public class ExamplesOfBasicVariablesTypes
  {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
		  // define char
      char c = 'k';
      // define int 
      int num = 5;
      // define long
      long num1 = 765;
      // define sort
      sort num2 = 6;
      // define byte
      byte num3 = 32;
      // define double
      double num4 = 326;
      // define float
      float num5 = 89;
      // define boolean
      boolean bool = true;
	 }// end of method main 
  }// end of class ExamplesOfBasicVariablesTypes

import java.util.Scanner;

public class InputExample 
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        // make a Scanner object
        Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

        // Prompt user to enter an integer
        System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
        int num1 = scan.nextInt();

        // Prompt user to enter a short
        System.out.print("Enter a short: ");
        short num2 = scan.nextShort();

        // Prompt user to enter a long
        System.out.print("Enter a long: ");
        long num3 = scan.nextLong();

        // Prompt user to enter a character
        System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
        char ch = scan.next().charAt(0);

        // Prompt user to enter a float
        System.out.print("Enter a float: ");
        float num4 = scan.nextFloat();

        // Prompt user to enter a double
        System.out.print("Enter a double: ");
        double num5 = scan.nextDouble();

        // Prompt user to enter a byte
        System.out.print("Enter a byte: ");
        byte num6 = scan.nextByte();

        // Prompt user to enter a boolean
        System.out.print("Enter a boolean: ");
        boolean bool = scan.nextBoolean();

        System.out.println("You entered: " + num1 + ", " + num2 + ", " + num3 + ", " + ch + ", " + num4 + ", " + num5 + ", " + num6 + ", " + bool);
    }// end of method main
}// end of class InputExample

public class Arithmetic
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a = 5;
        int b = 2;

        // addition
        int c = a + b;
        System.out.println("Addition: " + a + " + " + b + " = " + c);

        // subtraction
        c = a - b;
        System.out.println("Subtraction: " + a + " - " + b + " = " + c);

        // multiplication
        c = a * b;
        System.out.println("Multiplication: " + a + " * " + b + " = " + c);

        // division
        c = a / b;
        System.out.println("Division: " + a + " / " + b + " = " + c);

        // modulus
        c = a % b;
        System.out.println("Modulus: " + a + " % " + b + " = " + c);
    }// end of method main
    
}// end of class Arithmetic

public class ShorthandExpressions 
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        int x = 10;
        int y = 5;

        // addition assignment
        x += y;
        System.out.println("Addition Assignment: x += y : " + x);

        // subtraction assignment
        x -= y;
        System.out.println("Subtraction Assignment: x -= y : " + x);

        // multiplication assignment
        x *= y;
        System.out.println("Multiplication Assignment: x *= y : " + x);

        // division assignment
        x /= y;
        System.out.println("Division Assignment: x /= y : " + x);

        // modulus assignment
        x %= y;
        System.out.println("Modulus Assignment: x %= y : " + x);
    }// end of method main 
}// end of class ShorthandExpressions 

public class Casting 
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        // Implicit casting
        int a = 10;
        long b = a; // automatic casting from int to long

        // Explicit casting
        double c = 2.12;
        int d = (int)c; // explicit casting from double to int

        System.out.println("Implicit casting: int to long : " + b);
        System.out.println("Explicit casting: double to int : " + d);
    }// end of method main 
}// end of class Casting

public class RelationalAndLogicalExpressions
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a = 13;
        int b = 5;

        // relational greater than
        if (a > b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is greater than b");
        }

        // relational less than
        if (a < b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is less than b");
        }

        // relational greater than or equal to
        if (a >= b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is greater than or equal to b");
        }

        // relational less than or equal to
        if (a <= b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is less than or equal to b");
        }

        // relational equal to
        if (a == b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is equal to b");
        }

        // relational not equal to
        if (a != b)
        {
            System.out.println("a is not equal to b");
        }

        // logical AND
        if (a > b && a < 20)
        {
            System.out.println("a is greater than b and less than 20");
        }

        // logical OR
        if (a > b || a < 20)
        {
            System.out.println("a is either greater than b or less than 20");
        }

        // logical NOT
        if (!(a == b))
        {
            System.out.println("a is not equal to b");
        }
    }// end of method main
}// end of class RelationalAndLogicalExpressions

public class IfElseExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {

        int age = 40;

        // if statement
        if (age >= 18)
        {
            System.out.println("You are an adult.");
        }

        // if-else statement
        if (age >= 21)
        {
            System.out.println("You can drink alcohol.");
        } 
        else
        {
            System.out.println("You cannot drink alcohol.");
        }

