15.1 Labeling and presentation of tables

Except for informal tables (see 15.5), tables shall be given a number and a title and shall be cited in the text with the word Table followed by the number. See 15.2 for information on the numbering of tables. Tables should be boxed and ruled, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Whenever possible, tables should be organized to fit on a single page. When a table must carry over for more than one page, complete column headings should be repeated at the top of successive pages. The table number and title should be repeated at the top of the page as follows: "Table 1-Title (continued)."

15.2 Numbering and capitalization

Tables shall be numbered consecutively in a separate series and in the order of their reference in the text (for example, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Hyphenated numbers shall not be used except in standards of considerable length. In the latter case, it is appropriate to label the first table in a clause with the number 1, preceded by the clause number (for example, Table 6-1, Table 6-2, etc.).

Tables included in annexes shall also carry the identifying letter of the annex in which they appear, followed by a period. For example, the first table in Annex A shall be identified as Table A.1.

Tables shall be referenced in the text by the word Table and their number only (for example, "see Table 1"). If referring to two or more tables in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use "see Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3," instead of "see Tables 1 through 3."

Only the initial letter of the first word and proper nouns shall be capitalized in

• Table titles
• Column and line headings in tables (see Table 1)

NOTE-See 16.2 for information on the numbering of figures.

15.3 Presentation of data and table format

15.3.1 Units of measure

Units of measure shall always be provided either in the title, in parentheses in the column headings, or in a note. The same units of measure shall be used throughout each column; ohms shall not be combined with megohms, millimeters with centimeters, or seconds with minutes. To save space, abbreviations and letter symbols shall be used in column and line headings wherever possible. See ANSI 260.1-1993 and other standards in Clause 2 for the appropriate abbreviations and symbols for use in standards.

15.3.2 Numerical values

To facilitate the comprehension of numbers, digits shall be separated into groups of three, counting from the decimal point toward the left and right. The groups shall be separated by a space, rather than by a comma, period, or dash. If the magnitude of the number is less than one, the decimal point shall be preceded by a zero. In numbers of four digits, the space is not necessary, unless four-digit numbers are grouped in a column with numbers of five digits or more.

Examples:

		73 722		7372		0.133 47

All numbers shall be aligned at the decimal point. The width of the columns may vary to accommodate the length of the longest entry in each column. Only as many significant digits should be used as the precision of data justifies. Decimals shall be used in tabulations unless fractions are commonly used in the field. Fractions and decimals shall not be combined in the same table. A dash shall be used to indicate the lack of data for a particular cell in a table.

15.4 Notes and footnotes to tables

A note to a table is not an official part of the standard and should immediately follow the table to which it belongs. If the text is mandatory, it should appear in the body of the standard or in a footnote to the table. Notes to a table should appear before any table footnotes in the following order:

1. General notes. A general note applies to the table as a whole and should be introduced by the word NOTE(S) set in upright capital letters.
2. Crediting source. Use either of the following credit lines:
1. Reprinted with permission from- (Use when data is derived from another source from which permission to reproduce has been obtained.)
2. Source: (Use when data is derived from another IEEE standard.)
3. Notes on specific parts of the table.

Footnotes to tables may contain mandatory information. They shall be marked with lowercase letters starting with "a" for each table.

NOTES

1-See Table 2 for examples of these notes.

2-See Clause 18 for information on the style for notes.

15.5 Informal tables

Simple tabulations that are not referred to outside of the subclause in which they appear may be organized into informal tables that do not exceed five or six lines in depth; no table number or title is required. However, it is recommended that all tables be numbered and titled if possible.

Example:

16. Figures

16.1 Creating figures

Figures appropriate for use in IEEE standards may be black and white graphs, charts, schematic drawings, or photographs. Most working groups now prepare figures in electronic form by using a drawing program or scanner to capture printed material. It is important to keep in mind when preparing figures that coordination with the IEEE Standards Department at the earliest stage can help ensure the most accurate and timely publication of a standard after approval. An IEEE Standards Project Editor should be contacted while figures are still in development.

The following guidelines should be followed when preparing electronic art:

1. Consistent typographical specifications for text notations ("callouts") used in artwork should be used. The IEEE Standards Department prefers an 8-point sans serif font (such as Helvetica or Arial) for callouts. In no case should callouts be in a font smaller than 6 points. All capital letters or mixed uppercase and lowercase letters may be used, depending on the amount of text, as long as the presentation is consistent throughout the document. Letter symbols not normally capitalized shall always be lowercased (see Figure 3).
2. A separate electronic file should be created for each figure in a document and named in correspondence to the figure number (e.g., FIG1.TIF). Multiple figures under a single figure number (e.g., Figure 2a and Figure 2b) should be saved as separate files with corresponding names (e.g., FIG2A.TIF, FIG2B.TIF). Although saved as separate files, they should be submitted to the IEEE on a single disk, CD-ROM, or Zip` disk, or as a single compressed file. (See 4.2 for complete guidance on electronic submittal.)
3. Graphics files should be saved as Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), Windows Metafile Format (WMF), or Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). If you cannot provide graphics in these formats or would like to inquire about other possible formats that may be used, please contact an IEEE Standards Project Editor.

