station.

At 1904, the second network node may receive data from at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, such as described in conjunction with FIG. 16. For example, at 1624, the second network node 1604 may receive processed data from the first network node 1602 and the third to Nth network nodes 1606, wherein the processed data is processed based on one or more parameters 1610 associated with the first waveform type or one or more parameters 1612 associated with the second waveform type. The reception of the data may be performed by, for example, the waveform configuration indication component 199 and/or the transceiver 2046 of the network entity 2002 in FIG. 20.

In one example, data is received via a physical channel in an uplink, downlink, or sidelink.

In another example, to receive data from at least one first network node, the second network node may receive a waveform based on the data, wherein the waveform is of the first waveform type or the second waveform type.

In another example, at least one first network node includes at least a first UE and a second UE, and to receive data from the at least one first network node, the second network node may receive a first transmission from the first UE, the first transmission being processed according to waveform information, wherein the first uplink transmission is received on a first plurality of subcarriers, and the second network node may receive a second transmission from the second UE, the second transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the second uplink transmission is received on a second plurality of subcarriers, wherein the first plurality of subcarriers partially overlap with the second plurality of subcarriers.

20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2002. The network entity 2002 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2002 may include at least one of a CU 2010, a DU 2030, or a RU 2040. For example, based on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 2002 may include a CU 2010; both a CU 2010 and a DU 2030; each of a CU 2010, a DU 2030, and a RU 2040; a DU 2030; both a DU 2030 and a RU 2040; or a RU 2040. The CU 2010 may include a CU processor 2012. The CU processor 2012 may include an on-chip memory 2012'. In some aspects, the CU 2010 may also include an additional memory module 2014. The CU 2010 communicates with the DU 2030. DU 2030 may include a DU processor 2032. DU processor 2032 may include on-chip memory 2032'. In some aspects, DU 2030 may also include an additional memory module 2034. DU 2030 communicates with RU 2040. RU 2040 may include a RU processor 2042. RU processor 2042 may include on-chip memory 2042'. In some aspects, RU 2040 may also include an additional memory module 2044, one or more transceivers 2046, and antenna 2080. RU 2040 communicates with UE 104. On-chip memory 2012', 2032', 2042' and additional memory modules 2014, 2034, 2044 may each be considered a computer-readable medium/memory. Each computer-readable medium/memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 2012, 2032, 2042 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on a computer-readable medium/memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable medium/memory can also be used to store data manipulated by the processor when executing the software.

As discussed above, component 199 is configured to send waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; and receive data from at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. Component 199 may be within one or more processors of one or more of CU 2010, DU 2030, and RU 2040. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components that are specifically configured to perform the process/algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the process/algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination of the above. Network entity 2002 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2002 includes means for sending waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; means for receiving data from the at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; means for receiving capability information from the at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the at least one first network node; means for receiving a waveform based on data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type; means for receiving a first transmission from a first UE, the first transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the first uplink transmission is received on a first plurality of subcarriers; and means for receiving a second transmission from a second UE, the second transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the second uplink transmission is received on a second plurality of subcarriers, wherein the first plurality of subcarriers partially overlap with the second plurality of subcarriers. The means may be a component 199 of the network entity 2002 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described above, the network entity 2002 may include a TX processor 316, an RX processor 370, and a controller/processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and/or the controller/processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.

It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the blocks in the disclosed process/flowchart is merely an illustration of the exemplary method. It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the blocks in the process/flowchart can be rearranged based on design preferences. Further, some blocks can be combined or omitted. The attached method claims provide the elements of each block in a sample order, but are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy provided.

The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not limited to the various aspects described herein, but should be given the full scope consistent with the language claims. Unless otherwise specified, reference to an element in the singular form does not mean "one and only one", but "one or more". Terms such as "if", "when" and "while" do not mean a direct temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, such as "when ...", do not mean an immediate action in response to the occurrence of an action or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if the conditions are met, the action will occur, but no specific or immediate time limit is required for the occurrence of the action. The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "used as an example, instance, or illustration". Any aspect described as "exemplary" herein is not necessarily interpreted as being preferred or having advantages over other aspects. Unless otherwise specified, the term "some" refers to one or more. Combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" include any combination of A, B, and/or C, which may include multiple A, multiple B, or multiple C. Specifically, combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, or C", "at least one of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, and C", and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof" may be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combination may contain one or more members of A, B, or C. A set should be interpreted as a set of elements, where the number of elements is one or more. Thus, for a set of X, X will include one or more elements. If the first device receives data from the second device or sends data to the second device, data can be directly received/sent between the first device and the second device, or data can be indirectly received/sent between the first device and the second device by a collection of devices. All structural and functional equivalents that are known or will be known later to those of ordinary skill in the art throughout the elements of the various aspects described in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference, and are covered by the claims. In addition, anything disclosed herein is not intended to be dedicated to the public, regardless of whether such disclosures are explicitly stated in the claims. "Module", "mechanism", "element", "equipment" and other words cannot replace the word "component". Therefore, no claim element will be understood as a functional component unless the element is explicitly recorded using the phrase "component for...".

