CN114279891A - Gas production rate in-situ measurement method in thermal runaway process of lithium ion battery - Google Patents

Gas production rate in-situ measurement method in thermal runaway process of lithium ion battery Download PDF

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CN114279891A
CN114279891A CN202111640356.8A CN202111640356A CN114279891A CN 114279891 A CN114279891 A CN 114279891A CN 202111640356 A CN202111640356 A CN 202111640356A CN 114279891 A CN114279891 A CN 114279891A
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thermal runaway
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CN114279891B (en
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王青松
秦鹏
程志翔
贾壮壮
金凯强
姜丽华
段强领
孙金华
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University of Science and Technology of China USTC
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Abstract

本发明提供一种锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，首先，将电池测量系统放在天平上，并将导流通道用铁丝固定在电池安全阀上口处，皮托管伸入导流通道内，距安全阀3‑5mm。其次，将电池加热至热失控，获得该过程中气体压力变化曲线和电池质量变化曲线；再次，对电池受热安全测量系统和天平进行受力分析，建立平衡方程；进一步的，建立瞬态质量变化微分方程，其中，电池单位时间质量变化全部来自于单位时间内逸散气体质量；最后根据皮托管的流体压力和流速的关系，带入瞬态质量守恒方程，消除气体密度，获得产气速率和瞬时压力、压力变化率以及电池质量变化率之间的关系。通过该产气速率的计算，可以减轻甚至消除锂电池热失控危害，设计与之匹配的热失控抑制系统与热失控防护系统。

Figure 202111640356

The invention provides an in-situ measurement method for the gas production rate during the thermal runaway of a lithium ion battery. First, a battery measurement system is placed on a balance, a diversion channel is fixed at the upper opening of the battery safety valve with an iron wire, and a pitot tube extends into the balance. In the diversion channel, 3‑5mm from the safety valve. Secondly, heat the battery to thermal runaway, and obtain the gas pressure change curve and battery mass change curve during the process; thirdly, analyze the force of the battery thermal safety measurement system and the balance to establish the balance equation; further, establish the transient mass change Differential equation, in which, the mass change per unit time of the battery comes from the mass of the escaped gas per unit time; finally, according to the relationship between the fluid pressure and flow rate of the Pitot tube, the transient mass conservation equation is brought into, and the gas density is eliminated to obtain the gas production rate and Relationship between instantaneous pressure, rate of pressure change, and rate of change of battery mass. Through the calculation of the gas production rate, the thermal runaway hazards of lithium batteries can be reduced or even eliminated, and a thermal runaway suppression system and thermal runaway protection system matching it can be designed.

