Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Rejuvenative production.
Abstract
We are conducting many industrial considerations for continued growth. In this process, the necessary industries can be regarded as green growth, which can be seen as essential industries that can coexist. A paradigm shift to a low-carbon society is inevitable for survival and strengthening international efforts to actively respond to climate change while aiming for energy independence, such as transition to a low-energy consumption economic and social structure and increasing the penetration of new and renewable energy. Discuss the current status and necessity of green growth, focusing on Korea, and review plans for sustainable growth. Businesses, along with the government, must promptly identify changes in domestic and foreign environmental regulations and policy directions, and make active and proactive efforts to develop new industries and preoccupy the market based on existing accumulated capital and similar technology. The change to a green business model, after all, green growth is not limited to new businesses, but fundamental changes that can lead to changes in corporate competition methods, changes in corporate structures, and changes in industrial structures. It is a manufacturing company or a service company.
Keywords
- sustainable development
- green growth industry
- natural resources
- energy resource
- low-carbon
1. Introduction
1.1 Concept and importance of green growth industry
A month’s worth of fossil fuels used today is close to a year’s worth compared to the 1950s. A year’s supply of oil in the 1950s is equivalent to six weeks’ supply today. Excessive use of these conventional energy resources can be seen as a result of the increase in efficiency due to industrialization and urbanization as economic growth takes place. The UN says drinkable water will decline by 30% in about 25 years, and 30% of Asia’s agricultural land is likely to dry out within 20 years. The main reason for this is that mankind overuses natural resources.
The emergence of the green industry and its first claim was about 180 years ago Environmental, in 1827, when the famous French mathematician Fourier, JB pointed out the possibility of global warming caused by carbon dioxide, which is a natural anomaly along with the earth’s abnormal climate phenomenon, resulting in a drastic change unlike before. Earth continues to warn of the seriousness of environmental dangers due to the occurrence of unexpected situations. On April 22, 1970, Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, USA declared Earth Day for the first time to arouse national interest in environmental issues. In the largest organized protest in US history, more than 20 million people attended the Earth Day event, heard speeches, held debates, and took action to clean the environment [1].
Since then, environmental pollution has been regarded as a secondary problem due to economic growth. Evidence of this is also revealed in the fact that for 20 years after 1970, events that would arouse environmental crises, such as Earth Day, were stopped. In 1990, Earth Day was held at the center of the US headquarters, and 500 organizations from 100 countries around the world participated (CERES).
Green growth is based on the low-carbon policy to reduce GHG emissions, and in the growth model focusing on the input of existing factors, the use of natural resources increases as the economy grows, in which economic growth and environmental damage such as GHG emissions are coupled. In the process of production and consumption, the emission of pollutants such as carbon dioxide also increases. Green growth is a low-carbon economic development paradigm that reduces greenhouse gases and is based on eco-efficiency that seeks decoupling between economic growth and environmental damage, maximizes the efficiency of resource use and minimizes environmental pollution [2].
Energy A paradigm shift to a low-carbon society is inevitable for survival and strengthening international efforts to actively respond to climate change while aiming for energy independence, such as transition to a low-consumption economic and social structure and increasing the penetration of new and renewable energy [3].
Thus Green Growth,1 the word is a concept that encompasses both the values of environment and growth. The two concepts are already being realized as a new growth paradigm in developed countries. Discovering promising items and new technologies in the energy and environment-related technologies and industries derived from the process of shifting the existing economic growth paradigm to an environmentally friendly one, and attempting mutual convergence with existing industries to create new growth engines and new jobs [4].
There will be our common future, which was reported to the UN in 1987 by WCED,2 environmental preservation and development are not opposing concepts, but under the basic concept that long-term sustainable development is possible only based on environmental preservation, the central sustainable development can be presented as an ideology and support from around the world can be obtained.
The presented concept of sustainable development emphasizes that the active management of environmental assets is a very important issue in the continuous socio-economic development that transcends generations.
