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turn, the best predictor of diffused and long-lasting development. The wide reach of public policy outputs also tends to reduce the scope and severity of social exclusion because it provides needed employment, social services, and other public goods. Likewise, civic engagement on the part of community members helps to prevent social exclusion by creating alternative models of behavior.

Figure 3 turn, the best predictor of diffused and long-lasting development. The wide reach of public policy outputs also tends to reduce the scope and severity of social exclusion because it provides needed employment, social services, and other public goods. Likewise, civic engagement on the part of community members helps to prevent social exclusion by creating alternative models of behavior.

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numbers of disenfranchised, large segments of the population lose confidence in government altogether. Challenges to existing institutions and elected officials also increase, often to the point of armed revolt — all of which further destabilizes the country’s institutions and economy. In a vicious cycle, trust is eroded still further by the growing corruption, which many people see as their way to survive. Valuable human resources are wasted during this process. The most educated people begin to look for alternatives, since they are not guaranteed either respect or livelihood. Basic public services deteriorate when teachers and doctors emigrate or seek more financially rewarding occupations. The presence of external aid organizations creates dependency when decisions about the type of aid and method of delivery are made with little input from affected people. Governments often conform for the sake of not losing the aid. On the other hand, people often withdraw from public concerns in response to the perceived arbitrariness of both public institutions and private organizations. The most extreme form of challenge to public institutions is the pursuit of personal and family rewards in illegal and criminal activities, which are facilitated by the weakness of the new institutions and by the general climate of skepticism, mistrust, lack of accountability, and corruption.
numbers of disenfranchised, large segments of the population lose confidence in government altogether. Challenges to existing institutions and elected officials also increase, often to the point of armed revolt — all of which further destabilizes the country’s institutions and economy. In a vicious cycle, trust is eroded still further by the growing corruption, which many people see as their way to survive. Valuable human resources are wasted during this process. The most educated people begin to look for alternatives, since they are not guaranteed either respect or livelihood. Basic public services deteriorate when teachers and doctors emigrate or seek more financially rewarding occupations. The presence of external aid organizations creates dependency when decisions about the type of aid and method of delivery are made with little input from affected people. Governments often conform for the sake of not losing the aid. On the other hand, people often withdraw from public concerns in response to the perceived arbitrariness of both public institutions and private organizations. The most extreme form of challenge to public institutions is the pursuit of personal and family rewards in illegal and criminal activities, which are facilitated by the weakness of the new institutions and by the general climate of skepticism, mistrust, lack of accountability, and corruption.
Table 1: Geographic and Socio-economic context of cities and rural communities in Albania Table 2 shows that vulnerable groups exist throughout the country but that the transition affects the groups in different regions to varying degrees. The transition is having the greatest impact on the middle and coastal region in terms of the presence and growth of vulnerable groups. All seven groups are found in large numbers in the cities of this region, and almost all in its rural communities as well. The uncontrolled migration to Tirana and the coastal cities is accelerating the breakdown of the traditional family structure, in a context in which there are no mechanisms in place to support the functional nuclear family. The lack of economic opportunities for men and women, the surge in criminal organizations, illegal residence, and other problems combine to produce increasing numbers of abandoned elderly, women, and children, and put an entire generation at risk of drug use, criminal activities, and the victimization of others.
Table 1: Geographic and Socio-economic context of cities and rural communities in Albania Table 2 shows that vulnerable groups exist throughout the country but that the transition affects the groups in different regions to varying degrees. The transition is having the greatest impact on the middle and coastal region in terms of the presence and growth of vulnerable groups. All seven groups are found in large numbers in the cities of this region, and almost all in its rural communities as well. The uncontrolled migration to Tirana and the coastal cities is accelerating the breakdown of the traditional family structure, in a context in which there are no mechanisms in place to support the functional nuclear family. The lack of economic opportunities for men and women, the surge in criminal organizations, illegal residence, and other problems combine to produce increasing numbers of abandoned elderly, women, and children, and put an entire generation at risk of drug use, criminal activities, and the victimization of others.
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Development EconomicsPolitical Science
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