Papers by Nelson P. Liwanag
Zenodo, 2025
Voluntary turnover among enlisted personnel in the Philippine Marine Corps presents a significant... more Voluntary turnover among enlisted personnel in the Philippine Marine Corps presents a significant challenge to operational readiness, unit cohesion, and organizational stability. This study examines the factors influencing voluntary turnover and proposes strategies to enhance personnel retention. Personal, professional, and organizational factors including job-related stress, job mismatch, leadership support, career satisfaction, and work- life balance are analyzed to determine their impact on personnel attrition. An explanatory sequential design approach, combining surveys, interviews, and document analysis, was employed to collect data from enlisted personnel across various PMC units nationwide. Quantitative findings identify patterns in turnover intentions, while qualitative data provide deeper insights into individual motivations for leaving the service. Results indicate that leadership support, administrative policies, and workplace culture significantly influence retention, with job dissatisfaction and family responsibilities emerging as primary drivers of voluntary separation. The study highlights the necessity of a comprehensive retention program that addresses financial incentives, career development, leadership engagement, and family support mechanisms. Enhancing these aspects is essential to reducing voluntary turnover and ensuring the PMC maintains a highly skilled and committed force capable of fulfilling its mission requirements. This research contributes to the development of evidence- based policies to improve personnel retention within the PMC.
Journal Article, 2025
This article examines the contested and evolving relevance of amphibious warfare in Southeast Asi... more This article examines the contested and evolving relevance of amphibious warfare in Southeast Asia, analysing its strategic articulation within ASEAN member states and the broader regional security discourse. Drawing on primary documents, defence white papers, and doctrinal texts, it investigates how states in the region justify, frame, and operationalise amphibious capabilities. The article argues that amphibious warfare in ASEAN has been discursively constructed not only as a tool for deterrence or military assertion but also as a flexible capability for humanitarian response, maritime security, and regional cooperation. Despite a shared normative framework under the ASEAN Political-Security Community, member states diverge significantly in their amphibious doctrines and strategic narratives. These variations reflect broader geopolitical tensions, especially those centred on the South China Sea, and demonstrate the tension between national defence priorities and ASEAN's commitment to regional stability. The article also considers the role of external partnerships, particularly with the United States and China, in shaping how amphibious capabilities are developed and perceived. It concludes that while amphibious warfare remains a critical military component for several ASEAN states, its long-term strategic value will depend on whether it is integrated into a cooperative framework or becomes another vector for regional competition.
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Papers by Nelson P. Liwanag