An Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020, 2011

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies of the twenty-first century. Nanotechnology is described as the design, development, and implementation of materials and technologies on the nanoscale with the smallest functional components (1 to 100 nm). Nanotechnology covers a wide range of issues, from standard device physics and chemistry extensions to entirely new techniques based on molecular self-assembly, from developing new Nano size materials to investigating whether we can directly alter matter at the atomic scale level. Nanotechnology can be used in a variety of fields, including medical, agriculture, and environmental protection. Many diseases for which there are presently no treatments may be treated in the future as a result of nanotechnology. The use of nanotechnology in medical therapy needs a careful examination of its risks and potential side effects. Even scientists who oppose the use of nanotechnology agree that advancement in the field should continue since it offers enormous benefits, but more testing is needed to ensure its safety in people. Nano medicine may play a key role in the treatment of human and plant disorders, as well as the enhancement of normal human and plant physiology and systems, in the future. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small objects, with applications in chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other fields. Nanotechnology is being used in a range of energyrelated applications, including increasing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar panels, producing new types of batteries, boosting fuel production efficiency through better catalysis, and building better lighting systems. Nano science and nanotechnology applications in engineering connect academic research in Nano science and nanotechnology to industry and everyday life. As a result, a diverse range of nanomaterials, nano devices, and nano systems have been developed and deployed for human benefit in a number of technical applications. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Engineering is based on the authors' numerous lectures and courses given all over the world. Nanotechnology has also helped to design more efficient and long-lasting materials, such as self-cleaning and self-repairing concrete and windows. Coatings based on nanotechnology can help with fire protection, corrosion resistance, insulation, and a range of other applications. All scientists, academicians, researchers, and students working in the fields of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other fields, will find this book quite valuable. This book with valuable book chapters from eminent scientists, academicians, and researchers will surely be a part of utmost information for the coming new research taken by the researchers in the field of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other subjects. ABOUT THE BOOK As scientists endeavour to comprehend the mechanisms of natural and biomolecular computing, Nano scale science and computing is becoming a key research subject. The architecture and design of molecular self-assembly, nanostructures, and molecular devices, as well as understanding and harnessing the computational processes of biomolecules in nature, are all topics in this discipline. This book provides a unique and authoritative view of contemporary Nano scale science, engineering, and computing research. The book is appropriate for academic and industrial scientists and engineers working in Nano scale science, particularly those interested in molecular level computing. Nano science and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small objects, and they can be applied in chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other subjects. Nanotechnology is being employed in a variety of energy-related applications, including improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar panels, developing new types of batteries, improving the efficiency of fuel production through better catalysis, and developing better lighting systems. Engineering's application of Nano science and nanotechnology connects academic research in Nano science and nanotechnology to industry and everyday life. As a result, a wide range of nanomaterial's, Nano devices, and Nano systems for a variety of technical applications have been produced and deployed for human benefit. Nano science and Nanotechnology in Engineering is based on the many lectures and courses presented around the world by its authors. Nanotechnology has also aided in the development of more efficient and long-lasting materials, such as self-cleaning and self-repairing concrete and windows. Nanotechnology-based coatings assist in increasing fire resistance, corrosion resistance, insulation, and a variety of other uses. This book is very useful to all scientists, academicians, researchers and students in the field of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other subjects. This book with valuable book chapters from eminent scientists, academicians, and researchers will surely be a part of utmost information for the coming new research taken by the researchers in the field of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering, among other subjects.

The nanotechnology is creating major breakthroughs in all the fields of science and technology including information storage, clean energy, medicine, cosmetics and drug delivery, smart materials etc. The advancement of the technology is due to the size dependent properties of the materials at nanoscale. It is found that when nanoscale particles composite within atomic matrix of materials or coated on suitable surface may bring innovative characteristics', that leads to fabrication cutting edge devices. The present article focuses on the possible research and development of transcendent nanotechnology in the different disciplines of engineering.

