CN113655292B - Self-extracting energy electric field measurement sensor based on multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure - Google Patents
Self-extracting energy electric field measurement sensor based on multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, which comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module; the PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N-layer middle electrode and an N-th electrode; the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measurement module; the electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environment ix The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Every two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy taking module; the integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit; the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force U ix Signal conditioning is carried out; the energy flow control unit is used for controlling the energy flow according to the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not. The invention can realize reliable measurement of the electric field, has the self-taking capability of stabilizing the electric field, has stable output power, can provide continuous energy supply for continuous on-line monitoring and detection, and avoids the condition of insufficient power supply in part of time periods.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electrical equipment and electrical engineering, in particular to a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure.
Background
The rapid construction of ubiquitous power internet of things, energy internet and transparent power grid requires a large number of distributed sensors for signal acquisition. The electric field signal is used as an important parameter source for evaluating the running stability of the system, a great deal of research is mainly conducted around improving the measurement performance of the electric field sensor at present, however, a reliable solution is not available at present, and the electric field sensor has a stable self-energy-taking function when realizing accurate measurement.
The self-energy-taking design is used for reducing inconvenience caused by periodic replacement of the battery by the sensor for on-site operation maintenance, providing continuous energy supply for the distributed sensing terminal, enabling the electric field sensor to continuously monitor in each link of the electric power system, and simultaneously not affecting the stability of the system operation. In the existing self-energy-taking technology, the solar energy and wind energy-based acquisition technology is limited by environmental factors, has strong dependence on illuminance and wind power level, and has relatively large volume of an induction module and higher power control difficulty; the micro-vibration energy taking technology based on the piezoelectric effect needs to measure the existence of a stable vibration source in the environment, so that the wide layout of the electric field sensor is limited; the induction energy-taking mode based on the current transformer needs to be in direct contact with the power transmission line through the induction energy-taking ring, under the large-area outdoor power supply environment, the energy-taking coil module is embedded and supported on the overhead line, the insulation fault problem possibly brought by the direct contact of the device and the overhead line is solved, the installation and operation maintenance technical problem is outstanding, the uncertain factors can be increased for the power system due to additional component installation, and the threat brought to the operation safety and stability of the power system is solved.
In the application environment of the electric field sensor, the most direct energy source is an electric field, and the current electric field induction energy-taking technology has been partially researched, but the optimization and design of a rear-end processing circuit are mainly focused, and the induction capability difference of a front-end induction polar plate is ignored. Due to the lack of a refined design of a front-end capacitor structure of the energy-taking device, the sensitivity induction performance and the conversion efficiency of the energy-taking electrode are required to be further improved. Meanwhile, how to actually measure the electric field through the sensor, and control the on-off of the electric field energy taking module, so as to provide stable energy supply for the integrated control module, no effective solution exists at present, and interference analysis of an energy taking structure on the electric field measuring module under a complex environment is lacking, so that improvement and optimization of a device structure and a hierarchical energy taking method are necessary.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure, which comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module.
The PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N layer middle electrode and an N electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d.
The 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module.
The 1 st electrode is filled and packaged by adopting an insulating material.
The 1 st electrode, the N-layer intermediate electrode and the N electrode show equipotential distribution in an electric field environment. Each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB. The directions of the spiral line groups of every two adjacent layers of electrodes are opposite. The filling thickness d between every two adjacent layers of electrodes 0 Is a dielectric material of the semiconductor device.
The electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
The determining factors of the layer number m of the PCB spiral electrode array and the electrode distance d between two adjacent layers comprise the electric field environment and the equivalent power P of a single-layer electrode c 。
Wherein, equivalent power P of single-layer electrode c The following is shown:
wherein E is ener Equivalent capacitance induction energy for a single layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy of single-layer electrodeE ener The following is shown:
wherein E is ix And a theoretical electric field calculated for finite element simulation at the center position of the single-layer polar plate. C (C) ix The capacitors are cascaded for single-layer electrodes.
Single-layer electrode cascade capacitor C ix The following is shown:
wherein d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes. d, d 0 Is the thickness of the insulating material filled between two adjacent layers of electrodes. Epsilon 1 、ε 2 The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material and the insulating material, respectively. S is S L Is the equivalent area of the spiral set wound on the single-layer electrode.
Equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral group L The following is shown:
S l ＝a l L c
wherein a is l The spiral width is wound on the single-layer electrode. L (L) c Is a single layer electrode perimeter.