The sustainability revolution unfolded in response to the Industrial Revolution, which deteriorated the environment and our well-being. If the growth method so far is adhered to, the natural environment system that supports life on earth will collapse due to global warming, environmental pollution, health and poverty problems, etc.
It is necessary to accurately grasp the reality of global warming. Global warming tends to absorb the infrared long-wave radiation energy emitted from the earth to the outside, while the original greenhouse effect passes the ultraviolet short-wave radiation coming from the sun well. Because of this, some of the heat emitted from the earth is blocked and re-radiated back to the earth’s surface, but without this greenhouse effect, the earth’s average temperature drops to −18°C, making life impossible. Scientists believe that carbon dioxide plays the biggest role in causing the excessive greenhouse effect. The global average temperature change, sea level rise, and polar area decrease are due to the rapid increase in the amount of carbon dioxide generated artificially through human activities.
Why the world is now facing both a resource crisis represented by high oil prices and an environmental crisis symbolized by climate change is that the world population continues to increase from 6 billion in 2000 to 8.2 billion in 2030, progress in trade liberalization, and economic growth in developing countries. The problem of energy and resource shortage is expected to accelerate due to rapid growth etc., and the years of use of energy sources are 43 years for oil and 62 years for natural gas [5].
The necessity of the green industry can be explained in four ways. First, there is a need to join the international community’s efforts to resolve fundamental changes (Greenforall).
The 250 years since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 concentration has soared by more than 35%, and global average temperature has soared by 0.80°C. In 2008, international oil price crises approaching $ 150 per barrel coincided with the financial and food crises that hit the world. Recognizing these risks, as the response of each country began, a group of financial, energy and environmental experts in the UK proposed a Green New Deal to the British government, inspired by the New Deal policy that overcame the Great Depression in the 1930s.
The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) proposed Green Economy, and the US Center for American Progress (CAP), a think tank of the Obama administration, presented Green Recovery. Green growth is a concept of converting the pattern of economic growth into an environment-friendly one while pursuing economic growth that is abstract or complementary in terms of the possibility of realizing a wide range of policies for sustainable development (integration of economic development, social equity, and environmental protection) means possible economic growth [6].
Countries around the world are introducing various environmental regulations and systems. The EU has already begun to strengthen environmental standards such as the New Chemical Substances Control System (REACH) and EuP (Energy-using Products) standby power regulation, and China also introduced the New Chemicals Environmental Management Act, which can be called the Chinese version of REACH in May 2009 legislative announcement.
The US Clean Energy and Protection Act, recently passed by the US House of Representatives, includes a border tax provision that would impose regulatory measures or tariffs on products exported from countries that are not committed to reducing greenhouse gases. If this happens, companies that emit a lot of greenhouse gases, energy-efficient products, and products that are harmful to the environment will no longer be able to survive in the global market. Environmental regulations are emerging as new trade barriers.
In most country, where exports account for about large amount of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), prompt response to global environmental regulations is directly linked to the survival of the country and businesses. So far, in a situation where developed countries, which are the cause of environmental pollution and enormous economic benefits in the process of industrialization, have to take responsibility, the current status of international environmental agreements on environmental regulations made by advanced countries, centered on the EU, will be summarized [7].
1.1.1 Climate change convention
As the greenhouse effect of the earth intensified due to the increase of CO2, the agreement made by EU countries came to fruition in the Convention on Climate Change adopted at the Rio Conference in June 1992, and Korea It joined in December 1993 and currently has 176 countries. And in December 1997, at the 3rd Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change Convention held in Kyoto, Japan, the Kyoto Protocol on the Climate Change Convention was adopted and specific guidelines were announced.
1.1.2 Kyoto protocol
As an obligation for developed countries, greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by an average of 5.2% from the 1990 level from 2008 to 2012, and Kyoto mechanisms such as the emission trading system, joint implementation system, and clean development system were introduced.