2018

Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been receiving significant attention at conferences, in scientific journals and in the popular press. In this brief tutorial review, nanoscience and nanotechnology are discussed in some detail. Particular attention is paid tothe properties that change as materials transition from the macroscale (i.e., the bulk) to the nanoscale. Examples include changes in chemical reactivity, in melting point and in optical emission (via color changes). Quantum phenomena manifest themselves at the nanoscale and an example is discussed in conjunction with quantum confinement as observed in quantum dots. Of the very many applications available, only a few of them were arbitrarily selected and are outlined.Included among them are: applications of nanoin medicine and healthcare; inenvironmental remediation, in water quality sensing and water purification; in energy (e.g., solar cells, batteries); and in electronics. Education and training in nanoscience and nanotechn...

This review describes that nanomaterials have received more attention by virtue of their excellent properties suited for applications in various fields such as electronic, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, energy, and catalysis. Nanomaterial-based catalysts are usually heterogeneous catalysts. The extremely small size of the particles maximizes surface area exposed to the reactant, allowing more reactions to occur. However, thermal stability of these nanomaterials is limited by their critical sizes; the smaller the crystallite size, the lower thermal stability. The majority of industrial catalysts contain an active component in the form of nanoparticles smaller than 20nm in size that are dispersed onto high-surface-area supports. The importance of nanoparticles and nanostructure to the performance of catalysts has stimulated wide efforts to develop methods for their synthesis and characterization. Nanoparticles offer higher catalytic efficiency per gram than larger size materials due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. This makes them an attractive choice to use as catalysts. Indeed, catalysts are undoubtedly "the most successful current application of nanotechnology". In the first part of the paper, application of catalysis using nanostructured material in some reactions including alkylation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, Steam reforming of methane (SRM), carbon dioxide reforming (DRM), epoxidation of alkenes and oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene (OCM) are investigated. In the second part of the paper, properties of some chemical elements such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, nickel and rhodium as nanocatalyst are studied. Our investigation shows that the metal nanoparticles can act as best catalyst for industrial application as these have large surface to volume ratio and have unique quantum size effect. Moreover, their homogeneous size distribution with the mean particle size is optimal for catalytic properties and also they increase conversion reactions. Finally, it is shown that despite some disadvantages in using nanostructured materials in catalysts such as high synthesis precise of them and also restriction in industrial usages, they have several prominent advantages which convince everyone to use nanomaterials as catalysts. In addition, this area of study is still interesting for researcher all over the world to extend application of nanostructured catalysis to all reactions which needs catalysts and also reduce synthesis price and solve other problems of using these kinds of catalysts in industrial applications.

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 2000

In the era of nanoscience where all the devices and technologies are going to smaller and smaller in size with improved properties; catalysis is an important field of application. In this review article we are trying to summarize data reported in literature for application of nano sized catalyst in our daily life which are useful for human beings. Improvement in

2010

Nanoparticles have special physical and chemical properties which are not seen in the bulk material. They are becoming widely used in the various branches of science and technology. Nanoparticles can be prepared from many materials. In this review article, different types of synthesis, characterization and development of new and novel strategies of generation of nanoparticles are discussed.

Materials Today, 2004

This article summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the Royal Society/Royal Academy of Engineering Report on Nanotechnology 1 . The report is enthusiastic about the great potential benefits of nanotechnologies. Uncertainties associated with the health and environmental impacts of free, manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes are discussed. It recommends research to understand better their toxicology and exposure pathways, and actions to restrict exposure of humans and the environment to free, manufactured nanoparticles and nanotubes until they are better understood. The need for public dialogue about the development of nanotechnologies is highlighted. Nanotechnologies are attracting increasing investment from governments and industry around the world. Total global spend is thought to be around $6.25 billion at present, but this is set to rise. The USA's 21 st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (2003) allocated almost $3.7 billion to fund nanotechnologies during 2005-2008. This compares with just $750 million spent in 2003. Between 2001 and 2003, the Japanese Government doubled its nanotechnology funding to $800 million. Within Europe, about $1.25 billion is currently spent on nanotechnology research and development per annum, and the UK Government has allocated about $81.9 million per year from 2003 to 2009.

Introduction to Nanomaterials 1.2 are of interest because at this scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields. Fig. 2. Nanomaterial (For example: Carbon nanotube)