As used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, etc. In other words, the phrase "based on A" (where "A" can be information, a condition, a factor, etc.) should be interpreted as "based at least on A" unless specifically stated differently.

The following aspects are merely illustrative and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without limitation.

Aspect 1 is an apparatus for performing wireless communications, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the memory and configured to: receive waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information comprises at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; process data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; and send a waveform based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type.

Aspect 2 is the apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include extended information.

Aspect 3 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 and 2, wherein the extended information includes SF.

Aspect 4 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein in order to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the at least one processor is configured to: apply extension to the data based on the SF.

Aspect 5 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the extension applied to the data corresponds to a set of resources, and wherein, in order to send the waveform based on the processed data, the at least one processor is configured to send the waveform on one or more subcarriers of the set of resources, wherein the amount of the one or more subcarriers is based on the SF.

Aspect 6 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of the following: an MCS index value, a modulation order, a target decoding rate, or a spectrum efficiency.

Aspect 7 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target decoding rate or the spectral efficiency is based on the SF.

Aspect 8 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of the following: one or more filters to be applied to the data, the number of filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values, or amplitudes for the one or more filter taps.

Aspect 9 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein in order to send the waveform based on the processed data, the at least one processor is configured to send the waveform on a physical channel in an uplink, a downlink, or a sidelink.

Aspect 10 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information.

Aspect 11 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein in order to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the at least one processor is configured to: apply pulse shaping to the data based on the pulse shaping information.

Aspect 12 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein, in order to receive the waveform information from the second network node, the at least one processor is configured to receive the waveform in at least one of the following: DCI, RRC signaling, or MAC-CE.

Aspect 13 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: send capability information of the first network node to the second network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the first network node.

Aspect 14 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the first network node corresponds to a UE or a component of the UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of the base station.

Aspect 15 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the data comprises a data symbol, a demodulation reference signal, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 16 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 15, the apparatus further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

Aspect 17 is a method for implementing wireless communication of any one of aspects 1 to 16.

Aspect 18 is an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any one of aspects 1 to 16.

Aspect 19 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 1 to 16.

Aspect 20 is an apparatus for performing wireless communications, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the memory and configured to: send waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information comprises at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; and receive data from the at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type.

Aspect 21 is the apparatus according to aspect 20, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include extended information.

Aspect 22 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 and 21, wherein the extended information includes a SF.

Aspect 23 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 and 22, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of the following: an MCS index value, a modulation order, a target decoding rate, or a spectrum efficiency.

Aspect 24 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 and 23, wherein the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, or the spectral efficiency is based on the SF.

Aspect 25 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 20 and 24, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of: one or more filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values for the one or more filter taps, or amplitudes.

Aspect 26 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 and 25, wherein the data is received via a physical channel in an uplink, a downlink, or a sidelink.

Aspect 27 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 26, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information.

Aspect 28 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 27, wherein the waveform information is sent via at least one of the following: DCI, RRC signaling, or MAC-CE.

Aspect 29 is an apparatus according to any one of Aspects 20 to 28, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive capability information from the at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the at least one first network node.

Aspect 30 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 29, wherein each of the at least one first network node corresponds to a UE or a component of the UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of the base station.

Aspect 31 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 30, wherein in order to receive the data from the at least one first network node, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a waveform based on the data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type.

Aspect 32 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 31, wherein the at least one first network node includes at least a first UE and a second UE, and wherein in order to receive the data from the at least one first network node, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a first transmission from the first UE, the first transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the first uplink transmission is received on a first plurality of subcarriers; and receive a second transmission from the second UE, the second transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the second uplink transmission is received on a second plurality of subcarriers, wherein the first plurality of subcarriers partially overlap with the second plurality of subcarriers.

Aspect 33 is an apparatus according to any one of aspects 20 to 32, the apparatus further comprising at least one of a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor.

Aspect 34 is a method for implementing wireless communication of any one of aspects 20 to 33.

Aspect 35 is an apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising means for implementing any one of aspects 20 to 33.

