Java: Add more nullness tests and fix a bug causing false negatives. #20267
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This adds a number of additional tricky control-flow tests, which are useful in my work on control-flow reachability.
I've also uncovered a subtle bug in nullness, which I've fixed and documented with a test.
Finally, a drive-by improvement to Java Guards teaching it about the non-nullness of catch-clause declared exception variables (this is already known by the current nullness library, but there it relies on full SSA, which is why this case didn't originally make it into the Guards instantiation).