Figure 202111640356

Description

Gas production rate in-situ measurement method in thermal runaway process of lithium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries, and relates to an in-situ measurement method for gas production rate in a thermal runaway process of a lithium ion battery.
Background
At present, the lithium iron phosphate square battery is widely applied to important fields such as electric vehicles, electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, and meanwhile, the requirements of application scenes on the scale and the working rate of the lithium ion battery are increasingly improved. However, large-scale lithium ion batteries generate a large amount of heat in a high-rate operating state, which causes a rapid increase in battery temperature. Because the capacity of the lithium ion battery is easy to be attenuated at high temperature and the risk of thermal runaway exists, and because the thermal runaway gas generation of the lithium ion battery is flammable and explosive, the thermal management problem and the thermal runaway problem of the large-scale lithium ion battery under high charge and discharge multiplying power gradually become hot spots for research. Therefore, in order to reduce or even eliminate the thermal runaway hazard of the lithium ion battery, a thermal runaway suppression system and a thermal runaway protection system matched with the thermal runaway suppression system must be designed. The design of both is premised on the need to solve for the rate and amount of gas production by the target cell during operation or thermal runaway. Therefore, calculating the gas production rate of the battery is a key problem of a thermal runaway suppression system or a thermal runaway protection system of the lithium ion battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an in-situ measurement method for gas production rate of a lithium ion battery in a thermal runaway process, which can obtain the gas production rate of the lithium ion battery in the thermal runaway process by measuring the pressure change of the gas production of the lithium ion battery and the mass change of balance measurement through a pitot tube.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme: an in-situ measurement method for gas production rate in a thermal runaway process of a lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
fixing a battery to be tested, a heating plate and heat insulation cotton by using a clamp, fixing a flow guide channel above a battery safety valve by using an iron wire, and stably placing the flow guide channel on a balance;
step two, the pitot tube is stretched into the flow guide channel and is 3-5mm away from the safety valve, the heating plate is opened, and a gas pressure change curve and a mass change curve of the tested battery during gas production are recorded;
thirdly, carrying out stress analysis on a battery testing system comprising the battery to be tested, the heating plate, the flow guide channel and the clamp and a balance, establishing a balance equation and a differential equation of transient mass change, and solving the nearest relation among the mass change of the battery in unit time, the gas pressure change in unit time and the mass change curve in unit time;
and step four, establishing a relational expression between the fluid pressure and the fluid flow rate according to a pitot tube principle, and bringing the relational expression into a differential equation to obtain the relation between the gas flow rate and the instantaneous pressure, the pressure change rate and the mass change rate.
Further, the flow guide channel in the step one is an iron mechanical device with the length of 36.5mm, the width of 28mm and the height of 30mm, an elliptical hole with the same size as the battery safety valve is hollowed in the center of the flow guide channel, so that conical air flow sprayed out by the battery safety valve is achieved, the air flow cross section area and the battery safety valve are the same in a pitot tube test area, and the test flow rate and the outlet flow rate are the same.
Further, the pressure change curve in the second step is obtained from the change of the pressure of the fluid area measured by the pitot tube with time.
Further, the change curve of the mass in the second step is a change curve of the mass measured by the balance over time, and the mass measured by the balance comprises the mass of the battery and the gas reaction force.
Further, the lithium ion battery is a square lithium iron phosphate battery.
Further, the step three of analyzing the stress of the battery test system and the balance specifically includes: the equilibrium equation is as follows:
MDisplayg＝PA+MActualg
wherein g, A and P are respectively local gravity acceleration, safety valve cross section area, pitot tube instantaneous pressure and MDisplayAnd MActualRespectively displaying the mass and the actual mass of the battery for the balance;
differential equation of transient mass change:
Figure BDA0003442775800000021
Figure BDA0003442775800000022
wherein ρ, v, and a are density, velocity, and flux of gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery under test, respectively.
Further, the fourth step specifically comprises: according to the pitot tube principle, a relationship between fluid pressure and fluid flow rate is established as follows:
Figure BDA0003442775800000023
wherein epsilon is a pitot tube coefficient, rho and v are the density and the speed of gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery respectively, and P is the instantaneous pressure of the pitot tube;
eliminating gas density, and obtaining a gas production flow rate expression as follows:
