About the concept of particle: an introduction

2011

We argue that the main reason of crisis in quantum theory is that nature, which is fundamentally discrete and even finite, is described by classical mathematics involving the notions of infinitely small, continuity etc. Moreover, since classical mathematics has its own foundational problems which cannot be resolved (as follows, in particular, from Gödel's incompleteness theorems), the ultimate physical theory cannot be based on that mathematics. In the first part of the work we discuss inconsistencies in standard quantum theory and reformulate the theory such that it can be naturally generalized to a formulation based on finite mathematics. It is shown that: a) as a consequence of inconsistent definition of standard position operator, predictions of the theory contradict the data on observations of stars; b) the cosmological acceleration and gravity can be treated simply as kinematical manifestations of quantum de Sitter symmetry, i.e. the cosmological constant problem does not exist, and for describing those phenomena the notions of dark energy, space-time background and gravitational interaction are not needed. In the second part we first prove that classical mathematics is a special degenerate case of finite mathematics in the formal limit when the characteristic p of the field or ring in the latter goes to infinity. This implies that mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately. In a quantum theory based on finite mathematics, the de Sitter gravitational constant depends on p and disappears in the formal limit p → ∞, i.e. gravity is a consequence of finiteness of nature. The application to particle theory gives that the notion of a particle and its antiparticle is only approximate and, as a consequence: a) the electric charge and the baryon and lepton quantum numbers can be only approximately conserved; b) particles which in standard theory are treated as neutral (i.e. coinciding with their antiparticles) cannot be elementary. We argue that only Dirac singletons can be true elementary particles and discuss a conjecture that classical time t manifests itself as a consequence of the fact that p changes, i.e. p and not t is the true evolution parameter.

While embracing Einstein's idea of relativity and noting a few shortcomings in Einstein's SRT paper of 1905, I increased the Boundary conditions and developed a myriad of relativities that varied with type and direction of motion. The macroscopic effects can be understood using a Dynamic Space Metric. The concept involves the understanding that space is not static. For example the space you were in a second ago has moved 300 meters due to the orbit of the earth. Most likely we are traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light with in the Universe. The particulate that this model predicts is a zero dimensional point particle with infinite density of compressed space or what I term True Free Space or TFS. A Two dimensional particle is created in this space created by a spiral propagation of two paired particulate. Particulate exists in quasi two dimensions in a vacuum or Free Space. It is a one dimension line spanning a distance d=Ct. Its line width is created by a quasi second dimension in Free Space as the particulate spin together. This allows us to draw a one dimensional line in our Universe to measure distance. This line becomes visible in Free Space when we add energy to one particulate to create a vibrating piece of string known as the photon. Its elastic vibration is created as the radius shrinks to zero and then back to a spin radius as it spins. Analysis in one dimension predicts the Schrödinger equation. Models can be developed using the mass of the center of mass of the particle as the mass of the electron or Particulate B having the mass of half an electron or and anti particle A the negative half the mass electron. The existence of this `pencil widthlinè`forces matter and the fields. Its mathematical story is as follows.

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2014

We argue that the main reason of crisis in quantum theory is that nature, which is fundamentally discrete and even finite, is described by classical mathematics involving the notions of infinitely small, continuity etc. Moreover, since classical mathematics has its own foundational problems which cannot be resolved (as follows, in particular, from Gödel's incompleteness theorems), the ultimate physical theory cannot be based on that mathematics. In the first part of the work we discuss inconsistencies in standard quantum theory and reformulate the theory such that it can be naturally generalized to a formulation based on finite mathematics. It is shown that: a) as a consequence of inconsistent definition of standard position operator, predictions of the theory contradict the data on observations of stars; b) the cosmological acceleration and gravity can be treated simply as kinematical manifestations of quantum de Sitter symmetry, i.e. the cosmological constant problem does not exist, and for describing those phenomena the notions of dark energy, space-time background and gravitational interaction are not needed. In the second part we first prove that classical mathematics is a special degenerate case of finite mathematics in the formal limit when the characteristic p of the field or ring in the latter goes to infinity. This implies that mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately. In a quantum theory based on finite mathematics, the de Sitter gravitational constant depends on p and disappears in the formal limit p → ∞, i.e. gravity is a consequence of finiteness of nature. The application to particle theory gives that the notion of a particle and its antiparticle is only approximate and, as a consequence: a) the electric charge and the baryon and lepton quantum numbers can be only approximately conserved; b) particles which in standard theory are treated as neutral (i.e. coinciding with their antiparticles) cannot be elementary. We argue that only Dirac singletons can be true elementary particles and discuss a conjecture that classical time t manifests itself as a consequence of the fact that p changes, i.e. p and not t is the true evolution parameter.

American Journal of Physics, 2013

Quantum foundations are still unsettled, with mixed effects on science and society. By now it should be possible to obtain consensus on at least one issue: Are the fundamental constituents fields or particles? As this paper shows, experiment and theory imply unbounded fields, not bounded particles, are fundamental. This is especially clear for relativistic systems, implying it's also true of non-relativistic systems. Particles are epiphenomena arising from fields. Thus the Schroedinger field is a space-filling physical field whose value at any spatial point is the probability amplitude for an interaction to occur at that point. The field for an electron is the electron; each electron extends over both slits in the 2-slit experiment and spreads over the entire pattern; and quantum physics is about interactions of microscopic systems with the macroscopic world rather than just about measurements. It's important to clarify this issue because textbooks still teach a particles-and measurement-oriented interpretation that contributes to bewilderment among students and pseudoscience among the public. This article reviews classical and quantum fields, the 2-slit experiment, rigorous theorems showing particles are inconsistent with relativistic quantum theory, and several phenomena showing particles are incompatible with quantum field theories.

Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2012

A structure bases on new observations of physics theories that able to express today's scientific developments. This article is a starting points of philosophically perceive in particle physics. It is imagining and accenting on the new quantum particles which exist beyond the bosons and fermions. Topics for discussion about space and super quantum filed has been written due to justify physical fields and particles. In general, the transfer particles, fields and particles produced have been established in this approach. Presenting an approach and providing a new perspective on the primary structure of the world and around us from past until now, is the integral part of the different science such as physics. The scholars and experts in the area of elementary particles and fields generally have proposed just a model for the patterns and structures of matter through them the result of practical experiments and theoretical calculations were orientated to each other. In other words, the structure and definition of elementary particles haven't provided which integrate all the characteristics of fields and particles from bosons to fermions and describe their characteristics and essence. So well we can try to investigate the word and structure of cosmos before and much earlier than the Big Bang moment. Due to this view, many uncertainties and vague concepts will be cleared and the way to interesting theories and equations in physics will be opened to us.

European Journal of Physics, 2005

This historical note is mainly based on a relatively unknown paper published by Albert Einstein in Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán in 1941. Taking the ideas of this work as a leitmotiv, we review the discussions about the particle problem in the theory of gravitation within the historical context by means of the study of seminal works on the subject. The revision shows how the digressions regarding the structure of matter and the concise problem of finding regular solutions of the pure field equations turned out to be intrinsically unified in the beginning of the programme towards a final theory of fields.

arXiv: General Physics, 2011

We argue that the main reason of crisis in quantum theory is that nature, which is fundamentally discrete and even finite, is described by continuous mathematics. Moreover, no ultimate physical theory can be based on continuous mathematics because, as follows from G\"{o}del's incompleteness theorems, any mathematics involving the set of all natural numbers has its own foundational problems which cannot be resolved. In the first part of the work we discuss inconsistencies in standard quantum theory and reformulate the theory such that it can be naturally generalized to a formulation based on finite mathematics. It is shown that: a) as a consequence of inconsistent definition of standard position operator, predictions of the theory contradict the data on observations of stars; b) the cosmological acceleration and gravity can be treated simply as {\it kinematical} manifestations of de Sitter symmetry on quantum level ({\it i.e. for describing those phenomena the notions of dar...

2015

Uniting the usually distinct areas of particle physics and quantum field theory, gravity and general relativity, this expansive and comprehensive textbook of fundamental and theoretical physics describes the quest to consolidate the basic building blocks of nature, by journeying through contemporary discoveries in the field, and analysing elementary particles and their interactions. Designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students and abounding in worked examples and detailed derivations, as well as including historical anecdotes and philosophical and methodological perspectives, this textbook provides students with a unified understanding of all matter at the fundamental level. Topics range from gauge principles, particle decay and scattering cross-sections, the Higgs mechanism and mass generation, to spacetime geometries and supersymmetry. By combining historically separate areas of study and presenting them in a logically consistent manner, students will appreciate the ...

To be pubblished, 2024

This article synthesizes insights from two seminal works: Einstein's 1935 paper, "The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity," and Higgs' 1964 paper that introduced the Higgs boson. Einstein's work, a notable attempt to develop a Unified Theory or a "Theory of Everything", introduced the concept of wormholes but failed to unify all forces because it exclude nuclear forces. Critics suggested Einstein might have been senile towards the end of his life, as he dismissed the necessity of nuclear forces. In contrast, Higgs' work completed the Standard Model of particles by assigning mass to particles through the Higgs boson, although it did not enable the calculation of particle masses or fundamental physical laws. In 1966, Isaac Asimov proposed a model of the universe shaped like a four-leaf clover with four parallel universes, which Dr. Ulianov expanded in 2007, naming the spaces and associating elastic holes with time and space walls, calling them Ulianov Holes (Uholes). These expanded into Planck Ulianov Spheres (PUS), forming a network that behaves like a perfect Ulianov liquid (UPL) under Planck pressure and density. By 2024, Dr. Ulianov's comprehensive Ulianov Theory (UT) continued the Einstein-Rosen bridge concept with Ulianov Wormholes, integrating the high pressure generated by the Higgs field. UT bridges General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Newtonian Mechanics, using the Higgs boson to create a Higgs Ulianov Perfect Liquid (HUPL). This unified model allows for the deduction of classical physics, GR, and QM equations, and also resolves classical physics problems and enigmas, potentially forming a new path that can lead to the Theory of Everything. Criticisms of excluding nuclear forces in the Einstein-Rosen bridge model are addressed by demonstrating that SGCF (Strong Gravitational Contact Forces) emerge when proton and neutron masses come into direct contact, offering a more complete atomic nucleus model and vindicating Einstein's view on the redundancy of nuclear forces.