CN106827498B - A kind of increasing material manufacturing method and device - Google Patents
A kind of increasing material manufacturing method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN106827498B CN106827498B CN201710033212.3A CN201710033212A CN106827498B CN 106827498 B CN106827498 B CN 106827498B CN 201710033212 A CN201710033212 A CN 201710033212A CN 106827498 B CN106827498 B CN 106827498B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of increasing material manufacturing method and devices, the AM device includes: data analysis unit, increasing material manufacturing unit, Module-embedding unit and feedback unit, insertion time point, module material, quantity, shape and pattern of rows and columns that the increasing material process data and data analysis unit that the Module-embedding unit is completed based on increasing material manufacturing unit provide inlay the module, be connectable or inertable within the object for carrying out increasing material manufacturing or on.By the way that module is added during increasing material manufacturing, manufacture efficiency is improved.Meanwhile by introducing module during increasing material manufacturing, to realize more materials mixing manufacturing process of increasing material manufacturing object.The module introduced during increasing material manufacturing can also be recycled quickly when increasing material object is discarded, reduce the cost of successive generations of products, save raw material.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method and device field of increasing material manufacturing more particularly to Rapid Prototyping, 3D
Printing, Solid Free-form Fabrication and its improved method.
Background technique
Increasing material manufacturing (Additive Manufacturing, AM) technology is that the method gradually to be added up using material is manufactured in fact
The technology of body part is the manufacturing method of a kind of " from bottom to top " relative to traditional material removal-Machining Technology for Cutting.Closely
Over 20 years, AM technology achieves quick development, " rapid prototyping manufacturing ", " 3 D-printing ", " entity freely manufactures " etc
Different call the characteristics of never ipsilateral expresses this technology respectively.The technology refers to based on discrete-accumulation principle, by zero
The science system of part three-dimensional data driving direct manufacturing parts.Based on different principle of classification and understanding mode, increase material system
Making technology, there are also a variety of appellations, the intensions such as rapid prototyping, Quick-forming, quick manufacture, 3D printing still to deepen constantly, extension
Also constantly extension, " increasing material manufacturing " mentioned here are identical as " Quick-forming ", " quickly manufacture " meaning.
Main application field is that, using laser beam, electron beam, plasma or ion beam as heat source, heating material is allowed to tie
It closes, the method for direct manufacturing parts, it is the important branch of material increasing field that referred to as high energy beam current, which quickly manufactures, is led in industry
Domain is most commonly seen.
Increasing material manufacturing equipment is closely related with modern microcomputer technology, it is driven by the three-dimensional data of part, and equipment receives three
After dimension data, procedure of processing is converted to, thus direct manufacturing parts.Simultaneously with the development of computer hardware technique, increase
Material manufacturing technology intension is still deepening constantly, and type also constantly extends.Current increases material manufacturing technology is mainly the following realization
Approach:
1, photocuring prints, this is to be scanned using ultraviolet light on liquid photosensitive resin surface, generates every time certain thick
The thin layer of degree successively generates object from bottom.The advantages of photocuring prints is that the utilization rate of raw material is high (close to 100%), ruler
Very little precision is high, and excellent surface quality can be used for making complicated model, and printing device size, weight are smaller, disadvantage
It is that raw material types are limited.
2, selective laser sintering prints, that is, uses high-power laser, makes its sinter molding to powder heating.Selectivity
The advantages of laser sintering process is that material ranges are wide, removes sinterable plastics, nylon.The nonmetallic materials such as polycarbonate can also be beaten
Without support when printing metal material, and printing, the part machinery performance of printing is good, intensity is high.The disadvantage is that dusty material compares
Loosely, printing precision is more difficult to control, and printing device is expensive.
3, fusion sediment printing is squeezed out of spray head after melting plastic material, and deposit using hot meltblown head
In designated position curing molding.It is similar to the process of " squeezing toothpaste out of a tube ".This printing type is cheap, small in size, operation is difficult
Spend it is relatively small, be suitable for household and office printing, the disadvantage is that surface of shaped parts has apparent striped, the combination of product interlayer
Intensity is low, reaction speed is slow.
4,3D printing, this is using the working method of similar inkjet printer head, and this technique and selective laser are burnt
Knot is very similar, laser sintered process is only changed to spray head adhesion, grating scanner is changed to bonding agent spray head.3D printing it is excellent
Point is that print speed is fast, cost is relatively low, the disadvantage is that the product mechanical strength printed is not high.
After increases material manufacturing technology is practical, it is employed for multiple fields rapidly.In military field, increases material manufacturing technology is first
It is first applied in aerospace field, then begins to promote to naval equipment manufacturing field.Currently, increases material manufacturing technology makes
Mainly have with direction:
The manufacture of the manufacture of small-sized key part, especially sensor, using layer-by-layer after electron-beam melting processing alloy
Sintering, to obtain sensor basic structure, takes into account performance and manufacturing cost.
Increases material manufacturing technology main advantage is that the technology does not need traditional cutter and fixture and multi-step process,
The part of arbitrarily complicated shape can be produced to fast precise on one device, to realize part " freely manufacturing ", solved
It has determined the formings of many parts with complex structures, and has greatly reduced manufacturing procedure, shortened the process-cycle.And product structure is got over
The effect of complexity, manufacturing speed is more significant.
Composite element is the developing direction in aero-manufacturing technology future, and Xi'an, which is handed over, has studied greatly large-scale composite material structure
Part low-energy electron beam in-situ cured fiber placement manufacturing equipment and technology, by low-energy electron beam curing technology and fiber automatic placement
Technology combines, and has researched and developed a kind of large-scale composite material component high efficient green manufacturing method without autoclave, can make
Manufacturing process energy consumption reduces by 70%, saves raw material 15%, and improve the controllability of composite molding manufacturing process, can weigh
Renaturation provides new automated manufacturing method and technique for composite element green manufacturing.