        // if-if-else-else statement
        if (age >= 65)
        {
            System.out.println("You are a senior citizen.");
        } 
        else if (age >= 18)
        {
            System.out.println("You are an adult.");
        }
        else
        {
            System.out.println("You are a minor.");
        }
    }// end of method main 
}// end of class IfElseExample

public class WeekDayChecker 
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int day = 2;
        // switch statement to check the day of the week
        switch(day)
	{
            case 1:
                System.out.println("Monday");
                break;
            case 2:
                System.out.println("Tuesday");
                break;
            case 3:
                System.out.println("Wednesday");
                break;
            case 4:
                System.out.println("Thursday");
                break;
            case 5:
                System.out.println("Friday");
                break;
            case 6:
                System.out.println("Saturday");
                break;
            case 7:
                System.out.println("Sunday");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("Invalid day of the week");
                break;
        }
    }// end of method main
}// end of class WeekDayChecker 

public class ForLoopExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    {
        // for loop to print the numbers from 0 to 10
        for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
	{
            System.out.println(i);
     	}// end of for loop
    }// end of method main
}// end of class ForLoopExample

public class WhileLoopExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int i = 0; // initialization
        // while loop to iterate through numbers 0 to 10
        while (i < 11) // termination condition
	{ 
            System.out.println(i);
            i++; // increment
        }// end of while loop
    }// end of method main
}// end of class WhileLoopExample

public class DoWhileLoopExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int counter = 0;
        do 
	{
            System.out.println(counter);
            counter++;
        } while (counter < 10);
    }// end of method main
}// end of class DoWhileLoopExample

class OneDimensionalArrayExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Declare a one-dimensional array of integers
        int[] myArray = new int[5];

        // Assign values to the elements of the array
        myArray[0] = 1;
        myArray[1] = 2;
        myArray[2] = 3;
        myArray[3] = 4;
        myArray[4] = 5;
	// the array
	//  - - - - -
	// |1|2|3|4|5|
	//  - - - - -
        // Print out the third element of the array
        System.out.println("The third element of the array is: " + myArray[2]);
    }// end of method main 
}// end of method OneDimensionalArrayExample

public class TwoDimensionalArrayExample
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
    	// create a 2D array with 3 rows and 3 columns
        // and initialize it with values
        int[][] arr = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} };

        System.out.println("The original array:");
        //printing the original array using two for loops
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
	{
            for (int j = 0; j < arr[i].length; j++)
	    {
                System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
            }// end of nested loop
            System.out.println();
        }// end of first loop

        //modifying the array
        arr[1][2] = 8;

        System.out.println("\nThe modified array:");
        //printing the modified array
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
	{
            for (int j = 0; j < arr[i].length; j++)
	    {
                System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
            }// end of nested loop
            System.out.println();
        }// end of first loop
    }// end of method main
}// TwoDimensionalArrayExample

class BubbleSort
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
    	// the array before sorting 
        int[] arr = {5, 3, 8, 6, 2, 1, 9, 4, 7};
	// print the array before sorting 
        System.out.println("Original Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
	// sort the array
        bubbleSort(arr);
	// print the array after sorting 
        System.out.println("Sorted Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
    }// end of method main
 
    public static void bubbleSort(int[] arr)
    {
        int temp;
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++)
	{
            for (int j = 1; j < arr.length - i; j++)
	    {
                if (arr[j - 1] > arr[j])
		{
                    temp = arr[j - 1];
                    arr[j - 1] = arr[j];
                    arr[j] = temp;
                }// end of if 
            }// end of nested for loops 
        }// end of for loop
    }// end of method bubbleSort
}// end of class BubbleSort

class InsertionSort
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
    	// the array before sorting 
        int[] arr = {5, 3, 8, 6, 2, 1, 9, 4, 7};
	// print the array before sorting 
        System.out.println("Original Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
	// sort the array
        insertionSort(arr);
	// print the array after sorting 
        System.out.println("Sorted Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));
    }// end of method main 
 
    public static void insertionSort(int[] arr)
    {
        int key, j;
        for (int i = 1; i < arr.length; i++)
	{
            key = arr[i];
            j = i - 1;
            while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key)
	    {
                arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
                j = j - 1;
            }// end of while loop
            arr[j + 1] = key;
        }// end of foor loop 
    }// end of method insertionSort
}// end of class InsertionSort

public class SelectionSort
{

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int[] arr = {5, 3, 6, 2, 10};
	
        // Print the original array
        System.out.print("Original Array: ");
        for (int i : arr)
	{
            System.out.print(i + " ");
        }// end of for loop 

        // Sort the array using selection sort
        selectionSort(arr);

        // Print the sorted array
        System.out.print("\nSorted Array: ");
        for (int i : arr)
	{
            System.out.print(i + " ");
        }// end of for loop 
    }// end of method main

    public static void selectionSort(int[] arr)
    {
        // Loop through the array
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++)
	{
            // Find the index of the minimum element
            int minIndex = i;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++)
	    {
                if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex])
		{
                    minIndex = j;
                }// end of if
            }// end of for loop
            // Swap the minimum element with the current element
            int temp = arr[minIndex];
            arr[minIndex] = arr[i];
            arr[i] = temp;
        }// end of for loop
    }// end of method selectionSort
}// end of class SelectionSort