CN111492909B - Ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya - Google Patents
Ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya Download PDFInfo
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- CN111492909B CN111492909B CN202010466549.5A CN202010466549A CN111492909B CN 111492909 B CN111492909 B CN 111492909B CN 202010466549 A CN202010466549 A CN 202010466549A CN 111492909 B CN111492909 B CN 111492909B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/10—Vegetative propagation by means of cuttings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/60—Flowers; Ornamental plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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Abstract
The invention provides an ecological low-cost planting method of dragon fruits, which is characterized in that pachira macrocarpa is used for replacing a traditional cement column, pasture is planted, ecological balance of the environment is maintained through the pachira macrocarpa and local pasture, blades of the pachira macrocarpa shield sunlight in summer, nutrition is reserved, illumination is supplemented in winter, anti-season production of the dragon fruits is realized, price advantage in winter is utilized, income is increased by 30-40%, poultry and livestock are raised in a garden to replace weed prevention cloth, and early investment cost can be saved. By adopting the ecological planting mode, the soil microenvironment can be influenced, the content of organic matters in the soil can be effectively improved, and the single fruit weight of the dragon fruits is improved by more than 47%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting, in particular to an ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya.
Background
The dragon fruit is a few tropical and cool fruits, and the dragon fruit planting is developed rapidly in China in recent years. The dragon fruits are Tengman plants, the growth of the dragon fruits needs to be attached to certain attachments, the traditional column type cultivation mode is basically eliminated at present, the traditional column type cultivation mode is changed into a plane bracket cultivation mode of a strip-shaped cement column and a steel wire, and weed is reduced by covering the dragon fruits with grass-proof cloth. The dragon fruit is good in walking feeling and high in profit, fruit growers adopt fruit seedlings one meter high to directly put on the shelf in order to rapidly produce the yield and recover the cost, and a large amount of chemical fertilizers are used, so that the ecological environment is easily damaged, premature flower forcing, fruiting and yield increasing can lead to premature senility of fruit trees, a large amount of investment in the early stage can not be recovered according to a long-term fruiting period, and the risk that investment and loss cannot be recovered exists. Meanwhile, the method is difficult to recover in a short period after environmental damage, is not beneficial to reproduction, and is an unsustainable planting mode. Besides, the dragon fruits are planted, no other benefit is obtained, the land is not fully utilized, and the maximization of land resource utilization is not realized. Therefore, there is a need to find a sustainable, environmentally friendly, ecotype, low cost, high yield mode of pitaya planting.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention provides an ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya.
The scheme of the invention comprises the following aspects:
an ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a fortune tree of at least 2 years of age;
2) cultivating strong dragon fruit seedlings: cutting the dragon fruit seedlings into pieces with the height of 15-20 cm, cutting main stems at the base parts, and planting the main stems in wet sand until 3-4 cm roots grow out; planting the dragon fruit seedlings into a nursery garden, wherein the planting depth is 3-4 cm, and the seedlings are fixed and upright; keeping the nursery garden moist and sun-shading, cultivating for 1-2 months until a thick main stem grows out, and completely removing buds;
3) land preparation: removing impurities, only retaining weeds, and shearing off weeds higher than 20 cm; firstly, selecting a main road of a land parcel, and excavating drainage ditches at two sides of the main road to ensure that accumulated water can be drained in time;
4) dividing the land parcel into individual cells according to the layout of the main road, and arranging drainage ditches at the periphery to ensure that each cell cannot accumulate water; dividing each cell into a plurality of rows according to the row spacing of 3-4 m, and draining water by using a hidden pipe (underground) for the link of each row and the main road; the drainage pipes are distributed in a net shape, so that water is ensured to be drained out of the planting area in time, a pit can be dug if necessary, and the drainage pipes are laid;