Increases material manufacturing technology has become an important developing direction of advanced manufacturing technology, and development trend has three: (1)
The precision casting technology application of complex parts；(2) direct metal fabricating direction is developed, and manufactures large scale aviation components；
(3) development is integrated to tissue and structure.It includes Accuracy Control, large scale structure that future, which needs the key technology solved,
Part high efficiency manufacture technology, composite material parts manufacturing technology.Currently, being achieved in electronics, electrical increases material manufacturing technology important
Progress.Referred to as stereo circuit technology (SEA, SLS+LDS).Field of electronics increase material technology be establish existing increasing material technology it
On a kind of environmental type circuit forming technique, be different from conventional two-dimensional plane printed wiring board.Traditional printed circuit
Plate is the grain of electronic industry, generally uses traditional subtraction manufacturing process not environmentally, i.e. metallic conduction route is etch copper
It is formed after foil, increases material manufacturing technology of new generation uses addition technique: it is first after product surface is radium-shine with laser, then in liquid medicine
Deposition is impregnated to get on.A kind of approach that this kind of technology is combined with the increasing material manufacturing that laser laminar manufactures is: in laser selective
Special component is added in sintering powder, first 3D printing uses 3D stereo circuit laser machine along the radium-shine circuit pattern in surface, then chemistry again
It is plated to metallic circuit.
Patent of invention: the method for increasing material manufacturing (application number: discloses one kind and passes through company in 201480070021.9)
The part of continuous fusion powder bed continuously fuses the method for forming three-dimensional article
A method of the continuous fusion by continuously fusing the part of powder bed forms three-dimensional article, comprising: provides three
The model for tieing up article, applies the first powder bed on the table, energy beam is directed on workbench, promote the first powder bed root
It is fused according to model in selected position, to form the first section of three-dimensional article；Apply the second powder bed on the table, it will
Energy beam is directed on workbench, promotes the second powder bed to be fused according to model in selected position, to form three-dimensional article
The second section, wherein the second layer is glued to first layer, at least two position detections at least in the second powder bed part
Thickness changes energy beam parameter according to the local thickness of the second powder bed detected.This method is still by increasing material object
Whole printing is carried out to realize, so that entire manufacturing process time of occurrence is longer, the lower problem of efficiency.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a kind of increasing material manufacturing device, described device includes: data analysis
Unit and increasing material manufacturing unit, the increasing material manufacturing device (AM) further include Module-embedding unit and feedback unit, wherein described
Module-embedding unit analytical unit institute during monitoring the increasing material manufacturing unit and executing increasing material manufacturing process based on the data
The data of acquisition and the data analysis unit based on increasing material manufacturing process and combine the object of increasing material manufacturing to determine to embedding
At least one Prefabricated block is attached to the object that is carrying out or will start to carry out increasing material manufacturing by the module parameter for entering module
Or object semi-finished product.
Under normal circumstances, data analysis unit is the intrinsic module of increasing material manufacturing device, and in increasing material manufacturing process
Data collected during increasing material process must be recorded faithfully and be analyzed to middle data analysis unit；And feedback unit is also to increase material system
The intrinsic module of device is made, Real-time Monitoring Data is used for and is adjusted in time or early warning.Present invention utilizes increase material system
The data making the intrinsic module of device and its must acquiring, it is very low to the improvement cost of existing equipment, while need not increase again
Add additional cost of hardware design.And the module parameter of module to be embedded is predefined and according to available by data analysis
Variform and/or the Prefabricated block of material are rapidly completed intermediate stage of increasing material manufacturing in a manner of " playing with building blocks ", thus
Timesaving technical effect is reached.
By the way that module is added during increasing material manufacturing, the time of increasing material manufacturing is greatly saved, to improve manufacture
Efficiency.Meanwhile by introducing module during increasing material manufacturing, so that multicomponent composition may be implemented in increasing material manufacturing object,
To realize more materials mixing manufacturing process of increasing material manufacturing object.To avoid the waste of material, realize material most
Bigization utilizes.Meanwhile the module introduced during increasing material manufacturing can also be recycled quickly, be dropped when increasing material object is discarded
The low cost of product renewal, has saved raw material.
According to a preferred embodiment, the present invention can be set Prefabricated block and provide unit, and Prefabricated block provides unit
With the module organization of supply of multiple and different Prefabricated blocks is provided simultaneously, synchronously to realize that multimode is supplied.
According to a preferred embodiment, the Module-embedding unit based on the data analytical unit described in the monitoring
What increasing material manufacturing unit executed that data collected and/or increasing material manufacturing unit during increasing material process provide includes material object to be increased
The three-dimensional stereo data and deadline data in each increasing material manufacturing stage complete the pre- insertion triggering of module, and based on data point
The module parameter for the module to be embedded that analysis module provides transfers process by what Prefabricated block supply unit completed module to be embedded.
Pre- insertion triggering is primary innovation compared with the existing technology, is different from continuously performing for traditional increasing material manufacturing,
But increasing material manufacturing process is split into several stages.A kind of module can be inserted into respectively in each stage, and corresponding module
Selection is determined by data analysis module.Specifically, data analysis module provides the module parameter of module to be embedded, it should
Module parameter is sent to Prefabricated block supply unit, by Prefabricated block supply unit according to the module parameter (perhaps referring also to
The data of subsequent feedback unit and increasing material manufacturing process data from data analysis module) Lai Qidong transfers process.
According to a preferred embodiment, the increasing material manufacturing device further includes feedback unit, wherein will at least one
When a Prefabricated block is attached to the object or object semi-finished product that are carrying out or will start progress increasing material manufacturing, the module is embedding
Enter unit and also consider Real-time Monitoring Data during the increasing material manufacturing of feedback unit feedback, wherein the data analysis
The Real-time Monitoring Data for the increasing material process that unit is provided based on feedback unit, completes insertion time point, embedded location is tested again
Card, the Module-embedding unit receive on the basis of the data analysis unit completes the verifying of feedback unit Real-time Monitoring Data
The control data of data analysis unit complete inlaying, connect or being inserted into for the Prefabricated block transferred by Prefabricated block supply unit.