The single layer electrode perimeter is shown below:
wherein h is the distance between the planar spiral coils and h. n is the number of single-layer spiral turns. k is the length of less than one turn at the end of the thread. r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring, r' 0 The radius of the inner circle of the spiral ring is the central angle theta.
The electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environment ix And the transient electromotive force U ix And transmitting the signal to an electric field signal flow processing unit.
The 2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein every two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy taking module, so that N induction energy taking modules are obtained. The n induction energy taking modules form an induction energy taking module array. The middle electrode of the lower layer in each induction energy taking module is grounded.
The integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force U ix Signal conditioning is carried out to obtain a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ 。
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ And the electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized. The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module.
The signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplifying module and an A/D conversion module.
The filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplifying module.
The differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module.
The A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor.
The microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ 。
The microprocessor transmits the standard transient electromotive force U through a wireless transmission module ix’ And the electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized.
The microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are mutually independent.
The electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the low-frequency signal channel.
The electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the high-frequency signal channel.
When the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, judging whether the sensor operates normally or not, and taking the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy taking module. The mode for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: judging whether the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is greater than a preset threshold value, if so, normally operating the sensor;
when the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, judging whether partial discharge or overvoltage impact occurs in the area where the sensor is located.
The energy flow control unit receives and stores energy of the inductive energy taking module array.
The energy flow control unit is used for controlling the energy flow according to the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not.
The energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
The energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transitional energy storage capacitors, n discharging control modules and a microprocessor.
The x power control module is connected with the x induction energy taking module, divides the voltage of the x induction energy taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the x rectifying circuit.
And the rectification circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the xth transition energy storage capacitor.
The x-th transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measurement module through the x-th discharge control module.
The microprocessor controls the discharge of the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the x-th discharge control module.
The rule of the microprocessor for controlling the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) Judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to work normally, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, enabling x=x+1, and entering step 2). The initial value of x is 0.
2) And (3) conducting the xth discharge control module to enable the xth transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step (1).
It is worth noting that, this patent proposes the electric field sensor that has stable electric field from getting energy and accurate measurement concurrently, and its sensing electrode module accomplishes signal induction and energy acquisition based on PCB board "sandwich" embedded structure to when improving electric field sensing ability, miniaturized sensing electrode device, and then control the break-make order of follow-up logic circuit through the actual measurement electric field, realize the level and get energy in real time. Through disconnect-type modularized design, adopt the upper strata and the spiral electrode of lower floor as signal measurement module, adopt multilayer spiral electrode to constitute multilayer electric capacity array and realize that the electric field gets can, finally realize energy flow and the cooperative control of information flow path through integrated control module, make the electric field energy of gathering serve electric field measurement module operation, under the circumstances that electric power internet of things data monitoring terminal quantity increases suddenly, seek that the degree of integration is high, dynamic sensing ability is better, satisfy real-time energy demand, insulating properties is comparatively good front end electric field induction structure, have important meaning.
The technical effects of the invention are undoubtedly that the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) The invention provides a miniaturized sensor, which can realize stable and reliable self-energy taking.
2) The invention can realize reliable measurement of the electric field, has the self-taking capability of stabilizing the electric field, has stable output power, can provide continuous energy supply for continuous on-line monitoring and detection, and avoids the condition of insufficient power supply in part of time periods.
3) According to the invention, energy and signal induction are realized simultaneously through the integrated electrode structure, an electric field measurement electrode group is formed by using the uppermost electrode plate, energy collection is realized by using the other electrode structures, a signal passage and an energy passage are integrated in a control module below an induction end, the whole size of the sensor is greatly reduced, the electric field sensor has stable measurement and self-energy-taking capacity, the electric field measurement module, the induction energy-taking module and the integrated control module independently operate, and the signal passage and the energy passage are not interfered with each other;
4) A multilayer capacitor array is formed on a PCB substrate by adopting a sandwich model, a sensor measuring module and a self-energy-taking sensing module are respectively formed, a multilayer spiral plane electrode structure is designed, and each layer of electrodes are distributed in an equipotential manner, so that no eddy current or insulation problem exists between the same layer of electrodes; the adjacent electrodes adopt opposite thread distribution directions, so that interlayer interference can be reduced, and electric field induction efficiency is improved, so that the energy taking requirement of the distributed electric field sensor is met;
5) According to the invention, a hierarchical energy taking control method is adopted, and each layer of energy taking unit is started and stopped according to the dynamic electric field change curve of the sensor, so that the smooth switching of the sensor in a full-load mode and a local working mode is ensured, and energy is taken layer by layer in a time-sharing manner, thereby improving the energy taking stability of the whole device in a complex environment.
