Pierre Darlu

Followers

Following

Public Views

Interests

Uploads

Papers by Pierre Darlu

Cladistic reconstruction of linguistic trees through vocalic data

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2003

no abstrac

Gènes et Langues : Une longue histoire commune ?

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2007

Download

Modeling Regional Variation from EAS: complexity and communal aggregates

Haplotype tagging efficiency and tagSNP sets portability in worldwide populations in NAT2 gene

Cahiers Du Centre De Recherches Anthropologiques, Dec 1, 2007

Marquage d'haplotypes du gène NAT2 : efficacité dans différentes régions du monde Marquage d'hapl... more

Download

How powerful and robust are the incongruence length differences tests?

Annals of Human Genetics, Jul 1, 1999

We investigated risk models for the inherited susceptibility of breast and ovarian cancer, using ... more We investigated risk models for the inherited susceptibility of breast and ovarian cancer, using data from both high-risk families and a population based series of ovarian cancer. The first data set consisted of 112 families containing 2 or more relatives with epithelial ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations were detected in 50 % of these families. The second study involved 374 ovarian cancer cases, collected at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London, who had DNA samples analysed for BRCA1 mutations. 12 women were found to be carriers. We constructed genetic models for ovarian and breast cancer using the computer program MENDEL. In the first study we modelled the effects of BRCA1 and BRCA2 simultaneously and allowed for a third gene predisposing to ovarian cancer. None of the models fitted gave significant evidence for a third gene. Population frequencies of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were estimated to be 0n13 % and 0n17 % respectively. Our results suggest that BRCA1 and BRCA2 may be sufficient to explain the majority of familial ovarian cancer and that families without mutations can be explained by sensitivity of the mutation testing and chance clusters of sporadic cases. Using data on the families of the 12 mutation carriers in the second study, we estimated age specific ovarian and breast cancer risks for BRCA1 mutation carriers. Under the best fitting model the cumulative ovarian cancer risk was 66 % by age 70, and the corresponding breast cancer risk was 45 %. The differences in penetrance estimates among studies suggest that modifying genetic or environmental factors may be important determinants of risk. An example of complex segregation analysis of plant pedigree : reversion of cytoplasm type in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.

Download

Le choix du conjoint, entre le mythe et la réalite : l'exemple de la vallée de l'Ouzom en Béarn (France) depuis le XVIIIe siècle

Cahiers Du Centre De Recherches Anthropologiques, 1994

Resume. — A partir des genealogies reconstituees depuis 1744 jusqu'a nos jours dans le villag... more Resume. — A partir des genealogies reconstituees depuis 1744 jusqu'a nos jours dans le village d'Arthez d'Asson (Bearn), le choix du conjoint et son evolution au cours du temps ont ete etudies en fonction de criteres tels que le rang des conjoints dans leur fratrie, leur professsion, en particulier agriculteur ou non, et leur statut d'heritier. La tradition bearnaise veut que le choix preferentiel du conjoint se fasse entre un ou une premier(e) ne(e) et une ou un puine(e) et que la transmission des biens se fasse en faveur de l'aine(e). Cette tradition resiste mal a l'analyse statistique des donnees. L'accent est mis sur l'importance de la taille de la famille, et donc sur le nombre de cadets, dans la possibilite de respecter la coutume. Par ailleurs l'absence de preference sexuelle dans la transmission coutumiere des biens n'est pas retrouvee, la femme n'heritant que dans les rares cas ou la situation familiale l'exige. Une difference, confortee par une forte homogamie professionnelle, s'observe entre les agriculteurs, plus traditionels, et les autres. En conclusion, la tradition bearnaise ne semble donc pas avoir besoin d'etre suivie pour etre une veritable realite socio-culturelle.