Korea is classified as a developing country (Annex 2 country) rather than a country (Annex 1 country) that fulfills its reduction obligations during the first implementation period, 2008–2012. Movements for reduction are taking place all over the place, and it seems that they will deal a considerable blow to the Korean export industry in the near future.
1.1.3 Basel convention
1983, Greenpeace found 41 barrels of waste from a dioxin spill in Soveso, Italy, in a French village. It has emerged as an international problem. After that, another waste spill occurred, and in June 1987 the Guidelines and Principles on Hazardous Waste were adopted in Cairo.
Based on the Cairo Guidelines in March 1989, the Basel Convention was adopted in Basel, Switzerland, in the presence of representatives of 116 countries, and entered into force in 1992.
The main content is that sound management must be ensured in the disposal of hazardous waste and other waste, and export of hazardous waste. The point is that entry must be notified in advance.
However, there were many difficulties in adopting the definition of hazardous waste because each country may define it differently, and Korea joined the Basel Convention in March 1994. As for the related domestic law, there is the ‘Act on the Transboundary Movement of Waste and its Treatment, ‘which is particularly burdensome in the waste-related fields such as the automobile and electronic industries.
1.1.4 Ramsar convention
Environmental convention adopted in Ramsar, Iran on February 2, 1971 for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, the official name is the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance as Waterfowl Habitats. The main content is to conserve wetlands, which have great ecological value, and to systematically protect the natural ecosystem.
1.1.5 Montreal protocol
It is a treaty mutually regulating ozone emissions by countries around the world. The purpose is to prevent damage to the global ecosystem and animals and plants caused by ozone layer destruction by protecting the ozone layer by suppressing the emission of substances that destroy the ozone layer.
The Republic of Korea acceded to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol in February 1992, at the first amendment in December 1992, and at the second amendment in December 1994. The most core fuel mainly dealt with in the Montreal Protocol is CFC (freon), but regulations are separately regulated for developing countries.
The reason is that CFC is a widely used material in industry. Fortunately, South Korea was allowed to use regulated substances such as CFCs by 2010 in the location of developing countries.
1.1.6 Convention on biological diversity
Decrease in species. It is a convention adopted by the Rio Conference in June 1992 for the prevention and rational use of biological resources. It was created out of concerns about the extinction of biodiversity due to global environmental problems that are being polluted and destroyed.
In this agreement, there is also a provision to make good use of genetic resources using biotechnology, and currently, developing countries are requesting the transfer of genetic engineering technology from developed countries instead of providing their own genetic resources. But Developed countries such as the US, Australia, and Japan, which have excellent biotechnology, are only taking the position of exporting biotechnology products without technology transfer.
1.1.7 Current status of environmental regulations in the EU
Based on various international environmental agreements, the EU has made specific regulations on these environmental issues. The EU’s environmental regulation policy is strictly applied not only to member states within the region but also to member states outside the region without exception of even 1%.
The EU has consistently come up with a number of policies, the most important of which is regulation that can exert a rather large influence on our industry. Through WEEE, the EU can reuse, recycle, and recycle at their own discretion. Determine the rate of recovery, and Only companies complying with this ratio can sell electrical and electronic products to the EU.
1.2 Necessity of green growth industry
The necessity of green growth industry is first, the deepening environmental crisis caused by global warming, and global warming is now acting as a threat to human survival. Second, the global energy and resource depletion crisis is deepening. The imbalance between energy supply and demand is deepening due to global economic growth and increased demand in emerging economies, and the fossil fuel-centered energy consumption structure is accelerating resource depletion as China’s oil consumption has soared more than twice. 85% of the world’s energy sources depend on fossil fuels. Greenhouse gas emissions are also rapidly increasing due to the excessive use of fossil fuels.
Third, there is a global trend of increasing movement to utilize green markets and green industries, such as the carbon credits market and new renewable energy, as new national growth engines. So far, major developed countries have achieved high economic growth by intensively fostering key industries such as heavy chemicals and electronics.