6) The invention adopts the energy-taking voltage-stabilizing transition circuit, ensures that electric energy is continuously and stably transited from the energy-taking front end to the application end, has better voltage drop control and smaller switching noise, and meets the energy-taking requirement among all modules of the whole sensor.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a multi-layered spiral electrode self-energized electric field sensor;
FIG. 2 is an energy flow control unit;
FIG. 3 is a flow and method of power dynamics control;
FIG. 4 is a power control module;
FIG. 5 is an on-off control module;
FIG. 6 shows an electric field measurement and self-energy-extracting sensor structure.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described below with reference to examples, but it should not be construed that the scope of the above subject matter of the present invention is limited to the following examples. Various substitutions and alterations are made according to the ordinary skill and familiar means of the art without departing from the technical spirit of the invention, and all such substitutions and alterations are intended to be included in the scope of the invention.
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1 to 6, the self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure includes a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module.
The PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N layer middle electrode and an N electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d.
The 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measuring module.
The 1 st electrode is filled and packaged by adopting an insulating material.
The 1 st electrode, the N-layer intermediate electrode and the N electrode show equipotential distribution in an electric field environment. Each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB. The directions of the spiral line groups of every two adjacent layers of electrodes are opposite. The filling thickness d between every two adjacent layers of electrodes 0 Is a dielectric material of the semiconductor device.
The electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
The determining factors of the layer number m of the PCB spiral electrode array and the electrode distance d between two adjacent layers comprise the electric field environment and the equivalent power P of a single-layer electrode c 。
Wherein, equivalent power P of single-layer electrode c The following is shown:
wherein E is ener Equivalent capacitance induction energy for a single layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy E of single-layer electrode ener The following is shown:
wherein E is ix And a theoretical electric field calculated for finite element simulation at the center position of the single-layer polar plate. C (C) ix The capacitors are cascaded for single-layer electrodes.
Single-layer electrode cascade capacitor C ix The following is shown:
wherein d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes. d, d 0 Is the thickness of the insulating material filled between two adjacent layers of electrodes. Epsilon 1 、ε 2 The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material (copper) and the insulating material (epoxy resin), respectively; . S is S L Is the equivalent area of the spiral set wound on the single-layer electrode.
Equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral group L The following is shown:
S l ＝a l L c
wherein a is l The spiral width is wound on the single-layer electrode. L (L) c Is a single layer electrode perimeter.
The single layer electrode perimeter is shown below:
wherein h is the distance between the planar spiral coils and h. n is the number of single-layer spiral turns. k is the length of less than one turn at the end of the thread. r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring, r' 0 The radius of the inner circle of the spiral ring is the central angle theta.
The electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environment ix And the transient electromotive force U ix And transmitting the signal to an electric field signal flow processing unit.
The 2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein every two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy taking module, so that N induction energy taking modules are obtained. The n induction energy taking modules form an induction energy taking module array. The middle electrode of the lower layer in each induction energy taking module is grounded.
The integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force U ix Signal conditioning is carried out to obtain a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ 。
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ And the electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized. The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module.
The signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplifying module and an A/D conversion module.
The filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplifying module.
The differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module.
The A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor.
The microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ 。
The microprocessor transmits the standard transient electromotive force U through a wireless transmission module ix’ And the electric field is wirelessly transmitted to an external communication node, so that the real-time monitoring of the electric field is realized.
The microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit.
The electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are mutually independent.
The electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the low-frequency signal channel.
The electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the high-frequency signal channel.
When the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, judging whether the sensor operates normally or not, and taking the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy taking module. The low frequency is 200Hz or less, and the high frequency is 200Hz or more.
The control reference mode is as follows: and presetting an electromotive force expected range, if the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is smaller than the electromotive force expected range, increasing the number of on-off of the transmission switch, and reducing the signal transmission times, thereby reducing the overall power consumption. If the low-frequency steady-state electromotive force is in or higher than the expected range, the number and frequency of on-off of the signal transmission switches are maintained;
the mode for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: judging whether the frequency parameter is in a range of 0,1000 Hz, and judging whether the amplitude of the output signal of the sensor is larger than the theoretical value of a specific measuring point, if so, the sensor is normal. The theoretical value can be calculated by a standard field source or measured by a calibrated electric field instrument.