According to a preferred embodiment, the data analysis unit is monitoring the increasing material manufacturing unit execution increasing material
Data collected include that the increasing material manufacturing unit executes the operation data for increasing and completing in material command procedure during process；
Real-time Monitoring Data includes that the real-time three-dimensional of increasing material object is vertical during the increasing material manufacturing of the feedback unit feedback
Volume data；
The module parameter of the module to be embedded includes the material of module to be embedded, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and inserts
Angle of incidence point data.
According to a preferred embodiment, the increasing material manufacturing device further includes manufaturing data acquisition unit, the system
It makes data acquisition unit and acquires the three-dimensional stereo data of object to be manufactured, material data, curring time data, module and inlay program
Data；The parameter information of the object to be manufactured of acquisition is sent to increasing material manufacturing unit to manufaturing data acquisition unit and data are analyzed
Unit；The data analysis unit carries out increasing material process for controlling increasing material manufacturing unit, and the data analysis unit is for controlling
Molding block inlay element carries out module mosaic process.
Manufaturing data acquisition unit can be integrated to the increasing material manufacturing device, be also possible to independent external list
Member, such as the increasing material manufacturing device is linked to by bluetooth or WiFi data.Manufaturing data acquisition unit can have number
It is scanned according to library or 3D
According to a preferred embodiment, the module to be embedded includes one or more basic modes, and the basic mode passes through
The mode of shape cooperation, material mating or force-fitting completes the connection of each basic mode, and builds and to form module；The shape cooperation
Including engaging between basic mode and the relationship that is connected；The material mating includes bonding connection relationship between basic mode；The force-fitting packet
Include magnetive attraction connection relationship；The basic mode is identical or different stereochemical structure；The basic mode is rule or irregular stereochemical structure.
According to a preferred embodiment, the module to be embedded is rule or irregular stereochemical structure, the arrangement
Mode includes module and increasing material manufacturing object comprising mode, mosaic mode and overlap joint mode；The insertion time point is included in
Increasing material manufacturing object carry out increase material operation before, carry out increase material operation process in or carry out increase material operation after；The module
Material include the material identical and/or different as material increased during increasing material manufacturing.
According to a preferred embodiment, the structure that increased material is formed during the module and increasing material manufacturing is logical
The mode for crossing shape cooperation, material mating or force-fitting is completed to connect, and collectively forms and increase material object.
According to a preferred embodiment, the increasing material manufacturing method includes: data collection steps, analytical procedure, increasing
Material procedure of processing and Module-embedding step, wherein in data collection steps, realize object to be manufactured three-dimensional stereo data,
Material data, curring time data, module inlay the acquisition of program data；In the analytical procedure, according to increasing material manufacturing
Process simultaneously come the material for the module being inserted into required for determining, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and is inserted in conjunction with the object of increasing material manufacturing
The angle of incidence；In increasing material procedure of processing, the parameter information of the object to be manufactured based on acquisition is completed to increase material process；In the module
In Embedded step, during obtaining the increasing material process of object to be manufactured execute increase material command procedure in complete operation data, in real time
The module parameter of monitoring data and module to be embedded completes module and inlays, connects or insertion process.
According to a preferred embodiment, in the Module-embedding step, increase material life based on executing during increasing material process
The operation data and/or the three-dimensional stereo data in object to be manufactured each increasing material manufacturing stage completed during enabling and deadline
Data complete the pre- insertion triggering of module, and complete module to be embedded based on the analysis data comprising module material, quantity, shape
Transfer process；Simultaneously based on the Real-time Monitoring Data for increasing material process, the verifying again at insertion time point, embedded location is completed,
And complete Real-time Monitoring Data verifying on the basis of receive insertion control data complete manufacturing object module inlay, connect or
Insertion；The increasing material manufacturing method or technique is at least suitable for photocuring printing, selective laser sintering prints, fusion sediment is beaten
Print, 3D printing.
Detailed description of the invention:
Fig. 1 is each module connection relationship diagram of apparatus of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram that apparatus of the present invention carry out fusion sediment printing；
Fig. 3 is the first article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 4 is the second article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 5 is the third article structural schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 6 is the 4th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 7 is the 5th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 8 is the 6th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Fig. 9 is the 7th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Figure 10 is the 8th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Figure 11 is the 9th article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；
Figure 12 is the tenth article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing；With
Figure 13 is the 11st article structure schematic diagram for carrying out fusion sediment printing using the present invention and completing.
Appended drawing reference
101: manufaturing data acquisition unit 102: data analysis unit 103: increasing material manufacturing unit
104: Module-embedding unit 105: feedback unit
200: target object 201: turntable
202: 203: the first manipulator of data analysis and Control module
204: the second manipulators 205: Module-embedding manipulator
206: three-dimensional data scans monitoring module 207: module storehouse
208: the first object, 209: the second object
210: 211: the four object of third body
212: the five object, 213: the six object
214: the seven object, 215: the eight object
216: the nine object, 217: the ten object
218: the ten one objects
Specific embodiment
It is described in detail below with reference to embodiment.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of increasing material manufacturing device, the increasing material manufacturing device include: manufaturing data acquisition unit 101,
Data analysis unit 102, increasing material manufacturing unit 103, Module-embedding unit 104 and feedback unit 105.Wherein, the manufacture number
The three-dimensional stereo data of object to be manufactured, material data, curring time data, module, which are acquired, according to acquisition unit 101 inlays program
Data.The parameter information of the object to be manufactured of acquisition is sent to 103 sum number of increasing material manufacturing unit by manufaturing data acquisition unit 101
According to analytical unit 102.The data analysis unit 102 carries out increasing material process for controlling increasing material manufacturing unit 103.The data
Analytical unit 102 carries out module mosaic process for control module inlay element.The data analysis unit 102 is according to increasing material system
The process made and in conjunction with the object of increasing material manufacturing come the material for the module being inserted into required for determining, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns with
And insertion time point.The increasing material manufacturing device further includes Prefabricated block supply unit, and the threshold module supply unit is used for
Screening, arrangement and the offer of the module parameter information realization multiple module for the module to be embedded that foundation analysis module 102 provides.