Aspect 36 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 20 to 33.

Claims (30)

1. A first network node for wireless communication, the first network node comprising: Memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receiving waveform information from the second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of the following: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; processing data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; and A waveform is transmitted based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type. 2 . The first network node according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters comprise extension information. The first network node according to claim 2 , wherein the spreading information comprises a spreading factor (SF). 4. The first network node of claim 3, wherein, to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the at least one processor is configured to: Extension is applied to the data based on the SF. 5. The first network node of claim 4 , wherein the extension applied to the data corresponds to a set of resources, and wherein, to transmit the waveform based on the processed data, the at least one processor is configured to transmit the waveform on one or more subcarriers of the set of resources, wherein an amount of the one or more subcarriers is based on the SF. 6. The first network node according to claim 3, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of the following: a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value, a modulation order, a target coding rate, or a spectrum efficiency. 7 . The first network node according to claim 6 , wherein the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, or the spectrum efficiency is based on the SF. 8. A first network node according to claim 2, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of the following: one or more filters to be applied to the data, the number of filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values for the one or more filter taps, or amplitudes. 9. The first network node of claim 1, wherein to send the waveform based on the processed data, the at least one processor is configured to send the waveform on a physical channel in an uplink, a downlink, or a sidelink. 10. The first network node of claim 1, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information. 11. The first network node of claim 10, wherein, to process the data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type, the at least one processor is configured to: Pulse shaping is applied to the data based on the pulse shaping information. 12. The first network node of claim 1 , wherein, to receive the waveform information from the second network node, the at least one processor is configured to receive the waveform in at least one of: downlink control information (DCI), radio resource control (RRC) signaling, or medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) (MAC-CE). 13. The first network node of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Capability information of the first network node is sent to the second network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the first network node. 14. The first network node of claim 1, wherein the first network node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a component of the UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of the base station. 15. The first network node of claim 1, wherein the data comprises data symbols, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, or a combination thereof. 16. A method of wireless communication performed by a first network node, the method comprising: receiving waveform information from a second network node, wherein the waveform information includes at least one of: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; processing data based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type; and A waveform is transmitted based on the processed data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type. 17. A second network node for wireless communication, the second network node comprising: Memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: sending waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information comprises at least one of: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; and Data is received from the at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type. 18. The second network node according to claim 17, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters comprise extension information. 19. The second network node according to claim 18, wherein the spreading information comprises a spreading factor (SF). 20. The second network node according to claim 19, wherein the extended information is associated with at least one of: a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value, a modulation order, a target coding rate, or a spectrum efficiency. 21. The second network node according to claim 20, wherein the MCS index value, the modulation order, the target coding rate, or the spectrum efficiency is based on the SF. 22. The second network node of claim 18, wherein the extension information is associated with at least one of: one or more filters to be applied to the data, one or more filter taps to be applied to the data, one or more coefficient values for the one or more filter taps, or amplitudes. 23. The second network node of claim 17, wherein the data is received via a physical channel in an uplink, a downlink, or a sidelink. 24. The second network node of claim 17, wherein the one or more first parameters or the one or more second parameters include pulse shaping information. 25. The second network node of claim 17, wherein the waveform information is sent via at least one of: downlink control information (DCI), radio resource control (RRC) signaling, or medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) (MAC-CE). 26. The second network node of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Capability information is received from the at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information is based on the capability information of the at least one first network node. 27. The second network node of claim 17, wherein each of the at least one first network node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a component of the UE, and the second network node corresponds to a base station or one or more components of the base station. 28. The second network node of claim 17, wherein to receive the data from the at least one first network node, the at least one processor is configured to: A waveform is received based on the data, wherein the waveform is the first waveform type or the second waveform type. 29. The second network node of claim 17, wherein the at least one first network node comprises at least a first user equipment (UE) and a second UE, and wherein to receive the data from the at least one first network node, the at least one processor is configured to: receiving a first transmission from the first UE, the first transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the first transmission is received over a first plurality of subcarriers; and A second transmission is received from the second UE, the second transmission being processed according to the waveform information, wherein the second transmission is received over a second plurality of subcarriers, wherein the first plurality of subcarriers partially overlap with the second plurality of subcarriers. 30. A method of wireless communication performed by a second network node, the method comprising: sending waveform information to at least one first network node, wherein the waveform information comprises at least one of: one or more first parameters associated with a first waveform type, or one or more second parameters associated with a second waveform type; and Data is received from the at least one first network node, wherein the data is processed based on the one or more first parameters associated with the first waveform type or the one or more second parameters associated with the second waveform type.