In this embodiment, the normal running state sensor measurement system should have a measurement environment of a steady-state voltage system of 50Hz or 60Hz, so that the low-frequency signal in this embodiment is in a state of steady-state signal.
When the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, judging whether partial discharge or overvoltage impact occurs in the area where the sensor is located. The overvoltage impact waveform is higher than 1kHz and is used as the stage of standard partial discharge ultraviolet frequency band [20kHz,300MHz ]; the overvoltage is generally considered to be distributed within 1kHz to 100 MHz;
the energy flow control unit receives and stores energy of the inductive energy taking module array.
The energy flow control unit is used for controlling the energy flow according to the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ And judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not.
The energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
The energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transitional energy storage capacitors, n discharging control modules and a microprocessor.
The x power control module is connected with the x induction energy taking module, divides the voltage of the x induction energy taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the x rectifying circuit.
The power control module comprises a voltage division module, a MOSFET Q2, a linear voltage stabilizer LDO and a comparator;
the voltage dividing module comprises a plurality of voltage dividing resistors which are connected with the single induction energy taking module in parallel; a plurality of voltage dividing resistors are connected in series; the voltage dividing module is connected with the grid electrode of the MOSFET Q2,
the voltage dividing module divides the voltage of the induction energy taking module and transmits the energy of the induction energy taking module to the LDO through the MOSFET Q2;
the linear voltage regulator LDO regulates the voltage of the received energy and transmits the regulated energy to the comparator;
the comparator transfers energy to a transitional storage capacitor.
And the rectification circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the xth transition energy storage capacitor.
The x-th transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measurement module through the x-th discharge control module.
The microprocessor controls the discharge of the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the x-th discharge control module.
The rule of the microprocessor for controlling the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) Judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to work normally, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, enabling x=x+1, and entering step 2). The initial value of x is 0.
2) And (3) conducting the xth discharge control module to enable the xth transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step (1).
Example 2:
the self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on the multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure adopts a module design framework of induction energy taking, coupling measurement and integrated control, and the design structure from top to bottom ensures that an electric field measuring module and an energy taking module are not interfered with each other, so that electric field energy taking hierarchical control and measuring signal integrated processing can be completed simultaneously.
The induction energy-taking module adopts a sandwich embedded model, multiple layers of parallel spiral electrodes are embedded in a miniature PCB substrate, the size parameters of the adjacent layers of spiral electrodes are the same, but the directions of the electrode threads are in opposite direction extension distribution, so that interlayer eddy current interference is reduced to the greatest extent, and the electric field induction capacity and the energy-taking efficiency of the front induction electrode are improved.
The coupling measurement module adopts the uppermost layer structure closest to the power transmission wire, the uppermost layer polar plate of the module and the induction energy taking module are positioned at the same horizontal height, the middle part of the module is isolated by adopting epoxy resin with high insulating property strength, and the coupling interference between the modules is eliminated.
The integrated control module completes the integrated independent control of the electric field energy flow and the information flow channel, realizes the energy collection and the energy taking internal circulation by an electric field energy taking hierarchical control method, controls the on-off of the energy taking module by on-site real-time electric field signal measurement, and provides continuous energy supply for the electric field sensor. The self-energy-taking electric field sensor based on the multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure utilizes the uppermost lower electrode plate to realize reliable electric field measurement, realizes electric field energy induction through the multi-layer induction electrode plate, and ensures the continuous on-line stable operation of the distributed electric field sensor with low power consumption through a hierarchical energy control method.
Example 3:
self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, main components include: an electric field measurement module; an electric field signal flow processing unit; an array of inductive energy harvesting modules; an energy flow control unit; and an integrated control module.