The Module-embedding unit 104 based on the data hold in the monitoring increasing material manufacturing unit 103 by analytical unit 102
During the increasing material manufacturing that data collected, the feedback unit 105 are fed back during row increases material process Real-time Monitoring Data with
And the data analysis unit 102 determines the mould of module to be embedded based on the process of increasing material manufacturing and the object of combination increasing material manufacturing
Block parameter at least one Prefabricated block is attached to the object that is carrying out or will start to carry out increasing material manufacturing or object half at
Product.According to a preferred embodiment, the data analysis unit 102 executes increasing in the monitoring increasing material manufacturing unit 103
Data collected include that the increasing material manufacturing unit 103 executes the operand for increasing and completing in material command procedure during material process
According to.Real-time Monitoring Data includes the real-time three-dimensional solid for increasing material object during the increasing material manufacturing that the feedback unit 105 is fed back
Data.The module parameter of the module to be embedded includes material, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and the insertion of module to be embedded
Time point data.For example, the operation data can be the increasing material system that the first manipulator 203 and/or the second manipulator 204 carry out
Make data.The monitoring data can be the current real-time geometric data for increasing material object and three-dimensional stereo data etc..
The Module-embedding unit 104 based on the data hold in the monitoring increasing material manufacturing unit 103 by analytical unit 102
What data collected and/or increasing material manufacturing unit 103 provided during row increases material process includes each increasing material system of material object to be increased
The three-dimensional stereo data and deadline data for making the stage complete the pre- insertion triggering of module, and are based on data analysis module 102
The module parameter of the module to be embedded provided transfers process by what Prefabricated block supply unit completed module to be embedded.
The Real-time Monitoring Data for the increasing material process that the data analysis unit 102 is provided based on feedback unit 105, is completed embedding
The verifying again of angle of incidence point, embedded location, the Module-embedding unit 104 are completed to feed back in the data analysis unit 102
The control data completion that data analysis unit 102 is received on the basis of the verifying of 105 Real-time Monitoring Data of unit is supplied by Prefabricated block
The Prefabricated block for answering unit to transfer is inlayed, connects or is inserted into.
Described device realizes increasing material manufacturing by the following method, wherein the increasing material manufacturing method includes: data acquisition step
Suddenly, analytical procedure, increasing material procedure of processing and Module-embedding step.Wherein, in data collection steps, object to be manufactured is realized
Three-dimensional stereo data, material data, curring time data, module inlay the acquisition of program data.In the analytical procedure, root
Process according to increasing material manufacturing and the object in conjunction with increasing material manufacturing are come the material for the module being inserted into required for determining, quantity, shape, row
Column mode and insertion time.In increasing material procedure of processing, the parameter information of the object to be manufactured based on acquisition is completed to increase material mistake
Journey.In the Module-embedding step, completed in execution increasing material command procedure during obtaining the increasing material process of object to be manufactured
The module parameter of operation data, real-time monitoring data and module to be embedded completes module and inlays, connects or insertion process.
In the Module-embedding step, the operation data completed in material command procedure is increased based on execution during increasing material process
And/or the three-dimensional stereo data and deadline data in object each increasing material manufacturing stage to be manufactured complete the pre- insertion touching of module
Hair.And process is transferred based on complete module to be embedded comprising module material, quantity, the analysis data of shape.Meanwhile based on increasing
The Real-time Monitoring Data of material process completes the verifying again at insertion time point, embedded location.And it is tested completing Real-time Monitoring Data
The module that insertion control data completion manufacturing object is received on the basis of card is inlayed, connects or is inserted into.
According to a preferred embodiment, aforementioned increasing material manufacturing method or apparatus is at least suitable for photocuring printing, choosing
The laser sintered printing of selecting property, fusion sediment printing, 3D printing etc. increase material technology.The increasing material manufacturing method or apparatus applies also for
Rapid prototyping or abrasion method, the crucible zone molding including plastics or wax/manufacture (FLM), plastics or wax and especially acrylonitrile-
Butadiene-styrene copolymer or the fused deposition of polyactide molding (FDM), the stacking object molding (LOM) of plastic foil, modeling
Expect the stacking manufacture (LLM) of film, the electron-beam melting (EBM) of plastics or wax, wax or plastics and especially thermoplastic or purple
The selective laser melting (SLM) of outer responsive type photosensitive polymerization, more jet flow formings (MJM) of polyamide pouring piece and plastics, modeling
The selective laser sintering (SLS) of material or wax especially thermoplastic such as polycarbonate, polyamide or polyvinyl chloride, plastics
The photocuring solid of the 3D printing (3DP) of grain or plastic powders and the spatial complex molding (SPM) of plastics or wax, plastics or wax at
Type (STL or SLA), the grinding of especially liquid resin, thermosetting plastics or elastomeric material or multi-axis milling method or light
It polymerize the digital light processing (DLP) of liquid plastic.
The photocuring, which is printed to, to be scanned using ultraviolet light on liquid photosensitive resin surface, generates certain thickness every time
Thin layer, successively generate object from bottom.The advantages of photocuring prints is that the utilization rate of raw material is high (close to 100%), size
Precision is high, and excellent surface quality can be used for making complicated model, and printing device size, weight are smaller, the disadvantage is that
Raw material types are limited.
The selective laser sintering printing, that is, use high-power laser, makes its sinter molding to powder heating.Selection
Property laser sintering process the advantages of be that material ranges are wide, remove sinterable plastics, nylon.The nonmetallic materials such as polycarbonate, may be used also
Without support when printing metal material, and printing, the part machinery performance of printing is good, intensity is high.The disadvantage is that dusty material ratio
Loosely, printing precision is more difficult to control, and printing device is expensive.
The fusion sediment printing is squeezed out of spray head after melting plastic material, and sink using hot meltblown head
Product is in designated position curing molding.It is similar to the process of " squeezing toothpaste out of a tube ".This printing type is cheap, small in size, operation
Difficulty is relatively small, is suitable for household and office's printing, the disadvantage is that surface of shaped parts has apparent striped, the knot of product interlayer
Conjunction intensity is low, reaction speed is slow.