5) applying completely decomposed organic fertilizer to each row according to the standard of 3-5 tons per mu (according to soil moisture content), and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with the soil to improve the soil; planting pachira macrocarpa, additionally arranging a steel sleeve with adjustable tightness, and connecting the pachira macrocarpa and the steel sleeve by using steel wires (which can be coated by aluminum and can prevent rusting) as planting brackets of dragon fruits;
6) a complete set of micro-spraying system (fertilizer can be added) is additionally arranged;
7) sowing dwarf, creeping growth pasture between rows;
8) strong seedlings of the dragon fruits are planted among the pachira macrocarpa and fixed;
9) keeping the dryness and dampness of the soil, maintaining the synchronous growth of the pachira macrocarpa, the dragon fruits and the pasture and simultaneously doing the pest control work; according to the planting condition, the fertilizer of the dragon fruits can be supplemented if necessary;
10) 5-12 poultry and/or livestock are stocked per mu;
11) when the dragon fruit seedlings grow to the height of the horizontal steel wire, topping the dragon fruit seedlings to serve as a main stem, promoting the dragon fruits to grow side buds on the steel wire, respectively reserving one side bud along two sides of the steel wire direction, and fixing the side buds on the steel wire; until the side buds of the main stems of two adjacent pitaya are contacted, cutting the side buds; taking the lateral buds growing horizontally as first-level branches, and enabling the first-level branches to grow downward branches to bear fruits;
12) at ordinary times, the branches are reserved for standby use, no flowers are reserved for standby branches, only other branches are used for bearing fruits, the branches with the most fruits are cut every year, the same number of standby branches are used, and the same number of new branches are reserved for standby use;
13) in order to make the dragon fruit bear fruits in winter, leaves of the pachira macrocarpa are kept in the summer to block sunlight, and the leaves of the pachira macrocarpa are cut off in winter.
It is also possible to use chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides, poultry feeds, livestock feeds without damaging the environment.
Preferably, the pasture is: at least one of sweet potato, wild peanut, purslane, bermuda and manila.
More preferably, the pasture grass is: sweet potatoes, wild peanuts, purslane, bermuda and manila, wherein the planting area ratio is 1: 5-7: 1.5-2.0: 2-3: 1.5-2.0, and the pasture area accounts for 12-20% of the total area.
Preferably, step 13), keeping the leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in the summer to block sunlight, and keeping the average illumination intensity of 3000-5000 lx in the daytime; and (4) cutting off leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in winter, and keeping the average illumination intensity of over 12000lx in daytime.
Preferably, step 12), two thirds of branches are reserved for standby at ordinary times, the standby branches are not reserved with flowers, only one third of the branches are used for bearing fruits, the branches with the most bearing fruits are cut off every year, the same number of standby branches are used, and the same number of new branches are reserved for standby.
Preferably, 5-12 geese and/or goats are stocked per mu.
Preferably, the spacing between plants of the pachira macrocarpa is 4-5 m.
Preferably, the plant spacing of the dragon fruits is 0.4-0.5 m.
Preferably, step 5), installing a steel sleeve with adjustable tightness at the position with the height of 1-1.2 m.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention relates to a low-cost ecological dragon fruit planting mode, which can use local pachira macrocarpa to replace the traditional cement column as a strut, feed poultry and livestock to replace grass-proof cloth, apply fully decomposed organic fertilizer and use the feces of the poultry and the livestock as natural fertilizer, and can save investment in the early stage by two to three ten thousand yuan per mu.
2. The pachira macrocarpa and the local pasture are used for maintaining the ecological balance of the system, the fully fermented organic fertilizer is used for improving the soil in the early stage, the dragon fruits naturally grow, enough nutrition growth in the early stage is guaranteed, the dragon fruit seedlings are guaranteed to be thick enough to enter a propagation growth stage, the multi-year growth performance of the dragon fruits can be exerted, the service life is prolonged, premature senility is avoided, only one third of branch fruits are reserved, the full fruit period can be prolonged by three to five years (the full fruit period is about 10 years in the traditional planting method), and the fruit yield is increased by at least 1%.
3. By adopting the ecological planting mode, the resistance of the dragon fruits can be increased, the using amount of pesticides and fertilizers can be saved by 10-20%, and the cost can be saved.