In the electric field measurement module, a measurement capacitor Cm is formed by an uppermost electrode Cm+ and a lowermost electrode plate Cm-of a multilayer PCB spiral electrode, and then transient electromotive force (Uix) is formed in an electric field environment, and signals are transmitted to an electric field signal flow processing unit;
after the electric field signal flow processing unit performs filtering differential amplification, A/D conversion, signal conditioning and microprocessor processing, on one hand, signals are output as sensors and transmitted to the nearest communication node through the wireless transmission module, so that an electric field real-time monitoring function is realized; on the other hand, the signal is transmitted to the energy flow control unit through the control port;
the induction energy-taking module mainly comprises a multilayer cascade capacitor array C formed by functions of other multilayer spiral electrodes and overhead transmission wires s1 ～C sn The magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated in each layer of energy-taking capacitor unit shows gradient change, so that preliminary collection of multi-level energy is realized;
the integrated control module mainly comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit; after the energy flow control unit receives the electric field signal of the signal flow measurement module, judging the electric field energy of the environment where the current sensor is positioned, so as to start/stop the energy array switch and realize dynamic control of energy;
the electric field measurement module and the induction energy-taking module array are respectively an uppermost layer capacitor and other layer capacitor arrays of the multilayer PCB spiral electrode induction structure, the uppermost layer electrode and the lowermost layer electrode form the maximum differential potential signal between the modules, and the other layer capacitors form a multilayer energy-taking unit, and the basic characteristics are that: the induction electrode adopts a sandwich PCB interlayer embedded model of an electrode and a substrate, the spiral single-layer electrode presents equipotential distribution in an electric field environment, the upper electrode and the lower electrode adopt counter clockwise opposite spiral directions, interlayer signal interference is reduced, and the electric field induction sensitivity and interlayer insulation strength are improved.
The method for determining the number m of layers and the spacing d between layers of the spiral electrode array is provided, firstly, the method is used for limiting the prior method according to the miniaturized design standard and the practical measurement application environment of the sensorThe size of the terminal electric field polar plate; then, determining terminal energy taking condition requirements of the distributed electric field sensor, including rated voltage U w And the required power P w Evaluating the equivalent power P of the single-layer differential capacitor c The number of array layers m and the respective layer spacing d are thus obtained.
Single-layer power P obtained by interlayer equivalent capacitance of the patent c Can be obtained by the following calculation method. Calculating equivalent capacitance parameters according to a sandwich distribution model, setting the interval of planar spiral coils as h and the spiral width as a l N is the number of single-layer spiral turns, k is the length of less than one turn of the thread end, and the circumference L of the electrode c The method comprises the following steps:
the equivalent area of the single-layer capacitor spiral group is that when the tail end is flush with the center point
S l ＝a l L c
The upper and lower layers of the PCB are respectively made of PI material (polyimide), the pole pieces are made of copper, and thin mica sheets are filled between the layers to ensure the inter-stage insulation performance, and the thickness is d 0 Thereby obtaining the calculated value of the single-layer and cascade capacitance:
according to the induced electromotive force of each layer of spiral electrode and the size of single-layer cascade capacitance, the equivalent capacitance induction energy of each layer is as follows:
E ix the theoretical electric field size calculated for finite element simulation at the center of each layer of polar plate is designed to obtain each capacitance parameter value according to single-layer cascade capacitance calculation, such as the bottom of a single-layer spiral electrode under 110kV voltage excitationThe radius is set to 0, the radius of the top layer is set to 20mm, the parameter of the spiral electrode is 10 circles, the adjacent interval of the spiral electrode is 1mm, the width of the spiral electrode is 1mm, the embedding depth is 1mm, the thickness of the substrate is 5mm, and the interval d 0 The air gap is set to be 0mm and the upper and lower plate surface areas of the energy taking module are 1200-1500 cm with 0.005mm 2 . It is noted that the method is equally applicable in other voltage class power system environments.
After the electric field signal flow processing unit receives the electric field signal collected by the capacitor of the upper-layer polar plate and the lower-layer polar plate, the energy flow control module provides 5.0V and 3.3V working voltages for the electric field signal flow processing unit and keeps constant voltage output, so that signal conditioning work such as filtering, amplifying, A/D conversion and the like is finished on a main electric field signal flow channel, and trigger and sampling frequencies are set according to the size of the regulated density. After the signal processing is finished, on one hand, the signal flow is transmitted to a nearby communication node through a wireless transmission module, and an electric field signal flows to an online monitoring system; on the one hand, the signal flow forms an internal circulation and flows to the energy taking control module.
In addition, the electric field signal flow unit has signal processing capability within the range of 0-100 MHz, and the low-frequency signal and high-frequency signal multichannel processing circuit independently operates; the low-frequency electric field signal represents the normal running condition of the detected link equipment, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency electric field signal can be used as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy taking module; the high-frequency electric field signal participates in signal transmission and protection of the whole device, is used for predicting whether partial discharge or overvoltage impact and other phenomena occur in a detected area, and ensures that the device is not influenced by direct impact or induced overvoltage impact.
In addition, in order to ensure that the induction front end of the multi-layer spiral electrode PCB is not influenced by other environmental factors (such as rain, snow, dust, direct sunlight and the like) which reduce the induction efficiency of an electric field or the service life of the servo, the upper-layer polar plate is filled and packaged by adopting insulating materials such as epoxy resin and the like, and the filling thickness is not more than 2mm.