Figure BDA0003442775800000031
has the advantages that:
according to the invention, the gas production rate of the lithium ion battery in the thermal runaway process is obtained by measuring the pressure change of the gas produced by the lithium ion battery through the pitot tube and measuring the mass change through the balance, and the gas production rate of the battery is a key problem of a thermal runaway suppression system or a thermal runaway protection system of the lithium ion battery, so that the combustion and deflagration risks of thermal runaway gas production can be effectively estimated. Through the calculation of the gas production rate, the design of a battery box body and a thermal runaway early warning system can be effectively guided, so that the thermal runaway hazard of the lithium ion battery is reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a gas production measuring device of a lithium ion battery according to the present invention. In the figure, 1-a pitot tube, 2-a balance, 3-a lithium ion battery, 4-a heating plate, 5-a flow guide channel, 6-a clamp and 7-heat insulation cotton.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of an actual apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a graph showing the change in mass of the balance measured in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a graph showing the rate of change of mass of the balance measured in the first example of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the pressure change measured in the first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a graph illustrating a variation of gas production rate of a lithium ion battery according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following specific embodiments.
Example one
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to a square lithium iron phosphate battery, which is heated at 500W. The method is established by four steps:
firstly, fixing a lithium ion battery 3 to be tested, a heating plate 4 and heat insulation cotton 7 by using a clamp 6, fixing the flow guide channel 5 above a battery safety valve by using an iron wire by using a flow guide channel 5 matched with the size of the lithium iron phosphate battery safety valve, screwing a nut, stably placing the balance 2 and zeroing the balance;
and step two, the pitot tube 1 is stretched into the flow guide channel 5, is 3-5mm away from the safety valve, is connected with external monitoring software, and returns the air pressure data to 0. Opening the heating plate 4, and recording a gas pressure change curve and a mass change curve during the thermal runaway of the battery;
thirdly, carrying out stress analysis on a battery testing system comprising the battery to be tested, the heating plate, the flow guide channel and the clamp and a balance, and establishing a balance equation and a differential equation of transient mass change so as to solve the relationship among mass change of the battery in unit time, gas pressure change in unit time and a mass change curve in unit time;
and step four, establishing a relational expression between the fluid pressure and the fluid flow rate according to a pitot tube principle, and bringing the relational expression into a differential equation to obtain the relation between the flow rate and the instantaneous pressure, the pressure change rate and the mass change rate.
Further, the flow guide channel in the step one is an iron mechanical device with the length of 36.5mm, the width of 28mm and the height of 30mm, an elliptical hole with the same size as the battery safety valve is hollowed in the center of the flow guide channel, so that conical air flow sprayed out by the battery safety valve is achieved, the air flow cross section area and the battery safety valve are the same in a pitot tube test area, and the test flow rate and the outlet flow rate are the same.
Further, the pressure change curve in the second step is obtained from the change of the pressure of the fluid area measured by the pitot tube with time.
Further, the change curve of the mass in the second step is a change curve of the mass measured by the balance over time, and the mass measured by the balance comprises the mass of the battery and the gas reaction force.
Further, the step three of analyzing the stress of the battery test system and the balance specifically includes: the equilibrium equation is as follows:
MDisplayg＝PA+MActualg
wherein g, A and P are respectively local gravity acceleration, safety valve cross section area, pitot tube instantaneous pressure and MDisplayAnd MActualRespectively displaying mass and battery for balanceActual mass;
differential equation of transient mass change:
Figure BDA0003442775800000041
Figure BDA0003442775800000042
wherein ρ, v, and a are density, velocity, and flux of gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery under test, respectively.
Further, the fourth step specifically comprises: according to the pitot tube principle, a relationship between fluid pressure and fluid flow rate is established as follows:
Figure BDA0003442775800000043
wherein epsilon is a pitot tube coefficient, rho and v are the density and the speed of gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery respectively, and P is the instantaneous pressure of the pitot tube;
eliminating gas density, and obtaining a gas production flow rate expression as follows:
Figure BDA0003442775800000051