The 3D printing is using the working method of similar inkjet printer head, this technique and selective laser sintering
It is very similar, laser sintered process is only changed to spray head adhesion, grating scanner is changed to bonding agent spray head.The advantages of 3D printing
It is that print speed is fast, cost is relatively low, the disadvantage is that the product mechanical strength printed is not high.
According to a preferred embodiment, the module material includes identical as material increased during increasing material manufacturing
And/or different material.During the increasing material manufacturing increased material can be photopolymer, wax, gypsum, ceramics, metal,
One of casting model powder, paper, plastic foil are a variety of.The material of the module can be the material with addition during increasing material manufacturing
Identical material is also possible to different materials, for example, it is also possible to be the building stones of standard cutting, standard wooden unit, magnetic material mould
Block and the concrete modular etc. built.
According to a preferred embodiment, the module being inserted into during the increasing material manufacturing can be one or more.Institute
The structure that module is formed with material increased during increasing material manufacturing is stated to cooperate, by way of material mating or force-fitting shape
Connection is completed, and collectively forms and increases material object.Involved in increasing material manufacturing process when module more than one, the module and module
Between can also be cooperated shape, complete to connect by way of material mating or force-fitting.
Shape cooperation be module and intermodule or module and increasing between material object have identical or corresponding shape or
Structure, so that mutually can inlay or be cooperatively connected between module and module or module and increasing material object.For example, a spherical shape
Module can with one have etc. radius arcs groove another module inlay connect or one pros module can be with one
A another module with equilateral long recess inlays connection or a module with axis can be with a module with hole
Connection matching relationship is realized by axis and hole, and the axis and empty matching relationship further include clearance fit, interference fit and transition
Cooperation.The resulting algebraic step of size that the size of its mesoporous subtracts matching axis is known as gap or interference.This difference is between timing is
Gap is interference when being negative.By gap or the feature of interference and its variation, cooperation is divided into clearance fit, interference fit and transition and matches
It closes
Pass according to a preferred embodiment, between the identical hole be combineding with each other of basic size and axis tolerance range
System determines the tightness combined.The resulting algebraic step of size that the size in hole subtracts matching sympodium is that timing claims gap, is negative
When claim interference, sometimes also using interference as negative clearance.By hole, the relationship of axis tolerance range, the i.e. feature of gap, interference and its variation,
Cooperation can be divided into 3 kinds of situations: first is that clearance fit.The tolerance range in hole has gap (including minimum on the tolerance range of axis
Gap is equal to cooperation zero).The effect in gap is to compensate various errors etc., and size influences hole, axis relative motion degree.Gap
Cooperation is mainly used for the campaign contact in hole, between centers, such as coupling for sliding bearing and axis.Second is that interference fit.The tolerance range in hole exists
Under the tolerance range of axis, the cooperation with interference (being equal to zero including minimum interference).In interference fit, since the size of axis compares hole
Size it is big, therefore need to be assembled using pressurization or the methods such as expand with heat and contract with cold.Interference fit is mainly used for hole between centers and is not allow for
The fastening of relative motion couples, such as the gear ring of large gear and coupling for wheel hub.Third is that transition fit.The tolerance range of hole and axis is mutual
Overlap mutually, the cooperation that there may be gap, there may also be interference (its gap and interference are generally all smaller).Transition fit is main
For requiring hole between centers to have preferably to neutral and concentricity and the positioning connection that is readily disassembled, assemble, such as rolling bearing internal diameter
With coupling for axis.Allowable clearance or the variation of interference are known as fit tolerance in cooperation.It is equal to mutually matched hole, axis tolerance
The sum of, it indicates to cooperate elastic permission mobility scale.
It can be processed, be avoided to avoid the secondary connection between module and intermodule or module and increasing material object by shape cooperation
To module and/or increase the stereochemical structure or material property of material object in through connection procedures such as welding, thermoplastic and perforation
It destroys.
According to a preferred embodiment, can also be matched by material between module and intermodule or module and increasing material object
It closes and realizes interconnection.Material is connected, preferably before Prefabricated block is provided, first smears adhesive on Prefabricated block,
Corresponding module just then is used to constitute corresponding module combination, to accelerate increasing material manufacturing.It uses herein
According to a preferred embodiment, force-fitting can also be passed through between module and intermodule or module and increasing material object
It realizes and is connected with each other.The power of the force-fitting process can be self gravity or magnetic force etc., is also possible to other modules or increases material
The pressure etc. that material applies.For example, the force-fitting can be realized by module self gravity and increase material object or other modules
It is connected, or the pressure for the material that can be newly increased by shape during other modules or increasing material with a module realizes module
With the connection of intermodule.For example, the mutually interconnection between module and intermodule or module and increasing material object can be realized by magnetic material
It connects.The raising for increasing material object service performance is realized at the same time it can also the selection combination by different materials.For example, intermodule
In gear cooperation and hole axle engagement process, by setting plastics for a module, another module is set as metal can be effective
Reduction material wear rate.The metal for avoiding same material can aggravate abrasive wear.With the combination of metal and plastics, Ke Yiyou
The wear resistence for improving gear or hole between centers of effect, plastic gear can also effectively alleviate impact force when transmission, reduce transmission
When the noise etc. that generates.
According to a preferred embodiment, the module includes one or more basic modes.The basic mode is matched by shape
The mode of conjunction, material mating or force-fitting completes the connection of each basic mode, and builds and to form module.The shape cooperation includes base
Intermode engages and the relationship that is connected；The material mating includes bonding connection relationship between basic mode；The force-fitting includes magnetism
Power connection relationship.The basic mode is identical or different stereochemical structure；The basic mode is rule or irregular stereochemical structure.