The energy flow control unit is different from the self-energy-taking capacitor with the existing monopole structure, adopts a capacitor array formed by a plurality of layers of PCB spiral electrodes, is connected with respective energy-taking on-off switch sequences, and is connected with respective energy-taking on-off switch sequences after energy collection of different orders is realizedMultistage rectifying circuit D t Transitional rectifying capacitor array C s Power control module PM, discharge control module S n And the microprocessor and other modules are finally connected with the integrated control module circuit and are comprehensively regulated and controlled by dynamic load and electric field intensity.
The rectification voltage stabilizing unit is used for stabilizing the equivalent capacitance C of each layer ix Is an induced electromotive force E of (2) ix The power supply is connected with a rectifying circuit and is a multi-capacity energy storage capacitor C sx And the energy is charged, so that the first-stage transfer of electric field energy is realized, and the voltage stabilization is controlled by the voltage stabilizing unit. The multi-layer cascade on-off control capacitor array carries out induction energy grading according to the sequence from top to bottom and corresponds to the capacitor formed by the corresponding spiral electrode respectively; rectifier bridge D t Positive electrode output end and transition energy storage capacitor array C t The positive electrode is connected, and the output end of the rectifying negative electrode is correspondingly connected with the negative electrode end of the energy storage capacitor array. The lowest electrode of each layer of spiral electrode capacitor is grounded to form a multi-level differential energy-taking array module.
After receiving the unit electric field signal flow, the integrated control module determines the real-time on-off logic of the switch array according to the intensity of the electric field signal and the dynamic load condition, thereby realizing the control of the energy flow control unit; under the condition that a single-layer polar plate is used as an electric field induction unit, the change of the strength of an electric field can influence the energy taking continuity, and the spiral electrode electric field induction capacitors adopted in the patent have energy taking powers of different magnitudes, so that the energy storage continuity and the energy taking controllability are ensured; when the electric field signal strength is weakened so that the working voltage of the discharge control module is lower than a partial threshold voltage, starting a switch of the partial module; when the electric field signal intensity is higher than the expected intensity or the transient electric field impact with an excessive magnitude is faced, a part of modules are turned off, and a protection switch is started, so that the control and protection of the whole sensor are realized. The integrated control module is positioned below the front end structure of the multilayer spiral electrode, and the processing module does not bring additional interference to the signal measurement module, so that the integrated control module is more beneficial to the miniaturized design of the whole device.
Example 4:
the embodiment provides a dynamic power control method of a self-energy-taking electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode induction structure, which evaluates the load sizes of the working state and the idle state of a terminal according to the electric field size and the signal flux of the sensor, designs and adopts the model number and the sectional voltage threshold size of each layer of master control switch, controls the on-off number of each layer of energy-taking control switch, transits energy storage step by step, and takes energy in a time-sharing and layered manner, thereby meeting the dynamic energy-taking requirement of a system.
The specific control logic of the method is as follows: according to the data transmission quantity and power supply curve of the electric field sensor in each period, the power control module switch is started/stopped, and as the induction capability of the equivalent capacitance of the multi-layer spiral electrode in the space electric field distribution process is different, the large ground plane is taken as a reference point, a pair of capacitance groups are formed by two pole faces from bottom to top according to the single-layer energy taking power, and the capacitance components of the spiral electrode are divided into 1-n layers. According to the real-time energy taking requirement in the negative feedback mechanism, starting from layer 1, starting the energy taking switch from bottom to top, wherein the single feedback program running time interval is less than 0.001ms, and the on-off process is ensured to be controlled within the controllable time difference range.
The front end of the power control module PM is directly connected with a single-layer energy-taking capacitor and is connected with the single-layer energy-taking capacitor through a three-component voltage-dividing resistor R 1 ～R 3 Dividing the voltage of the energy-taking capacitor, R 1 And R is R 3 The node is connected with the grid electrode of the control switch Q2, so that energy of the energy-taking capacitor is transferred to the on-off switch Q2, the front and back output voltage drops are controlled within tens of millivolts through a low dropout linear regulator LDO (negative voltage difference type), the energy is further transferred to the output end through the output result of the comparator, and the energy is further transferred to a subsequent transition energy storage circuit. The power control module is shown in fig. 4.