Fourth, as a new opportunity for national development, a new paradigm that promotes economic growth and environmental protection simultaneously through Green Conversion has emerged. A new paradigm is needed to secure a competitive edge and create new markets by converting the entire value chain for each industry into an eco-friendly, low-carbon type. Factor input based on domestic price competitiveness, reduced suitability of manufacturing export-oriented industrial development strategy Considering the environment and carbon regulations, economic, social and environmental constraints occurred simply by relying on fossil fuels.
The core of green growth lies in a virtuous cycle structure in which economic growth is pursued while resource use and environmental pollution are minimized, and then used as a driving force for economic growth. After all, green growth is maximizing the synergy between the environment and economic growth. The point is that balanced development and just development at the global village level are linked to sustainable development, and the existing concept of development is reinterpreted from a social and integrated perspective by linking the solution of poverty in poor countries to environmental problems.
Rejuvenative production can be also separated by economic and non-economic sector. Passive restorative has the effect of reservation by nothing performance in economic revenue. This is natural effect because nothing is going on natural and ecosystems entirely. And active restorative has reality performance of detail policy for revenue, therefore it has been related with economic effect in green industry.
In vital technologies, circular vital has effect of technology that is related with protection of environment can affect the human health. This is very important thing which has condition for wellbeing life for life and is indirectly effect in phases of transmission, then this may be indirect effect by courses of non-economic sector. Lifelike vital has the effect which use the real resource remaining like ultra-low energy, carbon etc. then this can be effect on direct performance of economic sector. We can set the field of economic and non-economic sector that is also detailed separated 4 sector again (Table 1).
| Restorative activities | Vital technologies |
|---|---|
| Passive restorative | Circular vital |
| Activities utilizing the strong natural growth and recovery capabilities of ecosystems. Value creation strategies that protect ecosystems and leave them sufficiently undisturbed to allow natural recovery – protecting and building value by doing nothing | Technologies that utilize scarce resources or have potentially harmful implications for ecosystems and human health use closed loop systems such as total stewardship, circular materials handling & management and cradle-to-cradle industrial principles |
| Active restorative | Lifelike vital |
| Harnessing natural production with verified positive benefits in terms of the diversity, resilience and health of Natural Capital, e.g. sustainable biological production in sectors such as timber, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and industrial materials. | Biological and lifelike production technologies borrow from and harness natural production techniques, including: ultra-low energy growth, abundant degradable production, waste to feedstock processes, room temperature materials production. |
The concept of sustainable development is based on the concept that human beings are the center of solving all problems and that future generations are considered. Meaning, recent politics. Economy. It is becoming a basic concept that should be considered first when establishing policies in all fields, including society. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
According to the announcement of the Global Footprint Network, which surveys the Earth’s environmental capacity every year, the world’s ecological capacity has decreased by 8–10 times compared to 1960. In this way, we must make efforts to eliminate the ecological footprint created by pursuing only the convenience of life.
The conclusion of the necessity of the green growth industry is that the vicious cycle of resource depletion risk and environmental damage due to rapid consumption of fossil energy must now be revived with a virtuous cycle structure that preserves, protects or restores the environment with renewable energy and green industries to revive the depressed global economy.
It is the only option to develop the environment and the economy together in the new economic paradigm shift, and green growth suitable for the present generation to satisfy the needs of future generations who prioritize society, integration and the environment in the existing development concept, and to prevent a decline in ability. Sustainable development of the industry is necessary.
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2. Economic and non-economic effects of green growth industries
2.1 Economic effect
The impact of green growth on industry and economy goes beyond new business opportunities in the environment and energy dimension, and the suspension of all companies can affect competitiveness. It is an industry with potential to emerge. Green growth is attracting attention as a solid global trend. Green growth is defined as sustainable growth that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution which means economic growth to generates revenue.