Exploration cladistique de l’ALLOc

International audienc

Thoughts on some manuscripts by Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel

Journey of a committed paleodemographer, 2021

Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel is one of the founding fathers of paleodemography in France. With Claud... more Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel is one of the founding fathers of paleodemography in France. With Claude Masset, he developed new techniques for estimating the age at death of skeletons and promoted the implementation of estimators in paleodemography. Since the 1990s, he has participated in the emergence of spatial demography, dedicating himself in recent years to multi-agent modeling, particularly of Neolithic LBK farmers (Linearbandkeramik). Internationally known and recognized for his work on the Neolithic transition, he discovered the demographic signature of the Transition in the explosion of fertility during the transition from a gathering economy to an agricultural economy. He was also interested in the colonization of Central Europe by the first farmers with a modeling approach integrating several disciplines, such as the study of paleoenvironments, bioarchaeology, cultural archaeology, paleodemography, and economics. Several of his works also deal with the history of science and epistemology, the latest of which deals with the crisis and renewal of biological anthropology.

Download

Chapitre 3. Immigration flamande en France au xixe siècle et au début du xxe siècle

Le patronyme, 2001

La France et la Belgique ont longtemps partagé la même histoire, leur séparation définitive ne da... more La France et la Belgique ont longtemps partagé la même histoire, leur séparation définitive ne datant que de 1830, lors de la création du royaume de Belgique. Cette séparation récente n’a toutefois pas mis fin aux échanges migratoires entre les deux pays. Ils ne furent pas favorisés seulement par la proximité géographique mais aussi par les conditions et les évolutions démographiques et économiques contrastées prévalant dans les différentes régions de ces deux pays. Ainsi, les Flandres du déb..

Surnames and migration in human populations

The authors demonstrate the use of patronymic data for the study of relations among populations a... more

Cladistic Analysis of Haplotypes as an Attempt to Detect Disease Susceptibility

Genetic Epidemiology, 2001

We report the results of our analyses of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 simulated data set, usi... more We report the results of our analyses of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 simulated data set, using phylogenetic methods to reconstruct the history of haplotypes. We selected candidate gene I and 6, drawn from the isolate population. In a first step, haplotypes were inferred using family data. In a second step, cladistic approaches were performed to select the most parsimonious trees under various conditions of character state transformation and ancestral hypotheses, in order to check whether the affected status is more frequent in some clades than in others. Sites which are synapormophies of such clades can be viewed as candidate sites for the disease susceptibility. The method seems to be efficient for the candidate gene I, but not for the candidate gene 6. Effects of the genetic model underlying the affection status are discussed, particularly dominance, penetrance, and, in the context of this simulated data, procedure followed to generate haplotypes. These preliminary results deserve further investigations.

Download

Les activit�s de chasse et de p�che chez les Inuit. Essai d'analyse statistique

Cahiers Du Centre De Recherches Anthropologiques, 1992

Disputed African origin of human populations. Reply

Nature, 1987

Discussion sur l'article de Cann R.L., Stoneking M. et Wilson A.C. paru dans Nature, GBR, 198... more

Taille et poids de naissance des enfants d'Ammassalik (Groenland Oriental), 1956-1990

Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, 1993

Resume. — 2342 enfants nes a Ammassalik (Groenland Oriental) a partir de 1956 ont ete mesures a l... more Resume. — 2342 enfants nes a Ammassalik (Groenland Oriental) a partir de 1956 ont ete mesures a la naissance. Les poids et tailles de naissance ont augmente entre 1956 et 1990 en meme temps que se produisaient la transition demographique et les changements socio-economiques des conditions de vie. Les enfants nes a Tasiilaq (petite ville avec hopital) ont une taille et un poids de naissance superieurs a ceux nes dans les autres plus petits villages. Il n'y a pas de difference entre les enfants de parents autochtones et ceux issus de mariages mixtes.