The output voltage of the voltage stabilizing control module passes through the transition energy storage module and enters the DC-DC control circuit to realize the overall control of the whole charging capacitor, and R is used for controlling the capacitor s Current and inductance L c The control of the follow current of the power supply is realized, and the Buck-Boost control is realized; the NPN composite power supply transistor LDO transfer equipment is adopted, the model uses ADP170 series, the small voltage drop control requirement when the load is small can be met, the output noise can be controlled at 30 mu V, the PSRR is controlled at 60dB, and the static current is controlledThe voltage drop is controlled at 6 mu A, the voltage drop is 100mV, and the power loss caused by static current is controlled within 0.02 percent.
The output voltage of the LDO module is stabilized within the range of 2.4-3.3V, the voltage value of the LDO module and the voltage value of the LDO module can be about 3.3V after the LDO module is stabilized, the energy-taking current is ensured to be more than 140 mu A in a power transmission line environment with the voltage level of more than 35kV, and the LDO module pass R 5 ～R 6 To the reverberant input of the comparator. When U is s1 Reach Q 3 The starting voltage of the switch drives the main loop to turn on to complete energy transfer, at this time R 6 Short circuit, voltage division ratio change of counter-ringing input end, when U s1 When the voltage of the comparator is lower than the switch threshold value, the comparator is in a low input state, and hysteresis control is realized.
The power control module sets a multi-section electric energy power control module to complete a dynamic multi-capacity energy storage capacitor (C sx ) Thereby realizing the control of the storage and release of the capacitance energy. Furthermore, the discharge control module is characterized in that the transition energy storage capacitor is controlled to be on-off, so that energy transfer is realized. The discharging control module completes the charging and discharging process through each loop, namely when the energy-taking capacitor voltage Us of the layer reaches the threshold value of the on-off voltage, the control switch is started to transfer the capacitor energy to the inductor, and the energy is further transferred to the capacitor C through the freewheeling diode d The charge and discharge time t of the transition energy storage capacitor can be controlled by regulating and controlling the on-off threshold value of the switch of each stage, so that energy taking power control is realized; the on-off control module is shown in fig. 5.
The multistage capacitance measuring device is characterized in that an arc top umbrella-shaped frame surface is adopted, an integrated PCB electric energy collecting device and a processing circuit can be simultaneously arranged on an insulating glass cover and air is pumped to a vacuum state, the protection frame is fixed through a pair of insulating support arms of a pole tower and is just arranged at a position 0.5m below a 110kV overhead conductor, the length of a support arm is about 1m, the support arm extends below the central axis of a three-phase overhead conductor, sufficient induction of electric field energy flow can be realized in the distance range and the vicinity of the position, the insulation strength of non-contact measurement is ensured, and meanwhile, an output port is reserved to be connected with an electric field induction device and an energy storage device. The installation environment and method are shown in FIG. 2.
Claims (7)
1. Self-energy-taking electric field measuring sensor based on multilayer spiral electrode induction structure, its characterized in that: the integrated control device comprises a PCB spiral electrode array and an integrated control module;
the PCB spiral electrode array comprises a 1 st electrode, a 2N layer middle electrode and an N electrode which are sequentially stacked in an electric field environment, and the distance between every two adjacent electrodes is d;
the 1 st electrode and the N electrode form an electric field measurement module;
the electric field measurement module forms transient electromotive force U in an electric field environment ix And the transient electromotive force U ix Transmitting to an electric field signal flow processing unit;
the 2N layers of intermediate electrodes are positioned between the 1 st electrode and the N electrode, wherein every two adjacent layers of intermediate electrodes form an induction energy taking module, so that N induction energy taking modules are obtained; n induction energy taking modules form an induction energy taking module array; the middle electrode of the lower layer of each induction energy taking module is grounded;
the integrated control module comprises an electric field signal flow processing unit and an energy flow control unit;
the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the transient electromotive force U ix Signal conditioning is carried out to obtain a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ ；
The electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ Wireless transmission to external communication node, realizing real-time monitoring of electric field; the electric field signal flow processing unit processes the processed standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit;
the energy flow control unit receives and stores the energy of the induction energy taking module array;
the energy flow control unit is used for controlling the energy flow according to the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ Judging whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not and whether to supply energy to the electric field measurement module or not;
the determining factors of the layer number m of the PCB spiral electrode array and the electrode distance d between two adjacent layers comprise the electric fieldEquivalent power P of environmental, single-layer electrode c ；
Wherein, equivalent power P of single-layer electrode c The following is shown:
wherein E is ener Equivalent capacitance induction energy for a single layer electrode;
equivalent capacitance induction energy E of single-layer electrode ener The following is shown:
wherein E is ix A theoretical electric field calculated for finite element simulation at the center of the single-layer polar plate; c (C) ix A capacitor is cascaded for a single-layer electrode;
single-layer electrode cascade capacitor C ix The following is shown:
wherein d is the distance between two adjacent layers of electrodes; d, d 0 The thickness of the insulating material filled between two adjacent layers of electrodes; epsilon 1 、ε 2 The relative dielectric constants of the electrode material and the insulating material respectively; s is S L The equivalent area of the spiral group wound on the single-layer electrode is;
equivalent area S of single-layer electrode spiral group L The following is shown:
S l ＝a l L c
wherein a is l The spiral width wound on the single-layer electrode is set; l (L) c Is the circumference of a single-layer electrode;
the single layer electrode perimeter is shown below:
wherein h is the distance between the planar spiral coils and h; n is the number of single-layer spiral turns; k is the length of less than one turn of the thread end; r is the radius of the outer ring of the spiral ring, r' 0 The radius of the inner circle of the spiral ring is the central angle theta;
the electric field signal flow processing unit comprises a signal conditioning module, a microprocessor and a wireless transmission module;
the signal conditioning module comprises a filtering module, a differential amplifying module and an A/D conversion module;
the filtering module filters the received transient electromotive force and transmits the filtered transient electromotive force to the differential amplifying module;
the differential amplification module amplifies the filtered transient electromotive force and transmits the amplified transient electromotive force to the A/D conversion module;
the A/D conversion module converts the amplified transient electromotive force into a digital signal and transmits the digital signal to the microprocessor;
the microprocessor stores the received digital signal as a standard transient electromotive force U ix’ ；
The microprocessor transmits the standard transient electromotive force U through a wireless transmission module ix’ Wireless transmission to external communication node, realizing real-time monitoring of electric field;
the microprocessor converts the standard transient electromotive force U ix’ To the energy flow control unit;
the energy flow control unit comprises n power control modules, n rectifying circuits, n transition energy storage capacitors, n discharge control modules and a microprocessor;
the x power control module is connected with the x induction energy taking module, divides the voltage of the x induction energy taking module, and inputs the divided energy into the x rectifying circuit;
the rectification circuit rectifies the received energy and charges the x-th transition energy storage capacitor;
the x-th transition energy storage capacitor is connected with the electric field measurement module through the x-th discharge control module;
the microprocessor controls the discharge of the x-th transition energy storage capacitor to the electric field measurement module by controlling the on-off of the x-th discharge control module.
2. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the 1 st electrode, the N-layer middle electrode and the N electrode show equipotential distribution in an electric field environment; each layer of electrode comprises a PCB and a spiral line group wound on the surface of the PCB; the directions of the spiral line groups of every two adjacent layers of electrodes are opposite; the filling thickness d between every two adjacent layers of electrodes 0 Is a dielectric material of the semiconductor device.
3. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multilayer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 2, wherein: the electrode is made of copper, and the insulating material is epoxy resin.
4. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the energy flow control module supplies power to the electric field signal flow processing unit.
5. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 4, wherein: the electric field signal flow processing unit is provided with a low-frequency signal channel and a high-frequency signal channel which are mutually independent;
the electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received low-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the low-frequency signal channel;
the electric field signal flow processing unit sequentially transmits the received high-frequency transient electromotive force to the signal conditioning module and the microprocessor by utilizing the high-frequency signal channel;
when the microprocessor receives the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force, judging whether the sensor operates normally or not, and taking the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force as a control reference of the signal transmission and energy taking module; the mode for judging whether the sensor normally operates is as follows: judging whether the low-frequency standard steady-state electromotive force is greater than a preset threshold value, if so, normally operating the sensor;
when the microprocessor receives the high-frequency standard transient electromotive force, judging whether partial discharge or overvoltage impact occurs in the area where the sensor is located.
6. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the 1 st electrode is filled and packaged by adopting an insulating material.
7. The self-energized electric field measurement sensor based on a multi-layer spiral electrode sensing structure of claim 1, wherein: the rule of the microprocessor for controlling the on-off of the discharge control module is as follows:
1) Judging whether the energy provided by the energy flow control unit to the electric field measurement module enables the electric field measurement module to work normally or not, if so, not changing the on-off state of the discharge control module, otherwise, enabling x=x+1 to enter step 2); the initial value of x is 0;
2) And (3) conducting the xth discharge control module to enable the xth transition energy storage capacitor to supply power to the electric field measurement module, and returning to the step (1).
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