4. Adopting the leaves of the pachira macrocarpa to shield sunlight in summer and keep nutrition; the illumination is supplemented in winter, the dragon fruits are produced out of season, the price advantage in winter can be utilized, and the income is increased by 30-40%.
5. The mode of grass cultivation can well prevent water and soil loss and maintain ecological balance; raising poultry and livestock can increase additional income and is very cost effective.
6. The grass provides food for poultry and livestock, the poultry and the livestock convert plants into animal protein and excrement, and the excrement is recycled into fertilizers of the dragon fruits, the pachira macrocarpa and pasture by microorganisms in soil to form good ecological balance, so that the safety of the dragon fruits, the poultry meat and the livestock meat can be ensured.
7. The proper pasture planting height and density distribution are beneficial to the rapid fermentation of animal wastes, and the fertilizer is provided for the dragon fruits in time.
8. The mode of the dragon fruit-fortune Pachira herb-animal-pasture combination can influence the microenvironment of soil, effectively improve the content of organic matters in the soil and improve the yield of the dragon fruit in winter.
9. The poultry and the livestock are used for controlling the growth of the weeds and the pastures, so that the cost of artificial weeding is saved, the water and the soil are kept, and the ecological balance is maintained. Meanwhile, the dragon fruit blooms and fruits at night and weeds grow in the daytime to just form the complementary requirement of carbon dioxide.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the cultivation mode of dragon fruit
FIG. 2 is a statistical chart of soil organic matter measurement results
FIG. 3 is a chart showing the statistical result of the weight of a single dragon fruit
Detailed Description
In order to better understand the technical content of the invention, specific examples are provided below to further illustrate the invention.
Example 1
An ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya comprises the following steps:
1) selecting a fortune tree of at least 2 years old with a complete root system;
2) culturing strong seedlings of dragon fruits (Jindu I): cutting the dragon fruit seedlings into pieces with the height of 15-20 cm, cutting main stems at the base parts, and planting the main stems in wet sand until 3-4 cm roots grow out; planting the dragon fruit seedlings into a nursery garden, wherein the planting depth is 3-4 cm, and fixing the seedlings to be upright by using bamboo poles; keeping the nursery garden moist and sun-shading, cultivating for 1-2 months until a thick main stem grows out, and completely removing buds;
3) land preparation: removing impurities, only retaining weeds, and shearing off weeds higher than 20 cm; firstly, selecting a main road of a land block (selecting the high part of the land block as much as possible), and excavating drainage ditches at two sides of the main road to ensure that accumulated water can be drained in time;
4) dividing the land parcel into a plurality of independent cells according to the layout of the main road, wherein drainage ditches are arranged at the periphery of the land parcel to ensure that each cell cannot accumulate water; dividing each cell into a plurality of rows according to the row spacing of 3-4 m, and draining water by using a hidden pipe (underground) for the link of each row and the main road; the drainage pipes are distributed in a net shape, so that the planting area is ensured to be drained in time, a pit is dug when needed, and drainage pipes are laid;
5) applying completely decomposed organic fertilizer to each row according to the standard of 3-5 tons per mu (according to soil moisture content), and uniformly mixing the organic fertilizer with the soil to improve the soil; planting pachira macrocarpa at a plant spacing of 4-5 m, arranging a steel sleeve with adjustable tightness at a position of 1-1.2 m, and connecting the pachira macrocarpa and the pachira macrocarpa by using steel wires (which can be coated by aluminum and can prevent rusting) as planting supports of pitaya;