According to a preferred embodiment, the module is rule or irregular stereochemical structure.It is preferred according to one
Embodiment, described pattern of rows and columns include module and increasing material manufacturing object comprising mode, mosaic mode and overlap joint mode.According to
One preferred embodiment, the insertion time be included in increasing material manufacturing object carry out increase material operation before, carry out increase material make
During industry or carry out after increasing material operation.
In the Module-embedding step, obtain determined by module shape and quantity and according to identified arrangement mould
Formula the module is overlapped and/or is embedded within the object for carrying out increasing material manufacturing or on.
According to a preferred embodiment, the data analysis unit 102 is process and the combination according to increasing material manufacturing
The object of increasing material manufacturing come the material for the module being inserted into required for determining, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and insertion time, and
And the Module-embedding unit 104 obtain determined by module shape and quantity and will be described according to identified pattern of rows and columns
Within Module-embedding to the object for carrying out increasing material manufacturing or on.
Manufaturing data acquisition unit 101 is used to acquire three-dimensional stereo data, material data, the curring time of object to be manufactured
Data, module inlay program data etc..The increasing material manufacturing unit 103 is default for realizing pressing during entire increasing material manufacturing
Or the increasing material scheme of acquisition provides one or more increasing material materials for the object to be manufactured.The feedback unit 105 is for supervising
It surveys and whether manufactures situations such as abnormal during increasing material manufacturing, and the fabrication stage being presently in.The data analysis
Unit 102 can be used for being made whether to be added standard module analysis for the three-dimensional stereo data of different objects to be manufactured,
Or it the standard module of what model can be added can save manufacturing time to the greatest extent.The data analysis unit 102 is also
It can be used for determining required insertion according to the process of increasing material manufacturing and in conjunction with the object of increasing material manufacturing during increasing material manufacturing
The material of module, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and insertion time point.The Module-embedding unit 104 is for realizing increasing
Material manufacture before, in increasing material manufacturing process and/or increasing material manufacturing operation terminate after to the manufacturing object be inserted into standard module.
The increasing material manufacturing process includes: the 3 D stereo that object to be manufactured is acquired by manufaturing data acquisition unit 101
Data, material data, curring time data, module inlay program data.It is described three-dimensional vertical according to a preferred embodiment
Volume data collection process can be real by being introduced directly into the three-dimensional graphics software drawing such as CAD, 3DMAX, PRO/E, Solidworks
It is existing, monitoring module 206 can also be scanned by three-dimensional data and realize object three-dimensional data to be manufactured to the scanning of existing object
Acquisition.The parameter information of the object to be manufactured of acquisition is sent to 103 He of increasing material manufacturing unit by manufaturing data acquisition unit 101
Data analysis unit 102.Increasing material manufacturing unit 103 is controlled by data analysis unit 102 to carry out increasing material process.It is analyzed by data single
First 102 control module inlay elements carry out module mosaic process.Meanwhile module is inlayed based on increasing material system in module mosaic process
That makes the completion of unit 103 increases material process data, the real-time monitoring data for the increasing material manufacturing that feedback unit 105 is fed back and data analysis
The module for inlaying time point, module material, quantity, shape and pattern of rows and columns completion manufacturing object of the offer of unit 102 is inlayed, even
It connects or insertion process.
By the way that module is added during increasing material manufacturing, so that increasing material manufacturing process is not required to from the beginning, be greatly saved
The time of increasing material manufacturing, to improve manufacture efficiency.Meanwhile by introducing module during increasing material manufacturing, so that increasing
Multicomponent composition may be implemented in material manufacturing object, for example, the material added during module material and increasing material can be different, or
Person can also be made of different materials between inside modules basic mode, to realize more materials mixing manufacture of increasing material manufacturing object
Process.For example, the mixed-forming etc. of plastics and metal may be implemented.To avoid the waste of material, realize material most
Bigization utilizes.Meanwhile the module introduced during increasing material manufacturing can also be recycled quickly, be dropped when increasing material object is discarded
The low cost of product renewal, has saved raw material.
Embodiment 1
By taking the present invention carries out fusion sediment printing as an example, it is illustrated.
Apparatus of the present invention as shown in Figure 2 carry out the schematic diagram of fusion sediment printing.The printing equipment, which includes at least, to be turned
Platform 201, data analysis and Control module 202, the first manipulator 203, the second manipulator 204, Module-embedding manipulator 205, three-dimensional
Data scanning monitoring module 206 and module storehouse 207.The turntable 201 is for realizing right in three-dimensional data scanning monitoring module 206
Target object 200 drives target object 200 to rotate during being scanned.
Manufaturing data acquisition unit 101 includes that three-dimensional data scans monitoring module 206, and data analysis unit 102 includes number
According to analysis and Control module 202.Increasing material manufacturing unit 103 includes the first manipulator 203 and the second manipulator 204.First machine
Tool hand 203 at least has 6 freedom degrees, and multi-angle may be implemented and finely print.First manipulator 204 at least has 4
The printing speed of target object frame during increasing material manufacturing may be implemented in freedom degree.Module-embedding unit 104 includes that module is embedding
Enter manipulator 205 and module storehouse 207, entity module, hollow module and magnetic module etc..The module storehouse 207 is for realizing each
The classified storage of generic module, and transferring and transmitting for each generic module can be realized by devices such as sliding rails.For example, the module storage
There is three generic module of entity module, hollow module and magnetic module, and corresponding module output bit be transmitted to by sliding rail respectively,
Transferring for corresponding module is completed based on module calls order by the Module-embedding manipulator 205.To realize each module
Classification Management is transmitted and is transferred, and is avoided module and is transferred mistake during transferring, and helps to promote increasing material manufacturing process
Manufacturing speed.
Feedback unit 105 includes that three-dimensional data scans monitoring module 206.In the present embodiment, manufaturing data acquisition and anti-
The realization of monitoring module 206 can be scanned by three-dimensional data by presenting data monitoring.
Three-dimensional data scanning monitoring module 206 carries out three-dimensional data scanning to target object 200, and by the object of scanning
Body three-dimensional data file issues data analysis and Control module 202, three-dimensional data file of the data analysis and Control module 202 to object
Increasing material manufacturing process is determined after analysis, then data analysis and Control module 202 manipulates the first manipulator 203, the second manipulator 204
Start increasing material manufacturing process with Module-embedding manipulator 205.
