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Faktor-Faktor Dominan dalam Pembentukan Lembaga Sosial Gelar Satya Budhi; Mimin Aminah
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 27, No 1 (2009): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v27n1.2009.29-41

EnglishLocal institutions have important role in the people-centered development vision, but such institutions establishment is carried out in absence of good social process. This condition leads to poor performance of the institution, even it does not function at all, without any improvement in the long term. Theoretical references, research as well as experience of establishing institutions suggest using some dominant factors in institutional development in order to get better performance. There are at least six dominant factors in institutional establishment, namely the principles of democratic, participative, diffusion of innovation, and empowerment, besides the existence of conflict in the community and divergent orientation among residents.IndonesianLembaga lokal memiliki peran sangat penting dalam pembangunan yang memiliki visi mengutamakan masyarakat (people-centered development). Akan tetapi pembentukan lembaga seringkali tidak dilakukan melalui proses sosial yang matang. Keadaan seperti ini menyebabkan banyak lembaga yang dibentuk memiliki kinerja kurang optimal bahkan tidak berfungsi, tanpa ada perbaikan untuk jangka waktu lama. Referensi teoritis, penelitian dan pengalaman pembentukan lembaga menyarankan bahwa untuk memperoleh lembaga yang memiliki kinerja baik, maka pembentukan lembaga harus didasarkan pada beberapa faktor-faktor dominan. Sekurang-kurangnya terdapat enam faktor dominan dalam pembentukan lembaga, yaitu prinsip demokratis, partisipatif, difusi inovasi, dan pemberdayaan, selain pemahaman mengenai keberadaan konflik di masyarakat dan perbedaan orientasi anggota masyarakat pada saat pembentukan lembaga.

Esensi dan Urgensi Kaji Tindak Partisipatif dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Perdesaan Berbasis Sumberdaya Pertanian Muhammad Iqbal; Edi Basuno; Gelar Satya Budhi
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 25, No 2 (2007): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v25n2.2007.73-88

EnglishIt is believed that action research has been numerously implemented for a long time in Indonesia. Nevertheless, it can be generally stated that its implementation was relatively lack in accommodating farmer’s aspiration. As a result, a method of participatory action research needs to be recommended. This article aims to review the essence and urgency of participatory action research focused on rural community-based agricultural empowerment. At least, there are three pillars of participatory action research towards community empowerment, namely participation, facilitation, and intervention. However, the implementation of participatory action research is time-consuming and depends on community’s initiative in determining needs priority. Interactive participation and creativity through participation as well as democracy-based facilitation and intervention should be carried out. Hence, it is implied that the development of community’s aspiration (button-up approach) still requires top-down approach, which is free from paternalistic attribute. IndonesianKaji tindak merupakan jenis penelitian yang cukup banyak dan telah lama dilakukan di Indonesia, namun secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa pelaksanaannya masih kurang mengakomodasi aspirasi petani. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan metode kaji tindak yang partisipatif perlu direkomendasikan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mereview esensi dan urgensi kaji tindak partisipatif dengan titik tumpu pemberdayaan masyarakat khususnya di wilayah perdesaan berbasis sumberdaya pertanian. Paling tidak ada tiga pilar dalam kaji tindak pemberdayaan masyarakat, yaitu partisipasi, fasilitasi, dan intervensi. Akan tetapi, implementasi kaji tindak dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat memerlukan waktu, tergantung inisiatif masyarakat dalam menentukan keperluan prioritas mereka. Partisipasi secara interaktif dan kreatif serta fasilitasi dan intervensi yang berpedoman pada prinsip demokrasi perlu dijalankan. Implikasinya, pengembangan aspirasi masyarakat tetap membutuhkan upaya yang bersifat pendekatan dari atas namun terbebas dari sikap paternalistik.

