International Law: Foundations, Principles, and Contemporary Challenges, 2021
International law serves as the legal framework governing the relations between sovereign states ... more International law serves as the legal framework governing the relations between sovereign states and other international actors. It establishes norms, rules, and principles that promote peace, security, cooperation, and justice on a global scale. This article explores the foundations of international law, its core principles, and contemporary challenges in an increasingly interconnected world.
Access to justice is not merely a legal principle-it is a cornerstone of democratic societies and... more Access to justice is not merely a legal principle-it is a cornerstone of democratic societies and a critical component of the rule of law. Enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and supported by numerous international treaties, the right to a fair trial ensures that every individual can claim and defend their rights in an independent and impartial tribunal. However, in practice, millions of people face substantial barriers when seeking justice. These include lack of legal representation, high litigation costs, limited awareness of legal rights, and systemic discrimination. Marginalized groups such as refugees, low-income individuals, and people with disabilities are disproportionately affected. Governments and international organizations have taken steps to improve legal aid systems and simplify judicial procedures, yet many challenges remain. The development of legal education, digital court systems, and community-based legal clinics has shown promising results in narrowing the justice gap. To uphold the promise of justice for all, continuous reform, investment in access mechanisms, and cooperation between state institutions and civil society are essential. Justice must not be a privilege for the few-it must be a right for all.
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Papers by Denys Bozhko