In the market, despite the economic downturn, solar power, green car, LED, wind power, nuclear power, fuel cell, biofuel, geothermal, power IT, and carbon market-related companies are attracting investors’ attention, and now green growth is environmental energy-related companies. It provides numerous new business opportunities. Green growth is not just limited to new business opportunities in the environment and energy dimension, but if it is used well, all companies regardless of industry can have new opportunities to strengthen their competitiveness in the short to medium term. Specifically, green growth is to secure cost leadership through carbon emission trading and monetization of surplus electricity, commercialize carbon reduction technologies and processes, and provide marketing differentiation opportunities through appeal of green quality management capabilities.
It can show the table result (Table 2). This is resultant of GHG emission energy. These are consisted with CO2 and CO4 which take an emission. It can see the world GHG emission result, from 23,642 in 1991–1995 average to 36,839 in 2016–2021. But result is showing a further decline as of late.
| 1991–1995 | 1996–2000 | 2001–2005 | 2006–2010 | 2011–2015 | 2016–2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World | 23642.5 | 25400.9 | 28351.2 | 32664.6 | 35904.0 | 36839.0 |
| OECD | 11888.7 | 12862.4 | 13341.7 | 13213.9 | 12709.6 | 12038.3 |
| Non-OECD | 11066.1 | 11731.7 | 14096.5 | 18347.2 | 22043.1 | 23604.7 |
In result of world emission level, it shows the 11,888.7 during 1991–1995, and 12,038.3 during 2016–2021. This has gap of Non-OECD group of from 11,066.1 during 1991–1995 to 23,694.7 during 2016–2021.
These means that OECD group have controlled in emission from energy. And advanced countries like OECD have lower rate emission energy versus non-OECD country. Rather non-OECD countries have more opportunity for using from any more advanced countries. These are non-economic effect of GHG emission entirely [10].
Even representative chimney companies are actively running for green growth while suffering immediate losses. Many predict that green growth will pose a major threat to traditional businesses. However, in the course of the investigation, it is paradoxically disproved that companies that have emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases so far have rather secured vested interests, which also means that they have secured a lot of rights to emit. In addition, it was found in the course of the research that if production does not reduce emissions, it can turn into a serious problem if greater profits are generated even without industrial activities.
The move to strengthen cost leadership through green growth is already becoming a reality. Currently, the economic feasibility of renewable energy is lower than that of fossil energy. However, if fossil energy is gradually depleted over time, the price of fossil energy will inevitably rise. On the other hand, the price of renewable energy will drop rapidly due to technology development and mass production. In fact, some argue that the sale of surplus power is already a reality, as in some parts of Africa electricity costs are higher than the production cost of solar cells. In developed countries, surplus electricity sales are also being attempted.
The point is that green growth can be used as a new opportunity to strengthen competitiveness in the short to medium term for all companies regardless of industry, going beyond the level of new growth businesses related to environment and energy. However, the changes that green growth will bring do not stay at this level. From a long-term perspective, the true revolution that green growth will bring lies in the possibility of changing corporate business paradigms.
Alvin Toffler suggested the agricultural revolution as the first wave, the industrial revolution as the second wave, and the knowledge and information revolution as the third wave. Renewable energy optimists point to the possibility that renewables could be the starting point of a fourth wave comparable to previous power shifts. This is because new and renewable energy has publicity of resources unlike existing fossil energy. Developing fossil energy entails numerous constraints, such as mining know-how, scale of movement, and mining and refining know-how, so companies without know-how and large-scale capital cannot easily enter.
Existing energy companies have used this characteristic to monopolize and control resources to generate large-scale profits. Even though other Fortune 500 companies have undergone significant changes over the decades, energy companies have maintained their staunch position. Renewable energy provides an opportunity for all companies to become energy producers themselves in the long term. The rule of the game may be who uses resources efficiently rather than who monopolizes and controls resources. The company that wins the game can acquire future power. This is the fourth wave that could be triggered by green growth.