6) a complete set of micro-spraying system is additionally arranged;
7) row-to-row seeding of dwarf, creeping growing pasture (pasture: sweet potatoes, wild peanuts, purslane, bermuda and manila, wherein the planting area ratio is 1: 7: 1.5: 2.0: 2.0, the area of the pasture accounts for 20 percent of the total area);
8) strong seedlings of the dragon fruits are planted among the pachira macrocarpa, the planting distance is 0.4-0.5 m, and the strong seedlings are fixed by small bamboo poles;
9) keeping the dryness and dampness of the soil, maintaining the synchronous growth of the pachira macrocarpa, the dragon fruits and the pasture and simultaneously doing the pest control work;
10) stocking 5 local geese and 7 local goats per mu;
11) when the dragon fruit seedlings grow to the height of a horizontal steel wire, topping (namely, cutting off the top) is used as a main stem, so that the dragon fruits grow side buds on the steel wire, and the side buds are respectively left at two sides along the direction of the steel wire and are fixed on the steel wire (not too tight); until the side buds of the main stems of two adjacent pitaya are contacted, the side buds are cut off. Taking the lateral buds growing horizontally as first-level branches, and enabling the first-level branches to grow downward branches to bear fruits;
12) keeping two thirds of branches as standby branches at ordinary times, keeping no flowers on the standby branches, only using one third of branches for fruiting, cutting off the branches with the most fruits every year, starting the standby branches with the same quantity, and keeping the new branches with the same quantity as standby branches;
13) in order to bear fruit in winter, leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in summer block sunlight, and the average illumination intensity in the daytime is kept at 3000-5000 lx; and (4) cutting off leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in winter, and keeping the average illumination intensity of over 12000lx in daytime.
Example 2
The main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 1 are:
sweet potatoes, wild peanuts, purslane, bermuda and manila, wherein the planting area ratio of the sweet potatoes to the wild peanuts to the purslane to the bermuda is 1: 5: 2.0: 3: 1.5, the pasture area accounts for 12 percent of the total area.
Example 3
The main differences between this embodiment and embodiment 1 are: and (4) selecting the yellow-peel white-core pitaya for planting.
Comparative example 1
The main differences between this comparative example and example 1 are: the pachira macrocarpa is replaced by a papaya tree.
Comparative example 2
A plane bracket cultivation mode of a strip-shaped cement column and a steel wire.
The main differences between this comparative example and example 1 are: removing all weeds, not sowing pasture, not raising local geese and local goats, and adopting grass prevention cloth to prevent weeds during the planting period of the dragon fruits; replacing the pachira macrocarpa with a cement column, and adopting sun-shading cloth to block sunlight in summer in order to enable the pitaya to bear fruits in winter, and keeping the average illumination intensity of 3000-5000 lx in the daytime; and removing the sun-shading cloth in winter.
Test examples
The test method comprises the following steps: the test was performed in Hainan Chengmei. Each planting pattern is provided with 3 test areas, and each test area is 25m multiplied by 30 m. In the embodiment and the comparative example, the dragon fruits are transplanted in 4-5 months in each planting mode, soil organic matters are tested in 12 months in the next year, and the average single fruit weight of the dragon fruits is counted. The results are shown in Table 1.
And (3) measuring the organic matters of the soil:
measuring organic matters in soil with the depth of 10-20 cm within 0.3-0.5 m of the base of the dragon fruit, and randomly sampling 10 positions in each cell for measurement. The determination is carried out by adopting a potassium dichromate-oil bath heating method.
Data processing: statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software and plotted using EXCEL.