Kinerja dan Perspektif Usahatani Konservasi Alley Cropping di Indonesia Sri Hery Susilowati; Gelar Satya Budhi; I Wayan Rusastra
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 15, No 1-2 (1997): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v15n1-2.1997.1-16

Alley cropping as a soil conservation technology owning certain advantages over terracing, particularly in that : a) costs are lower, b) soil productivity can be maintained, and c) it may be applied on all soil conditions. A disadvantage of alley cropping relates to the time taken for soil erosion control to become effective. However, over the longer time period, soil conversation control through alley cropping technology is more economical than that for terracing. The reviewed studies indicate that flemingia congesta is the most effective soil erosion controlling leguminous shrub,of those studied. Alley cropping is effective in maintaining land productivity. The synergic effect of soil productivity increase and soil erosion rate reduction. In some research,alley cropping systems have been shown to significantaly reduce farming costs per unit output,due to a decrease in manday (labour) use and other input reductions. In implementing alley cropping, land-holding status is one determining fector in farmers' willingness to apply the technology. That is why efforts to disseminate soil cinversation technology have often used some incentive in terms of land ownership rights for farmers. It is worthwhile to develop these incentives further, so that there is a legal certainty on cultivated land. Although alley cropping technology has currently been applied and adopted by farmers to a limited degree, there are still four main assues obstructing farmers' adoption of the tecnolog: a) small scale land-holding; b) limited capital ; c) production input availability; and d) lack of technology information

Escalating People’s Participation in Rural Development through GO-NGO Collaboration Gelar Satya Budhi
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 26, No 1 (2008): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v26n1.2008.58-70

IndonesianPemerintah makin menyadari bahwa dengan pendekatan melibatkan masyarakat keberhasilan dalam melaksanaan pembangunan akan lebih mudah dicapai. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya proyek pemerintah yang dilaksanakan secara partisipatif. Kendati demikian, konsep partisipatif belum diadaptasi secara menyeluruh, di mana masyarakat tidak dilibatkan dalam semua tahap, terutama dalam perencanaan dan evaluasi. Hal ini mengakibatkan pelaksanaan proyek-proyek tersebut belum memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan. Dalam rangka meningkatkan partisipasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, pelaksanaan program bersama-sama antar Organisasi Pemerintah (OP) dengan Organisasi Non Pemerintah (ONP) dipandang prospektif. Dengan masing-masing kelebihannya, perpaduan antara OP dan ONP dipandang akan lebih mampu meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat terhadap program pembangunan yang dilaksanakan. EnglishThere is a growing concern on government perception that involving people in development is regarded important to deliver the success. This can be identified from participative programs and projects carried out, so far, by the government. In spite of the trend, such participation concept has not been implemented entirely, whereby people are not involved at all stages, especially in planning and evaluation. This condition causing the on going programs and projects unable to produce expected results. In terms of escalating people’s participation and community empowerment, collaboration programs and projects between Government Organizations (GOs) and Non Government Organizations (NGOs) are deemed important to develop. This is particularly because each of these organization has its expertise on different fields which well understood to produce fruitful results if such capabilities are integrated.

Perspective of Agri-Environmental Service Incentives in Indonesia, Developing Countries and OECD Members Muhammad Iqbal; Gelar Satya Budhi
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 26, No 1 (2008): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v26n1.2008.1-16