Réseau thématique pluridisciplinaire (RTP): Paléogénétique de l'homme et de son environnement

Horizontal Transfer of Mismatch Repair Genes and the Variable Speed of Bacterial Evolution

Horizontal Gene Transfer, 2002

During adaptation, methyl directed-mismatch repair (MMR) deficient bacterial mutators can be sele... more

Data-Mining Methods as Useful Tools for Predicting Individual Drug Response: Application to CYP2D6 Data

Human Heredity, 2006

Objectives: Selecting a maximally informative subset of polymorphisms to predict a clinical outco... more Objectives: Selecting a maximally informative subset of polymorphisms to predict a clinical outcome, such as drug response, requires appropriate search methods due to the increased dimensionality associated with looking at multiple genotypes. In this study, we investigated the ability of several pattern recognition methods to identify the most informative markers in the CYP2D6 gene for the prediction of CYP2D6 metabolizer status. Methods: Four data-mining tools were explored: decision trees, random forests, artificial neural networks, and the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. Marker selection was performed separately in eight population samples of different ethnic origin to evaluate to what extent the most informative markers differ across ethnic groups. Results: Our results show that the number of polymorphisms required to predict CYP2D6 metabolic phenotype with a high accuracy can be dramatically reduced owing to the strong haplotype block structure observed at CY...

On the use of phylogeny‐based tests to detect association between quantitative traits and haplotypes

Genetic Epidemiology, 2009

With the increasing availability of genetic data, several SNPs in a candidate gene can be combine... more With the increasing availability of genetic data, several SNPs in a candidate gene can be combined into haplotypes to test for association with a quantitative trait. When the number of SNPs increases, the number of haplotypes can become very large and there is a need to group them together. The use of the phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes provides a natural and efficient way of grouping. Moreover, it allows us to identify disease or quantitative trait‐related loci. In this article, we describe ALTree‐q, a phylogeny‐based approach to test for association between quantitative traits and haplotypes and to identify putative quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN). This study focuses on ALTree‐q association test which is based on one‐way analyses of variance (ANOVA) performed at the different levels of the tree. The statistical properties (type‐one error and power rates) were estimated through simulations under different genetic models and were compared to another phylogeny‐base...

Download

The Inheritance of Plasma and Red Blood Cell Magnesium and Zinc Levels Studied From Twin and Family Data

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research, 1981

The variability of magnesium and zinc concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes was investigated ... more The variability of magnesium and zinc concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes was investigated by twin and family studies. Twins were sampled in two distinct ways and in two different West-European regions. In one of the samples, a distinction was made between twins living together and twins living apart. Two series of families were studied, one in a homogeneous environment, the other in a more diverse environment. Samples were compared by variance analysis. The results show 1) that genetic variability is significant for red blood cell (RBC) magnesium and zinc, minor for plasma magnesium and absent for plasma zinc; 2) that the family environment affects the extent of resemblance between twins and between siblings more for plasma levels than for RBC levels of magnesium and zinc. Furthermore, the intercorrelation analysis suggests that the genetic regulation systems of RBC magnesium and zinc are different, whereas some of the environmental regulation systems of plasma magnesium and ...

Download

Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases in Anthropology

Arylamine <i>N</i>-acetyltransferases in Health and Disease, 2018

Since their discovery in the early nineties, the human arylamine N-acetyltrasferase (NAT) genes h... more Since their discovery in the early nineties, the human arylamine N-acetyltrasferase (NAT) genes have been the subject of a tremendous number of molecular anthropological studies describing their nucleotide diversity in a wide range of populations worldwide. While (HUMAN)NAT2 presents a high number of nucleotide substitutions, with seven of them reaching polymorphic frequencies in almost all human populations, and a high level of non-synonymous changes relative to synonymous, (HUMAN)NAT1 is much less diverse, particularly in its coding region. A pseudo-gene, NATP, the third member of this small gene family, harbors a diversity similar to NAT2. In accordance with that, selective neutrality tests suggest that (HUMAN)NAT1 and (HUMAN)NAT2 evolve under distinct selective regimes. An evolution of (HUMAN)NAT2 under positive population-specific pressures is proposed to be probably linked to the mode of subsistence and/or the chemical environment populations live in, as reflected by climatic zones and biomes; in contrast, for (HUMAN)NAT1, functional constraints determining the strength of purifying selection are generally invoked.

Download

Pierre Darlu

Uploads

Papers by Pierre Darlu

Log In