Chapters authored
Physical Exercise as a Tool to Delay the Development Process of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Several authors reported that the absence of normal physical activity promotes a faster functional loss of several organs and systems, such as the cardiorespiratory system. It is known that scheduling physical activities and regular exercise for DMD patients, when performed based on a thorough functional evaluation, is fundamental for maintaining the quality of life of these children, as well as other associated resources that should be used, whenever possible. Exercise can help DMD patients to maintain and improve muscular strength for performing activities of daily living (ADL) such as stair climbing, slow the rate of increased weakness or contracture development that can prolong ambulation, maintain enough respiratory capacity and strengthened postural muscles, which can slow the onset of scoliosis. There is a need to pass throughout the message to professionals, staff and families who are in this context or who have children with developmental disabilities that exercise and physical activity are an essential factor for maintaining health and well-being throughout the lifespan. That’s what we wish and hope with this chapter.
Part of the book: Muscular Dystrophies
Lifelong Healthy Habits and Lifestyles
The expression “lifestyles” describes several expressed behaviors, usually in the form of consumption and behaviors patterns, which characterizes how an individual or group fits into society. Although, with the advancement of science and the facilitation of human tasks in the daily living, there is a reduction in mortality from infectious diseases and an increase in longevity, however the appearance of chronic-degenerative diseases that negatively affect the quality of life have been found when some behaviors, defined as “good” lifestyles are not considered. The lifestyles could be defined as a set of mediating structures that reflect a totality of activities, attitudes and social values closely related and that depend on economic and social conditions, education, age, among other factors. It manifests historical and cultural experiences and emerges from a set of decisions, over which the subject assumes control, thus, the lifestyle is revealed to be fundamental in the promotion and protection of health. This chapter intends to describe how healthy lifestyles could be considered adequate through our living period since young ages, maintaining and distinguishing them during adulthood and making them useful in older ages.
Part of the book: Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity
Perspective Chapter: Evaluation Models in Physical Education in Portugal
Evaluation in physical education encompasses three stages: initial, formative and summative. The initial assessment diagnoses the level of knowledge and skills of students and can be identified as a starting point. Formative assessment is continuous and occurs throughout the teaching–learning process, providing constant feedback and allowing adjustments in teaching to better meet students’ needs. Summative assessment (final evaluation) occurs at the end of a stage, with the aim of measuring progress and acquisition of skills throughout the process. They not only measure students’ performance but also guide the development of their physical and cognitive capabilities in a more efficient and personalized context.
Part of the book: Physical Education at School and in Today's Society