IndonesianPeran sektor pertanian di Indonesia memiliki multi fungsi terkait dengan lingkungan, ketahanan pangan, sosial ekonomi, dan budaya. Strategi utama dalam menjaga multi fungsi pertanian adalah: (a) meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap pertanian dan masyarakat pedesaan; (b) mendukung kebijakan harga pertanian; (c) meningkatkan apresiasi terhadap multi fungsi pertanian; (d) meningkatkan upaya konservasi tanah; dan (e) menentukan langkah penataan lahan sesuai dengan program revitalisasi pertanian. Kendati lahan pertanian memberikan jasa pelayanan lingkungan kepada masyarakat, namun petani tidak memperoleh insentif yang memadai dalam hal jaminan berusahatani, subsidi input, pengawasan kualitas pasokan pertanian, dan dukungan akses pasar. Oleh karena itu, gagasan insentif jasa lingkungan pertanian patut diimplementasikan. Akan tetapi, untuk kelancaran implementasi insentif jasa lingkungan pertanian tersebut perlu dilakukan terlebih dahulu analisis pemangku kepentingan diiringi dengan proyek percontohan. Dengan kata lain, beberapa langkah strategis seperti sosialisasi dan uji coba kegiatan perlu disiapkan. Modifikasi pembayaran jasa lingkungan dapat direkomendasi-kan dalam implementasi insentif jasa lingkungan pertanian di Indonesia. EnglishIndonesian agriculture has been admitted for its multifunctionality which encompasses environmental, food security, socioeconomic, and cultural roles. The main strategies to maintain the multifunctionality of agriculture are as follows: (a) improving the awareness on the agriculture and rural community; (b) providing the favorable price policy of agriculture; (c) enhancing the appreciation on the multifunctionality of agriculture; (d) improving soil conservation efforts; and (e) delineating the prime agriculture land in accordance with revitalization of agriculture, fisheries, and forestry program. Agricultural land provides environmental services to community; however, farmers deserve incentives such as secure tenure, subsidized inputs, quality control of agricultural supplies, and better market access. Hence, the notion of agri-environmental service incentives is essentially implemented. However, for better implementation, it should be initiated employing stakeholder’s analysis through a pilot project activity. In other words, there is a need that a road map strategy is implemented, including its socialization and implementation. Modified mechanism model of payment for environmental services is recommended in implementing agri-environmental service incentives in Indonesia.

Lumbung Pangan Masyarakat: Keberadaan dan Perannya dalam Penanggulangan Kerawanan Pangan Muchjidin Rachmat; Gelar Satya Budhi; nFN Supriyati; Wahyuning Kusuma Sejati
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 29, No 1 (2011): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v29n1.2011.43-53

EnglishFood barns are the food reserve institution commonly developed in rural areas and play roles in addressing community food insecurity. Food barns exist along with the rice culture and become a part of public food reserve system. The existence of food barns tend to decline due to some, namely: (a) the movement of green revolution which introduces improved rice varieties and agricultural modernization incompatible with the traditional food barn development; (b) the existence of Bulog that plays it role in stabilizing supply of food and rice price which is a disincentive to storing grain; (c) globalization leading to invention of various processed foods distributed to rural areas has changed people’s consumption pattern, and (d) inconsistent and project-oriented technical assistance. Food barns are generally established in the areas accustomed to food insecurity due to lack of access. Food barns may play role to cope with common food insecurity however not capable of dealing with unpredictable food insecurity, e.g. due to disaster. To deal with transient food insecurity it is necessary that the government establishes mobile food reserves such as conducted by Bulog. Food reserves institution is necessary in the autonomy regions along with decreased role of Bulog. Local government’s food reserve institution may be Local Government Enterprises (BUMD), private institution, or collaboration between those of local governments and Bulog. Food insecurity management is also poverty alleviation exertion. Therefore, addressing food security is not only related to food production and provision but it is also infrastructure improvement and human resource development. IndonesianLumbung pangan merupakan lembaga cadangan pangan di daerah perdesaan, berperan dalam mengatasi kerawanan pangan masyarakat. Lumbung pangan telah ada sejalan dengan budaya padi dan menjadi bagian dari sistem cadangan pangan masyarakat. Keberadaan lumbung pangan cenderung menurun karena beberapa sebab, yaitu: (a) penerapan revolusi hijau yang mengintroduksikan teknologi padi unggul, dan modernisasi pertanian dinilai tidak sesuai dengan lumbung tradisional masyarakat, (b) keberadaan Bulog yang berperan dalam stabilisasi pasokan dan harga pangan (gabah) di setiap wilayah pada setiap waktu menyebabkan tidak ada insentif untuk menyimpan gabah, (c) globalisasi yang menyebabkan terbangunnya beragam pangan, termasuk pangan olahan sampai ke perdesaan, telah merubah pola konsumsi, dan (d) kegiatan pembinaan yang tidak konsisten dan cenderung orientasi proyek menyebabkan pembinaan yang dilakukan tidak efektif. Keberadaan lumbung pangan saat ini umumnya berada di daerah yang secara tradional telah mengembangkan lumbung pangan di daerah rawan pangan dengan kendala aksesibilitas. Lumbung pangan berperan mengatasi kerawanan pangan masyarakat di daerah rawan pangan kronis, namun belum mampu untuk mengatasi kerawanan pangan transien akibat kondisi tak terduga seperti bencana. Untuk mengatasi kerawanan pangan transien dibutuhkan penyediaan cadangan pangan oleh pemerintah yang memungkinkan mobilitas cadangan pangan antar wilayah sebagaimana dilakukan oleh Bulog. Dengan menurunnya peran Bulog diperlukan pemikiran untuk mengembangkan kelembagaan cadangan pangan pada era otonomi daerah. Pengembangan kelembagaan cadangan pemerintah daerah tersebut dapat berupa BUMD, Lembaga Swasta atau kerjasama Pemda dengan Bulog dalam pengadaan cadangan pangan daerah. Penanganan kerawanan pangan juga sangat berkaitan erat dengan pengentasan kemiskinan. Untuk itu penanggulangan kerawanan pangan tidak hanya berkaitan dengan aspek produksi dan penyediaan bahan pangan. Perbaikan kondisi kerawanan pangan dapat dilakukan dengan perbaikan infrastruktur dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia.

