Mutable variable that can hold any value. This is just like STRef, but with type arguments flipped and is generalized to work in MonadPrim. It only stores a reference to the value which means it works on boxed values. If the type can be unboxed with Prim class, consider using PVar package instead.

Since: 0.3.0

Compatibility synonym

Compatibility synonym

Create a new mutable variable. Initial value will be forced to WHNF (weak head normal form).

Examples

>>> import Debug.Trace
>>> import Data.Prim.Ref
>>> ref <- newRef (trace "Initial value is evaluated" (217 :: Int))
Initial value is evaluated
>>> modifyFetchOldRef ref succ
217
>>> readRef ref
218

Since: 0.3.0

Create a new mutable variable. Same as newRef, but ensures that value is evaluated to normal form.

Examples

>>> import Debug.Trace
>>> import Data.Prim.Ref
>>> ref <- newDeepRef (Just (trace "Initial value is evaluated" (217 :: Int)))
Initial value is evaluated
>>> readRef ref
Just 217

Since: 0.3.0

Check whether supplied Refs refer to the exact same one or not.

Since: 0.3.0

Read contents of the mutable variable

Examples

>>> import Data.Prim.Ref
>>> ref <- newRef "Hello World!"
>>> readRef ref
"Hello World!"

Since: 0.3.0

Swap a value of a mutable variable with a new one, while retrieving the old one. New value is evaluated prior to it being written to the variable.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef (Left "Initial" :: Either String String)
>>> swapRef ref (Right "Last")
Left "Initial"
>>> readRef ref
Right "Last"

Since: 0.3.0

Swap a value of a mutable variable with a new one, while retrieving the old one. New value is evaluated to normal form prior to it being written to the variable.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef (Just "Initial")
>>> swapDeepRef ref (Just (errorWithoutStackTrace "foo"))
*** Exception: foo
>>> readRef ref
Just "Initial"

Since: 0.3.0

Write a value into a mutable variable strictly. If evaluating a value results in exception, original value in the mutable variable will not be affected. Another great benfit of this over writeLazyRef is that it helps avoiding memory leaks.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef "Original value"
>>> import Control.Prim.Exception
>>> _ <- try $ writeRef ref undefined :: IO (Either SomeException ())
>>> readRef ref
"Original value"
>>> writeRef ref "New total value"
>>> readRef ref
"New total value"

Since: 0.3.0

Same as writeRef, but will evaluate the argument to Normal Form prior to writing it to the Ref

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a pure function to the contents of a mutable variable strictly. Returns the artifact produced by the modifying function. Artifact is not forced, therfore it cannot affect the outcome of modification. This function is a faster alternative to atomicModifyRef, except without any guarantees of atomicity and ordering of mutable operations during concurrent modification of the same Ref. For lazy version see modifyLazyRef and for strict evaluation to normal form see modifyDeepRef.

Since: 0.3.0

Same as modifyRef, except it will evaluate result of computation to normal form.

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a pure function to the contents of a mutable variable strictly.

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a pure function to the contents of a mutable variable strictly. Returns the new value.

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a pure function to the contents of a mutable variable strictly. Returns the old value.

Examples

>>> ref1 <- newRef (10 :: Int)
>>> ref2 <- newRef (201 :: Int)
>>> modifyRefM_ ref1 (\x -> modifyFetchOldRef ref2 (* x))
>>> readRef ref1
201
>>> readRef ref2
2010

Since: 0.3.0

Modify value of a mutable variable with a monadic action. It is not strict in a return value of type b, but the ne value written into the mutable variable is evaluated to WHNF.

Examples

Same as modifyRefM, except evaluates new value to normal form prior ot it being written to the mutable ref.

Modify value of a mutable variable with a monadic action. Result is written strictly.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef (Just "Some value")
>>> modifyRefM_ ref $ \ mv -> Nothing <$ mapM_ putStrLn mv
Some value
>>> readRef ref
Nothing

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a monadic action to the contents of a mutable variable strictly. Returns the new value.

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a monadic action to the contents of a mutable variable strictly. Returns the old value.

Examples

>>> refName <- newRef "My name is: "
>>> refMyName <- newRef "Alexey"
>>> myName <- modifyFetchOldRefM refMyName $ \ name -> "Leo" <$ modifyRef_ refName (++ name)
>>> readRef refName >>= putStrLn
My name is: Alexey
>>> putStrLn myName
Alexey
>>> readRef refMyName >>= putStrLn
Leo

Since: 0.3.0

This will behave exactly the same as readRef when the Ref is accessed within a single thread only. However, despite being slower, it can help with with restricting order of operations in cases when multiple threads perform modifications to the Ref because it implies a memory barrier.

Since: 0.3.0

Same as atomicWriteRef, but also returns the old value.

Since: 0.3.0

Evaluate a value and write it atomically into a Ref. This is different from writeRef because a memory barrier will be issued. Use this instead of writeRef in order to guarantee the ordering of operations in a concurrent environment.

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a function to the value stored in a mutable Ref atomically. Function is applied strictly with respect to the newly returned value, which matches the semantics of atomicModifyIORef`, however the difference is that the artifact returned by the action is not evaluated.

Example

>>> 

Since: 0.3.0

Appy a function to the value in mutable Ref atomically

Since: 0.3.0

Create a new mutable variable. Initial value stays unevaluated.

Examples

>>> import Debug.Trace
>>> import Data.Prim.Ref
>>> ref <- newLazyRef (trace "Initial value is evaluated" (undefined :: Int))
>>> writeRef ref 1024
>>> modifyFetchNewRef ref succ
1025

Since: 0.3.0

Write a value into a mutable variable lazily.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef "Original value"
>>> import Debug.Trace
>>> writeLazyRef ref (trace "'New string' is evaluated" "New string")
>>> x <- readRef ref
>>> writeRef ref (trace "'Totally new string' is evaluated" "Totally new string")
'Totally new string' is evaluated
>>> putStrLn x
'New string' is evaluated
New string

Since: 0.3.0

Swap a value of a mutable variable with a new one lazily, while retrieving the old one. New value is not evaluated prior to it being written to the variable.

Examples

>>> ref <- newRef "Initial"
>>> swapLazyRef ref undefined
"Initial"
>>> _ <- swapLazyRef ref "Different"
>>> readRef ref
"Different"

Since: 0.3.0

Apply a pure function to the contents of a mutable variable lazily. Returns the artifact produced by the modifying function.

Since: 0.3.0

Same as modifyRefM, but do not evaluate the new value written into the Ref.

Since: 0.3.0

Convert Ref to STRef

Since: 0.3.0

Convert STRef to Ref

Since: 0.3.0

Convert Ref to IORef

Since: 0.3.0

Convert IORef to Ref

Since: 0.3.0

Create a Weak pointer associated with the supplied Ref.

Same as mkWeakRef from base, but works in any MonadPrim with RealWorld state token.

Since: 0.3.0