Some working groups cannot provide electronic files of figures. In this case, the figures provided to the IEEE Standards Department shall be submitted in camera-ready copy form; that is, as first-generation prints with typeset or typed text notations. A separate package of figures should be provided. If photographs must be used, glossy black and white prints shall be provided by the working group.

Working groups shall obtain permission to use any figure taken from another source, including from a manufacturer, preferably prior to using it in a draft standard (see Clause 5).

A figure shall be labeled by the word Figure followed by a number, a dash, and a title as exemplified in Figure 3 above.

16.2 Numbering and capitalization

Figures shall be numbered consecutively in a separate series and in the order of their reference in the text (for example, Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3). Hyphenated numbers shall not be used except in standards of considerable length. In the latter case, it is appropriate to label the first figure in a clause with the number 1, preceded by the clause number (for example, Figure 6-1, Figure 6-2, etc.).

Figures included in annexes shall carry the identifying letter of the annex in which they appear, followed by a period. For example, the first figure in Annex A shall be identified as Figure A.1.

A figure shall be referenced in the text by the word Figure and its number only (for example, "see Figure 1"). If referring to two or more figures in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use "see Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3," instead of "see Figures 1 through 3."

Only the initial letter of the first word and proper nouns shall be capitalized in figure titles.

NOTE-See 15.2 for information on the numbering of tables.

16.3 Notes to figures

A note to a figure is not an official part of the standard and should immediately follow the figure to which it belongs. If the text is mandatory, it should appear in the body of the standard. Notes to a figure should appear in the following order:

1. General notes. A general note applies to the figure as a whole and should be introduced by the word NOTE(S) set in upright capital letters.
2. Crediting source. Use either of the following credit lines.
1. Reprinted with permission from- (Use when figure is derived from another source from which permission to reproduce has been obtained.)
2. Source: (Use when figure is derived from another IEEE standard.)

NOTE-See Clause 18 for information on the style for notes.

17. Mathematical expressions

Letter symbols from applicable IEEE standards should be used in preparing mathematical expressions (see Clause 2).

All terms shall be defined, including both quantities and units, in a tabulation following the equation [see Equation (1)]. The list should be preceded by the word where, followed by the list of variables and corresponding definitions.

17.1 Numbering of equations

If the standard contains more than one equation, then equations of key importance should be numbered consecutively in parentheses at the right margin. Derivations of equations or examples where values are substituted for variables need not be numbered. An equation shall be referenced in the text by the word Equation and its number only [for example, "see Equation (1)"]. If referring to two or more equations in the same sentence, each should be named separately. For example, use "see Equation (1), Equation (2), and Equation (3)," instead of "see Equations (1) through (3)."

17.2 Presentation of equations

A multiplication sign ( x ), rather than a multidot (·), shall be used to indicate multiplication of numbers and numerical values.

Although the stacked style of fractions is preferred, exceptions shall be made in text to avoid printing more than two lines of type. For example, in text is preferable to .

The general rules regarding the use of upright and italic text in equations are as follows:

• Quantity symbols (including the symbols for physical constants), subscripts or superscripts representing symbols for quantities, mathematical variables, and indexes are set in italic text.
• Unit symbols, mathematical constants, mathematical functions, abbreviations, and numerals are set in upright text.

Example:

																			(1)

where

x is the x-coordinate on a cartesian plane,

r is the length of the position vector,

q is the angle between the position vector and a coordinate axis,

f is the angle from the plane in which both the axis and the position vector lie to either of the coordinate planes including that axis.

Table 3 lists a number of functions and operators that are commonly set in upright text.

Table 3-Functions and operators commonly set in upright text

arg (argument)	hom (homology)	min (minimum)
cos (cosine)	Im (Imaginary)	mod (modulus)
cot (cotangent)	inf (inferior)	Re (Real)
det (determinant)	ker (kernal)	sin (sine)
diag (diagonal)	lim (limit)	sup (superior)
dim (dimension)	log (logarithm)	tan (tangent)
exp (exponential)	max (maximum)	var (variance)

Further examples of the presentation of equations are given in Equation (2) and Equation (3). Equation (2) illustrates the use of italics and exponential function in an equation. Equation (3) shows the alternative use of exponential function to avoid double superscripts.

																		    (2)

where

is the correction factor for decay during sample collection,

is the radionuclide decay constant,

is the sampling duration,

e is the base of the natural logarithm.

							      							(3)

where

Y(x) is the amplitude of the Gaussian function at channel x,

Y₀ is the height of the Gaussian at the centroid channel,

x is the channel number,

x₀ is the centroid of the Gaussian,

f is the width of the Gaussian (FWHM = 2.355f).

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