Swasembada Kedelai: Antara Harapan dan Kenyataan Gelar Satya Budhi; Mimin Aminah
Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi Vol 28, No 1 (2010): Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/fae.v28n1.2010.55-68

EnglishThis paper aims to describe the state of production and consumption of soybean, the use of technology by farmers, and the factors supporting self-sufficiency in soybean. The main problem of the soybean economy is the difficulty to boost production to meet the fast growing consumption. Stagnation of soybean production is due to incompletely technology applications and the use of low quality seeds leaving a low level of productivity. The current price of the locally produced soybean is not able to compete with the imported soybean. The factors supporting self-sufficiency are the invention of high yield seed variety and better cultivation technology which necessary to transfer to the farmers to achieve the same level of productivity as that in research level. However, invention of high yield seed needs an improvement of seeds supply system, both in terms of production and distribution. In this context, Indonesia has huge marginal land for extensification to increase soybean production, although technology engineering for this purpose is required. The other important supporting factor is the import tariff application for soybean with bound rate of 27 percent, although this is not currently applicable. Indonesia has a potential crop to substitute soybean. However, efforts to promote the consumption of this alternative crop substitution are required to gradually replace soybean in the Indonesian diet.IndonesianTulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keadaan produksi dan konsumsi komoditas kedelai, penggunaan teknologi oleh petani, serta faktor-faktor pendukung swasembada. Permasalahan utama dalam ekonomi kedelai adalah sulitnya memacu produksi untuk memenuhi konsumsi yang meningkat dengan pesat. Terhambatnya produksi kedelai disebabkan antara lain karena teknologi tidak digunakan sepenuhnya dan kurangnya penggunaan benih bermutu, yang menyebabkan produktivitasnya tetap rendah. Dengan harga yang berlaku saat ini, kedelai produksi lokal tidak mampu bersaing dengan kedelai impor. Faktor-faktor yang mendukung swasembada adalah dihasilkannya varietas kedelai yang memiliki produktivitas tinggi dan teknologi budidaya yang lebih baik, untuk ditransfer ke petani agar dapat menyamai produktivitas di tingkat penelitian. Namun demikian ditemukannya varietas unggul perlu didukung oleh perbaikan sistem penyediaan benih bermutu, baik dari sisi produksi maupun distribusinya. Indonesia juga memiliki lahan yang cukup luas untuk meningkatkan produksi kedelai di lahan marjinal, walaupun memerlukan rekayasa teknologi. Faktor berikutnya yang tidak kalah pentingnya dalam mendukung swasembada kedelai adalah penerapan bea masuk impor yang saat ini masih diperkenankan sampai batas 27 persen, namun saat ini tidak dimanfaatkan. Selain itu, Indonesia juga memiliki komoditas substitusi yang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai pengganti kedelai. Diperlukan promosi diversifikasi substitusi kedelai agar secara bertahap komoditas alternatif tersebut dapat menggantikan kedelai dalam konsumsi rakyat Indonesia.

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