According to a preferred embodiment, data analysis and Control module 202 can be with by the manufacturing process of target object 200
It is divided into 11 steps:
Step 1: the first manipulator 203 first manufactures one as shown in Figure 3 one first object with peripheral frame
208。
Step 2: at least one entity module A is put into predeterminated position and constituted as shown in Figure 4 by Module-embedding manipulator 205
Second object 209.
Step 3: the first manipulator 203 continues supplement frame and constitutes third body 210 as shown in Figure 5.
Step 4: at least one hollow module B is put into predeterminated position and constituted as shown in Figure 6 by Module-embedding manipulator 205
The 4th object 211.
Step 5: the second manipulator 204 is that each hollow module B packing material constitutes the 5th object as shown in Figure 7
212。
Step 6: the first manipulator 203 continues to supplement frame composition the 6th object 213 as shown in Figure 8.
Step 7: at least one magnetic module C is put into corresponding position and constituted such as Fig. 9 institute by Module-embedding manipulator 205
The 7th object 214 shown.
Step 8: the second manipulator 204 is that magnetic module C packing material constitutes the 8th object 215 as shown in Figure 10.
Step 9: the first manipulator 203 continues to supplement frame composition the 9th object 216 as shown in figure 11.
Step 10: at least one module D is put into corresponding position and constituted as shown in figure 12 by Module-embedding manipulator 205
Tenth object 217.
Step 11: the second manipulator 204 is that module D packing material constitutes the 11st object 218 as shown in fig. 13 that,
It is to complete the duplication of target object 200 or remanufacture process.
Wherein, Fig. 3 to Figure 13 is the duplication by fusion sediment impact system to each stage in 200 reproduction process of target object
The perspective view of object.According to a preferred embodiment, during Module-embedding, the Module-embedding unit 104 is based on
The three-dimensional stereo data and deadline number comprising object to be manufactured each increasing material manufacturing stage that increasing material manufacturing unit 103 provides
According to the pre- insertion triggering for completing module.The triggering result is to be based on data analysis and Control module by Prefabricated block supply unit
What the 202 module material information that provide, modular shape information, quantity information completed module to be embedded transfers process.
The reality for the increasing material process that the data analysis and Control module 202 is provided based on three-dimensional data scanning monitoring module 206
When monitoring data, complete insertion time point, embedded location verifying again.The Module-embedding manipulator 205 is in the data
Analysis and Control module 202 is completed to receive data point on the basis of three-dimensional data scanning 206 Real-time Monitoring Data of monitoring module verifying
The Prefabricated block that the control data of analysis unit 102 complete manufacturing object is inlayed, connects or is inserted into.
For example, in step 2, will complete first that Module-embedding unit 104 is provided based on increasing material manufacturing unit 103
The three-dimensional stereo data and deadline data of object 208, and 10 minutes or 20 minutes or 30 before the completion of the first object 208
Minute realizes the pre- insertion triggering of module.The pre- insertion triggering result is that Prefabricated block supply unit is based on data analysis and Control
The module material information of the offer of module 202, modular shape information, quantity information complete module to be embedded and that is to say entity module A
Transfer.Meanwhile preparing to complete Prefabricated block by Module-embedding manipulator 205 at the time point that the manufacture of the first object 208 terminates
Telescopiny.Also, the data analysis and Control module 202 scans the first of the offer of monitoring module 206 based on three-dimensional data
Object 208 increases the Real-time Monitoring Data of material process, completes the verifying again at entity module A insertion time point, embedded location.To
The first object 208 is avoided in the case where the time point that should manufacture completion manufacture having not been completed, Module-embedding manipulator
205 begin to carry out the telescopiny of module.Advance operation or the maloperation for avoiding Module-embedding manipulator 205, to protect
Demonstrate,prove or improve the yield rate of entire manufacturing process.The Module-embedding manipulator 205 is in the data analysis and Control module 202
Complete the control that data analysis unit 102 is received on the basis of three-dimensional data scanning 206 Real-time Monitoring Data of monitoring module is verified
The predeterminated position that data complete at least one entity module A to be put into the first object 2078 constitutes the second object as shown in Figure 4
209。
In 11 steps of above-mentioned manufacturing process, three-dimensional data scanning monitoring module 206 supervises manufacturing process
Control, and monitoring information is fed back into data analysis and Control module 202, if occurring abnormal, data analysis and Control in manufacturing process
Pause is manufactured and issues prompt messages by module 202.
In addition, operator can also suspend or terminate at any time manufacturing process, can arbitrarily be adjusted during pause
Subsequent manufacturing process then proceedes to complete remaining manufacturing process.
It should be noted that above-mentioned specific embodiment is exemplary, those skilled in the art can disclose in the present invention
Various solutions are found out under the inspiration of content, and these solutions also belong to disclosure of the invention range and fall into this hair
Within bright protection scope.It will be understood by those skilled in the art that description of the invention and its attached drawing are illustrative and are not
Constitute limitations on claims.Protection scope of the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of increasing material manufacturing device comprising: data analysis unit (102) and increasing material manufacturing unit (103),
It is characterized in that,
The increasing material manufacturing device (AM) further includes Module-embedding unit (104), wherein Module-embedding unit (104) base
It is acquired during monitoring the increasing material manufacturing unit (103) and executing increasing material manufacturing process in the data analysis unit (102)
Data and the data analysis unit (102) based on increasing material manufacturing process and combine increasing material manufacturing object determine to embedding
At least one Prefabricated block is attached to the object that is carrying out or will start to carry out increasing material manufacturing by the module parameter for entering module
Or object semi-finished product；
The module to be embedded includes one or more basic modes, and the basic mode passes through shape cooperation, material mating or force-fitting
Mode completes the connection of each basic mode, and builds and to form module, and shape cooperation includes engaging between basic mode and the pass that is connected
System, the material mating include bonding connection relationship between basic mode；The force-fitting includes magnetive attraction connection relationship, and the basic mode is
Identical or different stereochemical structure, the basic mode are rule or irregular stereochemical structure.