it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1.一种锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于，包含以下步骤：1. a method for measuring gas production rate in situ in a lithium ion battery thermal runaway process, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps: 步骤一，用夹具将被测试的电池、加热板和隔热棉固定好，并用铁丝将导流通道固定在电池安全阀上方，稳定放置在天平上；Step 1: Fix the battery to be tested, the heating plate and the insulation cotton with a fixture, and fix the diversion channel above the battery safety valve with an iron wire, and place it on the balance stably; 步骤二，将皮托管伸入导流通道内，距安全阀3-5mm，打开加热板，记录下被测试的电池产气期间的气体压力变化曲线和质量变化曲线；Step 2, extend the pitot tube into the diversion channel, 3-5mm away from the safety valve, turn on the heating plate, and record the gas pressure change curve and mass change curve of the tested battery during gas production; 步骤三，对包括被测试的电池、加热板、导流通道和夹具的电池测试系统和天平进行受力分析，建立平衡方程和瞬态质量变化的微分方程，求解电池单位时间内质量变化、单位时间内气体压力变化和单位时间内质量变化曲线最近的关系；Step 3: Perform force analysis on the battery test system and balance including the battery under test, heating plate, diversion channel and fixture, establish the balance equation and the differential equation of the transient mass change, and solve the battery mass change per unit time, unit The closest relationship between the gas pressure change in time and the mass change curve per unit time; 步骤四，根据皮托管原理，建立流体压力和流体流速之间的关系式，并带入到微分方程中，得到气体流速和瞬时压力、压力变化率以及质量变化率之间的关系。Step 4: According to the Pitot tube principle, establish the relationship between the fluid pressure and the fluid flow rate, and bring it into the differential equation to obtain the relationship between the gas flow rate and the instantaneous pressure, the pressure change rate and the mass change rate. 2.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述步骤一中的导流通道为长36.5mm，宽28mm，高30mm的铁质机械装置，在其中心处挖空出一个与电池安全阀等尺寸的椭圆孔，以将电池安全阀喷出的锥形气流，在皮托管测试区域保证气流截面积和电池安全阀相同，保证测试流速和出口流速相同。2. The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate during thermal runaway of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein the diversion channel in the step 1 is a ferrous machine with a length of 36.5mm, a width of 28mm and a height of 30mm. The device, hollowed out an oval hole with the same size as the battery safety valve in its center, so that the conical airflow ejected from the battery safety valve can ensure that the air flow cross-sectional area is the same as that of the battery safety valve in the pitot tube test area, and the test flow rate is guaranteed. the same as the outlet flow rate. 3.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述步骤二中的压力变化曲线由皮托管所测得的流体区域的压力随时间的变化获得。3. The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate in the process of thermal runaway of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: the pressure change curve in the step 2 is measured by the pressure of the fluid region measured by the pitot tube over time. Changes are obtained. 4.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述步骤二中的质量变化曲线，是天平测得的质量随时间的变化曲线，所述天平测得的质量包括电池质量和气体反作用力。4. The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate in the thermal runaway process of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the mass change curve in the described step 2 is the change curve of the quality over time measured by the balance, so the The mass measured by the balance includes battery mass and gas reaction force. 5.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述步骤三中对电池测试系统和天平进行受力分析具体包括：所述平衡方程如下：5. The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate in a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway process according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, force analysis is carried out to the battery test system and the balance and specifically includes: the balance equation is as follows: : MDisplayg＝PA+MActualgM Display g=PA+M Actual g 其中，g，A，P分别为当地重力加速度，安全阀截面积，皮托管瞬时压力，MDisplay与MActual分别为天平显示质量和电池实际质量；Among them, g, A, and P are the local gravitational acceleration, the cross-sectional area of the safety valve, the instantaneous pressure of the pitot tube, and M Display and M Actual are the display mass of the balance and the actual mass of the battery, respectively; 瞬态质量变化的微分方程：Differential equation for transient mass change:
Figure FDA0003442775790000021
Figure FDA0003442775790000021
Figure FDA0003442775790000022
Figure FDA0003442775790000022
 其中，ρ，v，A分别为被测试的电池热失控瞬时所产生气体的密度、速度、与流量通量。Among them, ρ, v, A are the density, velocity, and flow flux of the gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery under test, respectively. 6.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述锂离子电池为方型磷酸铁锂电池。6 . The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate during thermal runaway of a lithium ion battery according to claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery is a square lithium iron phosphate battery. 7 . 7.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池热失控过程中产气速率原位测量方法，其特征在于：所述步骤四的具体步骤为：根据皮托管原理，建立流体压力和流体流速之间的关系式，关系式如下：7. The method for in-situ measurement of gas production rate in the thermal runaway process of lithium ion battery according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the concrete steps of described step 4 are: according to Pitot tube principle, establish the difference between fluid pressure and fluid flow rate. The relational formula is as follows:
Figure FDA0003442775790000023
Figure FDA0003442775790000023
 其中，ε为皮托管系数，ρ和v分别为电池热失控瞬时所产生气体的密度，速度，P为皮托管瞬时压力；Among them, ε is the pitot tube coefficient, ρ and v are the density and velocity of the gas generated at the moment of thermal runaway of the battery, respectively, and P is the instantaneous pressure of the pitot tube; 消除气体密度，所得到的产气流速表达式为：Eliminating the gas density, the resulting gas flow rate is expressed as:
Figure FDA0003442775790000024
Figure FDA0003442775790000024
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CN117933004A (en) * 2023-12-14 2024-04-26 浙江大学 Lithium battery safety valve opening prediction simulation method considering pretightening force

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