TABLE 1
| Organic matter content/%) | Average weight of single fruit/g | |
| Example 1 | 2.53±0.03a | 914.37±3.28a |
| Example 2 | 2.49±0.05a | 916.20±5.66a |
| Example 3 | 2.02±0.02b | 825.28±5.21b |
| Comparative example 1 | 1.54±0.04c | 559.72±4.48c |
| Comparative example 2 | 1.21±0.03d | 371.06±7.32d |
Different letters in the same column represent significant differences (p <0.05)
The result shows that the planting mode can influence the soil microenvironment, effectively improve the content of organic matters in the soil, and improve the content of the organic matters by more than 67 percent compared with the plane bracket planting mode of the comparative example 2; compared with the planting mode of comparative example 1, the single fruit weight of the dragon fruit is increased by more than 47%, so that the cold resistance of the dragon fruit can be improved, the out-of-season planting of the dragon fruit is realized, and the yield is improved.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (9)
1. An ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) selecting a fortune tree of at least 2 years of age;
2) cultivating strong dragon fruit seedlings: cutting the dragon fruit seedlings into pieces with the height of 15-20 cm, cutting main stems at the base parts, and planting the main stems in wet sand until 3-4 cm roots grow out; planting the dragon fruit seedlings into a nursery, and fixing and standing vertically; keeping the nursery garden moist and sun-shading, cultivating for 1-2 months until a thick main stem grows out, and completely removing buds;
3) land preparation: removing impurities, only retaining weeds, and shearing off weeds higher than 20 cm;
4) dividing a land parcel into individual cells according to the layout of a main road, and dividing each cell into a plurality of rows according to the row spacing of 3-4 m;
5) applying completely decomposed organic fertilizer on each row according to the standard of 3-5 tons per mu; planting a pachira macrocarpa, additionally arranging a steel sleeve with adjustable tightness, and connecting the steel sleeve with a steel wire, wherein the steel wire is used as a planting bracket of the dragon fruit;
6) sowing dwarf, creeping growth pasture between rows;
7) strong seedlings of the dragon fruits are planted among the pachira macrocarpa and fixed;
8) keeping the dryness and dampness of the soil, maintaining the synchronous growth of the pachira macrocarpa, the dragon fruits and the pasture and simultaneously doing the pest control work;
9) stocking poultry and/or livestock;
10) when the dragon fruit seedlings grow to the height of the horizontal steel wire, topping the dragon fruit seedlings to serve as a main stem, promoting the dragon fruits to grow lateral buds on the steel wire, respectively reserving the lateral buds on two sides of the steel wire direction, and fixing the lateral buds on the steel wire; until the side buds of the main stems of two adjacent pitaya are contacted, cutting the side buds; taking the lateral buds growing horizontally as first-level branches, and enabling the first-level branches to grow downward branches to bear fruits;
11) reserving branches for standby, reserving no flowers on the standby branches, bearing the rest branches, cutting off the branches with the most bearing fruits every year, starting the standby branches with the same quantity, and reserving the new branches with the same quantity for standby;
12) leaves of the pachira macrocarpa left in summer block sunlight, and leaves of the pachira macrocarpa are cut off in winter.
2. The pitaya ecotype low-cost planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pasture grass is: at least one of sweet potato, wild peanut, purslane, bermuda and manila.
3. The pitaya ecotype low-cost planting method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pasture grass is: sweet potatoes, wild peanuts, purslane, bermuda and manila, wherein the planting area ratio is 1: 5-7: 1.5-2.0: 2-3: 1.5-2.0, and the pasture area accounts for 12-20% of the total area.
4. The ecological low-cost planting method for the dragon fruits according to claim 1, wherein in the step 12), the leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in summer block the sunlight, and the average illumination intensity in the daytime is kept between 3000 and 5000 lx; and (4) cutting off leaves of the pachira macrocarpa in winter, and keeping the average illumination intensity of over 12000lx in daytime.
5. The method for ecologically and inexpensively planting dragon fruits according to claim 1, wherein in step 11), two thirds of downward branches are kept as spare branches at ordinary times, no flowers are kept on the spare branches, only the other third of the branches are used for fruiting, and the branches with the most fruiting are cut off every year, the same number of spare branches are used, and the same number of new branches are kept as spare branches.
6. The dragon fruit ecotype low-cost planting method according to claim 1, wherein 5-12 geese and/or goats are stocking per mu.
7. The ecological low-cost planting method for pitaya according to claim 1, wherein the planting distance of the pachira macrocarpa is 4-5 m.
8. The ecological low-cost planting method for the dragon fruits according to claim 1, wherein the planting distance of the dragon fruits is 0.4-0.5 m.
9. The ecological low-cost planting method for the dragon fruits according to claim 1, wherein in the step 5), a steel sleeve with adjustable tightness is additionally arranged at a position with the height of 1-1.2 m.
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