2. increasing material manufacturing device as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the Module-embedding unit (104) is based on described
Data analysis unit (102) monitor the increasing material manufacturing unit (103) execute increase material process during data collected and/or
The three-dimensional stereo data comprising material object to be increased each increasing material manufacturing stage and deadline that increasing material manufacturing unit (103) provides
Data complete module pre- insertion triggering, and based on data analysis module (102) provide module to be embedded module parameter by
What Prefabricated block supply unit completed module to be embedded transfers process.
3. the increasing material manufacturing device as described in one of preceding claims, which is characterized in that the increasing material manufacturing device further includes
Feedback unit (105), wherein carrying out or will start to carry out increasing material manufacturing at least one Prefabricated block to be attached to
When object or object semi-finished product, the Module-embedding unit (104) also considers the increasing material manufacturing of the feedback unit (105) feedback
Real-time Monitoring Data in the process, wherein the data analysis unit (102) be based on feedback unit (105) provide increasing material into
The Real-time Monitoring Data of journey completes the verifying again at insertion time point, embedded location, and the Module-embedding unit (104) is in institute
Data analysis unit (102) are stated to complete to receive data analysis unit on the basis of the verifying of feedback unit (105) Real-time Monitoring Data
(102) control data complete inlaying, connect or being inserted into for the Prefabricated block transferred by Prefabricated block supply unit.
4. increasing material manufacturing device as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that the data analysis unit (102) is in monitoring institute
State increasing material manufacturing unit (103) execute increase material process during data collected include that the increasing material manufacturing unit (103) executes
Increase the operation data completed in material command procedure；
Real-time Monitoring Data includes that the real-time three-dimensional of increasing material object is vertical during the increasing material manufacturing of feedback unit (105) feedback
Volume data；
When the module parameter of the module to be embedded includes material, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and the insertion of module to be embedded
Between point data.
5. increasing material manufacturing device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the increasing material manufacturing device further includes manufacture
Data acquisition unit (101), the manufaturing data acquisition unit (101) acquire three-dimensional stereo data, the material of object to be manufactured
Data, curring time data, module inlay program data；
The parameter information of the object to be manufactured of acquisition is sent to increasing material manufacturing unit (103) by manufaturing data acquisition unit (101)
With data analysis unit (102)；
The data analysis unit (102) carries out increasing material process for controlling increasing material manufacturing unit (103), and the data analysis is single
First (102) carry out module mosaic process for control module inlay element (104).
6. increasing material manufacturing device as claimed in claim 4, which is characterized in that the module to be embedded is regular or irregular vertical
Body structure, described pattern of rows and columns include module and increasing material manufacturing object comprising mode, mosaic mode and overlap joint mode；
The insertion time point be included in increasing material manufacturing object carry out increase material operation before, carry out increase material operation process in or carry out
After increasing material operation；
The material of the module includes the material identical and/or different as material increased during increasing material manufacturing.
7. increasing material manufacturing device as claimed in claim 6, which is characterized in that the module with it is increased during increasing material manufacturing
The structure that material is formed is completed to connect by way of shape cooperation, material mating or force-fitting, and collectively forms and increase material object.
8. a kind of increasing material manufacturing method, which is characterized in that the increasing material manufacturing method include: data collection steps, analytical procedure,
Increase material procedure of processing and Module-embedding step,
Wherein, in data collection steps, realize the three-dimensional stereo data of object to be manufactured, material data, curring time data,
Module inlays the acquisition of program data；
In the analytical procedure, it is inserted into required for being determined according to the process of increasing material manufacturing and in conjunction with the object of increasing material manufacturing
Material, quantity, shape, pattern of rows and columns and the insertion time of module；
In increasing material procedure of processing, the parameter information of the object to be manufactured based on acquisition is completed to increase material process；
In the Module-embedding step, completed in execution increasing material command procedure during obtaining the increasing material process of object to be manufactured
The module parameter of operation data, real-time monitoring data and module to be embedded completes module and inlays, connects or insertion process.
9. increasing material manufacturing method as claimed in claim 8, which is characterized in that in the Module-embedding step, based on increase material into
The operation data completed in increasing material command procedure is executed during journey and/or the three-dimensional in object to be manufactured each increasing material manufacturing stage is vertical
Volume data and deadline data complete the pre- insertion triggering of module, and based on the analysis number comprising module material, quantity, shape
Process is transferred according to completion module to be embedded；
Simultaneously based on the Real-time Monitoring Data for increasing material process, the verifying again at insertion time point, embedded location is completed, and is completed
The module that insertion control data completion manufacturing object is received on the basis of Real-time Monitoring Data verifying is inlayed, connects or is inserted into.
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| WO2019067471A2 (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2019-04-04 | Arconic Inc. | Systems and methods for conducting in-situ monitoring in additive manufacture |
| CN109435232B (en) * | 2018-06-13 | 2021-04-06 | 上海工程技术大学 | FDM rapid prototyping machine pressing device and control method based on slip rate feedback |
| CN109703008B (en) * | 2019-01-03 | 2021-08-27 | 山东中颖智超数据科技有限公司 | Intelligent additive manufacturing method and device based on big data artificial intelligence analysis |
| CN110711923A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2020-01-21 | 江南大学 | Arc Additive Hybrid Manufacturing Method Based on Preforms |
| CN112590201B (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2022-04-19 | 南京航空航天大学 | Surface exposure based composite multi-material energy field restraint additive manufacturing device and method |
| EP4206837A3 (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2023-09-27 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Management apparatus, production system, and management method |
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| CN105408095A (en) * | 2013-06-24 | 2016-03-16 | 哈佛学院院长等 | Printed three-dimensional (3D) functional part and method of making |
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| CN105408095A (en) * | 2013-06-24 | 2016-03-16 | 哈佛学院院长等 | Printed three-dimensional (3D) functional part and method of making |
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