Advanced technologies will lead green growth, but for the time being, companies with solution capabilities that find and apply the optimal combination of commercialized technologies will benefit from the green growth era. In order to save energy, it is possible to develop and apply state-of-the-art new technologies such as solar cell installation, geothermal power generation, and development of energy-efficient building materials.
2.2 Non-economic effect
Change to a green business model after all, green growth is not just limited to new businesses, but can be a fundamental change that can lead to changes in corporate competition methods, corporate structures, and industrial structures. This means that whether a manufacturing company or a service company can take advantage of green growth through new and renewable energy as an opportunity, it can create a completely different competitive edge. Businesses must overcome the traditional stereotype of receiving money from those who give value, and come up with creative green ideas that separate the flow of value and profit by using the new carbon market.
By strategically fostering the cultural content industry, a representative low-carbon, high value-added industry, it is possible to intensively develop and nurture five convergence-type contents such as computer graphics, digital virtual world, distance learning, broadcast communication convergence, and virtual reality.
We can note that recent trend of carbon scale (Table 3). These are average of CO2/GDP in region by each five-year period. In this table, we can note that world index of carbon/GDP was 0.54 at 1991–1995, but it shows the 0.4 during 2016–2021. It notes that decrease of 25.9% in carbon market. It can consider the effect of committee in Climate Change meeting in 1997.
| 1991–1995 | 1996–2000 | 2001–2005 | 2006–2010 | 2011–2015 | 2016–2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World | 0.54 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.40 |
| OECD | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
| Non-OECD | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.63 |
Table 3.
Carbon market of region (unit: CO2 emissions/GDP (2015)).
Source: IEA [9], GHG Emissions from Energy.
Author calculation.
This would be clearly index in OECD countries, it notes the 0.38 in 1991–1995, but it has been changed to 0.22 which is closely 41.6%. On the other side, non-OECD sectors has a little lower result in 35% from 0.98 to 0.64.
Environmentally friendly tax policy create a foundation for creating more jobs while inducing environmental preservation and resource saving through environmentally friendly tax reform, such as the introduction of a carbon tax. It can be an industry in which all economic entities participate by maintaining tax neutrality through tax reduction or exemption.
Enhancement of the country’s image through green industry brand marketing that enhances the national brand, response to climate change, and active publicity abroad to promote the image as a global environmental leader, and promotion of international green leadership through vitalization of trade between developed and developing countries in the field of climate change response can be utilized Revitalization of environmental diplomacy, such as international conferences and international organizations in the field of environment and MOUs for various environmental cooperation agreements, is an opportunity for green leadership.
Also, as realizing green technology as a next-generation growth engine, it is possible to preoccupy the global market through rapid growth of the country’s domestic market and increased exports. In addition, the effect of expanding the country’s domestic consumption and exports will continue to increase, and the effect of creating added value in the way of driving the industry based on green technology is also continuously possible.
In terms of job creation effect, the use of green technology and the introduction of eco-friendly and low-carbon processes in terms of groundbreaking CO2 reduction and environmental preservation have shown significant CO2 reduction effects among greenhouse gases over the past 10 years.
To summarize the effects of green growth, the change to a green business model, after all, green growth is not limited to new businesses, but fundamental changes that can lead to changes in corporate competition methods, changes in corporate structures, and changes in industrial structures. It is a manufacturing company or a service company.
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Notes
- It was first mentioned in The Economist (January 27, 2000) and began to be widely used through the Davos Forum. The Seoul Initiative for Green Growth (SI) was adopted at the Ministerial Meeting on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific (’05), As discussions by the Economic and Social Commission for the Pacific (UNESCAP) and the international community began in earnest, green growth-related content began to be included in the OECD Ministerial Council Declaration.
- World Commission on Environment and Development: The World Commission on Environment and Development was established in 1984.